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BIOCHEMISTRY BLUE PACOP
__ 1. What two enzymes are used to bypass the pyruvate kinase reaction of glycolysis?I. pyruvate carboxylaseII. PEP carboxykinaseIII. Fructose biphosphatase
IV. Glucose-6-phosphateA. I & II D. II & IVB. III & IV E. II & III
C. I &III
__ 2. Which of the following includes the main goals of Pentose Phosphate Pathway?I. produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesisII. produce NADPH and NADP for oxidoreductive biochemical synthesisIII. to interconvert pentoses and hexoses
A. I & II D. I, II & IIIB. II & IIIC. I & III
__ 3. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the secondary structure ofnucleic acids?I. Guanine forms base pairs with cytosine via 2 hydrogen bondsII. The B form of the DNA is the most common in biological systemsIII. The breaking of H-bonds caused by high temperature is called melting
A. I,II & III D. I & IIB. I & II E. II only
C. II & III
__ 4. The phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate forms the potent secondarymessengers inositol triphosphate & diacylglycerol via what enzyme?
A. Phospholipase A D. Phospholipase BB. Phospholipase CC. Phospholipase D
__ 5. Which of the following is not true regarding the four enzyme complexes of the electrontransport chain?
A. Complex I is known as the NADH-CoQ OxidoreductasesB. Complex II is known as Succinate-CoQ OxidoreductasesC. Complex III is known as Cytochrome OxidaseD. Complex IV is known as Cytochrome Oxidase
__ 6. Glucose and mannose are epimers at:A. Carbon 4 C. Carbon 3B. Carbon 2 D. Carbon 5
__ 7. One important endogenous molecule for synthetic biotransformation of xenobiotics is
glucoronic acid. It is actually the most dominant conjugative biotransformation pathway due to thereadily available source of glucose. It is produce from glucose via:
A. Oxidation at carbon 1 C. Oxidation at carbon 6B. Oxidation at carbon 2 D. Oxidation at carbon 1 & 6
__ 8. Which of the following is not true about protein structure determination?A. NMR is the primary means of determining protein structureB. Protein are difficult to crystallize, a disadvantage of x-ray crystallographyC. An advantage of the use of the NMR is that proteins analyzed are in their natural state
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D. Large and very complex proteins can only be analyzed by x-ray crystallography
__ 9. Tertiary structures of proteins are primarily stabilized byI. H-bondsII. Hydrophobic interactionsIII. Ionic bondsIV. Disulfide bonds
A. I & III D. I, II& IVB. II & IV E. II, III & IVC. I,III & IV
__ 10. In an uncompetitive inhibition of enzymatic action :A. Inhibitor binds either to the free enzyme or the enzyme substrate complexB. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the enzyme alone (control) & the enzyme + inhibitor are
parallel to each otherC. The apparent Km is raisedD. The Vmax is unaffected
__ 11. Which biomolecule is not considered a biopolymer?A. Proteins D. Nucleic acids
B. Lipids E. FatC. Carbohydrates
__ 12. It is regarded as the universal biological energy currencyA. Adenosine triphosphate C. UncouplersB. Guanosine triphosphate D. Calories
__ 13. This is the final electron receptor of the electron transport chainA. Complex I C. Complex VB. Complex II D. Complex IV
__ 14. The most accepted hypothesis regarding oxidative phosphorylation isA. Chemical coupling D. Lock and Key Theory
B. Conformational coupling E. DiffusionC. Chemiostatic hypothesis
__ 15. This is a quantitative study of the energy transformationsin the living cellA. Bioenergetics C. ProteonomicsB. Thermodynamics D. Metabolomics
__ 16. Which of the following hormones promotes rapid glycogenolysis in both liver and muscleA. ACTH C. EpinephrineB. Glutemine D. Prolactin
__ 17. Which vitamin can be used in the management of hyperlipidemia?A. Thiamine C. Niacin
B. Riboflavin D. Panthotenic acid
__ 18. Bond between 2 amino acidsA. Glycosidic bond C. Peptide BondB. N-glycosyl linkage D. Hydrogen bond
__ 19. Beta oxidation of fatty acids occurs in theA. Cytosol C. Endoplasmic reticulumB. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes
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__ 20. The pentose phosphate pathway occur in the ________ of the liver, muscle and kidney.A. cytosol C. endoplasmic reticulumB. mitochondria D. ribosomes
__ 21. The isoelctric point is theA. pH where the alpha amino acid exist in its negatively charged formB. pH wherein the amino acid exist in zwitterionic formC. Temperature at which the amino acid denaturesD. Pressure at which the amino acid hydrolyzes
__ 22. This is the only optically inactive amino acidA. methionine C. CitrullineB. Lysine D. glycine
__ 23. This level of protein structure is applicable only to those have several subunitsA. Primary C. TertiaryB. Secondary D. Quaternary
__ 24. Arginine is the only metabolite of the urea cycle that does not accumulate becauseA. It is readily excreted
B. It is used up by the body for protein synthesisC. There is no known deficiency in the enzyme that catabolizes itD. It can ve acquired from food
__ 25. This is the genetic condition characterized by deficiency of the enzyme branched chainalpha-keto acid dehydrogenase
A. Maple syrup disease C. KwashiorkorB. Hartnup disease D. Marasmus
__ 26. These are compounds related to cerebrosides that contain sphingsine, long chain fattyacids, hexoses (usually galactose or glucose) and neuramic acid
A. cephalins C. cytolipinsB. gangliosides D. lecithins
__ 27. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion fructose-6-P to fructose-1,6-bis-PA. hexokinase C. PFKB. pyruvate kinase D. glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
__ 28. Which of the following is called transamination?A. Conversion of amino acids to hydroxyl groupsB. Conversion of amino acids to keto acidsC. Loss of ammonia from amino acidsD. Formation of ammonium salts from ammoniaE.
__ 29. The sugar involved in the DNA
A. ribose C. deoxyriboseB. pentose D. xylose
__ 30. Thisis the reason why blood AB is considered as the universal recipient.A. It is the most common among the ABO blood typesB. Blood type AB has neither A nor B substancesC. Blood type AB has either anti-A nor anti-B antibodiesD. All of the above
__ 31. Which one is true regarding the structures of lipids?
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A.Eicosanopentanoic acid is a saturated fatty acidB. They may exist as esters of cholesterol when they are enclosed in very low densityC. Linoleic acid is an omega-3 fatty acidD. Capric acid contains 12 carbons
__ 32. This is the product of basic hydrolysis of fats and oilsA. fatty acid C. soapB. triacylglycerol D. detergent
__ 33. The group of lipids is considered amphipathicA. sterols C. trans-fatty acidsB. fatty acids D. phospholipids
__ 34. Which properly describes a liposome?A. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing an
aqueous cavityB. It is a lipid structure wherein the hydrophobic chains of the fatty acids are
sequestered at the core of the sphere with virtually no water in the hydrophobic interiorC. It is a lipoprotein integrated in the phosphopolipid bilayer of the cell membranesD. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a lipid monolayer enclosing a
hrdrophobic cavity
__ 35. It is the building block of essential fatty acidsA. Malonyl CoA C. Acetyl CoAB.phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate D. HMG CoA
__ 36. The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the________.A. mouth C. small intestineB. stomach D. duodenum
__ 37. Cellular elements of the blood devoid of nucleusA. RBC C. thrombocytesB. WBC D. all of the above
__ 38. Conjugated proteins which are a combination of amino acids and carbohydratesA. nucleoproteins C. phosphoproteinsB. glycoproteins D. chromoproteins
__ 39. Glucose is normally absent in the urine because kidneys normally completely reabsorb allglucose. Which of the following is true?
A. Glucosuria confirms diabetes mellitusB. Glucosuria necessarily means hyperglycemiaC. Glucosuria is solely attributed to insulin problemD. Glucosuria may occur in other disease states
__ 40. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome which can cause acute confusion, ataxia and
opthalmoplegia, can be treated with which of the following?A. riboflavin C. thiamineB. ascorbic acid D. pantothenic acid
__ 41. This is the major excretory product of purine nucleotidesA. inosine monophosphate C. methylmalonyl CoAB. uric acid D. tetrahydrofolate
__ 42. This is the phenomena of renaturation of nucleic acid after it has been subjected to highthen to room temperature
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A. Hydrolysis C. annealingB. Polymerase chain reaction D. hybridization
__ 43. This is the base sequence for the start codonA. UAG C. AUGB. UGA D. UAA
__ 44. This feature of bacterial cells confers selectivity of antibacterial agents targeting proteinsynthesis to the bacteria and not to the host cell.
A. mRNA C. lack of cell wallB. 40s ribosomal subunit D. 30s ribosomal subunit
__ 45. This is also known as the RNA-directed DNA polymeraseA. RNA polymerase II C. DNA polymerase alphaB. Reverse transcriptase D. DNA polymerase II
__ 46. What essential amino acid is used in the synthesis of niacin?A. Tyrosine C. tryptophanB. Methionine D. Phenylalanine
__ 47. The cellular particles are often referred y their sedimentation coefficient value, for example
70s ribosomes that is expressed in terms of 10 -13 seconds. The abbreviation s stands forA. subunit C. SvedbergB. Seconds D. None of the above
__ 48. The best known building blocks of RNA and DNA areA. purinase C. fatty acidsB. pyrimidines D. a and b
__ 49. The following are pathological constituents of urine, except:A. glucose C. creatinineB. albumin D. blood
__ 50. Glucose and galactose differ only in the configuration of their hydroxyl group at carbon 4.
Glucose and galactose areA. diastereomers C. epimersB. enantiomers D. anomers
__ 51. The chemical representation shows the most stable conformation of hexoaldopyranosesA. Fischer projection C. Haworth FormulaB. Boat conformation D. Chair conformation
__ 52. It is the most abundant hexose inside the bodyA. L-glucose C. L-riboseB. D-glucose D. D ribose
__ 53. Upon hydrolysis sucrose yields
A. glucose and galactose C. fructose and glucoseB. xylose and glucose D. 2 glucose units
__ 54. This is the process of biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursorsA. glycolysis C. gluconeogenesisB. glycogenesis D. glycogenolysis
__ 55. Which is most likely the effect of insulin in glucose metabolismA. It promotes lipolysis in adipose tissueB. It promotes exocytosis of glucose transporters in the skeletal muscles
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C. Activates protein kinase A which eventually leads to inactivation of pyruvate kinaseD. It promotes the hormonal role of glucagon in glucose metabolism
__ 56. The activation of plasminogen requiresA. NaOH C. acetic acidB. bicarbonate D. HCl
__ 57. Glucose,fructose and galactose all have the same chemical formula C6H12O6, throughthis information, we can conclude that these substances are
A. Anomers C. enatiomersB. Epimers D. isomers
__ 58. The end product in the hydrolysis of glycogen isA. galactose C. glucoseB. mannose D. arabinose
__ 59. Ketoses can be differentiated from aldose by this testA Molischs test C. Seliwanoffs testB. Benedicts test D. Tollens test
__ 60. Which of the following statements is/are correct?I. The difference between intake and output of nitrogenous compounds is known as
hydrogen balanceII. In a healthy adult, nitrogen balance is in equilibrium when intake equals
outputIII. Positive nitrogen balance ocuurs when dietary intake is less then excretion
of nitrogenous compoundsIV. Negative nitrogen balance results when there is too much protein intake
A. 3 only D. 2 & 4B. 1 & 2 E. 1-4C. 1 & 3
__ 61. The formation of purple ring at the junction of the acid and sugar layers in the Molischstest detects the presence of ___________.
A. carbohydrates C. lipids
B. proteins D. nucleic acids
__ 62. The observance of a red colored solution in Seliwanoffs test detects the presence of______________.
A. Aldoses C. PentosesB. Ketohexoses D. Saccharides
__ 63. This test distinguishes between reducing sugar monosaccharides and reducingdisaccharides based on the difference in the rate of reaction.
A. Barfoeds test C. Osazone testB. Benedicts test D. Mucic acid test
__64. In xanthoproteic test, proteins with aromatic amino acids undergo _________ to give an
intense yellow colored solution in alkaline media.A. condensation C. nitrationB. Acetylation D. oxidation
__65. Biuret test forms ______ colored complex with cupric ion in basic solutions of compoundswith 2 or more peptide bonds.
A. green C. violetB. red D. yellow
__66. When starches are heated they produce
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A. Sugars C. dextrinB. Glycogen D. disaccharides
__67. The principal end product of protein metabolismA. carbon dioxide C. hippuric acidB. ammonia D. urea
__68. Myoglobin and hemoglobin possess a cyclic tetrapyrole, heme, as a prothetic group. Whichof the following is found centrally located in the heme?
A. Mg C. FeB. Al D. P
__69. The following are the components of DNA nucleosides exceptA. phosphoric acid C. adenineB. sugar D. cytosine
__ 70. The enzyme decarboxylase is an example of _________ enzyme.A. hydrolase C. racemaseB. ligase D. lyase
__ 71. The spontaneous isomerization of two stereoisomers in aqueous solution that causes
specific rotation is known as
A. zwitterions rotation C. mutarotationB. micelle rotation D. stereorotation
__ 72. Which of the following is a polysaccharide?A. dextrose C. lactoseB. dextran
D. sucrose__ 73. The substance that is isolated from the brain and produces fatty acid, galactose andsphingosine upon hydrolysis is known as
A. sterols C. glycolipidsB. phospholipids D. saponins
__ 74. Which of the following is NOT a hydrolyzed product of lecithins?A. fatty acid C. phosphoric acidB. glycerol D. sphingosine
__ 75. Albumin is an example of aA. simple protein C. derived proteinB. conjugated protein D. hydrolyzed protein
__ 76. This is the product of the complete reduction of oxygenA. water C. hydrogen peroxideB. superoxide anions D. hydroxyl radicals
__ 77. Which is not a B-complex vitamin?A. folic acid C. riboflavinB. nicotinic acid D. ascorbic acid
__ 78. Rotation of polarized light is caused by the solution of all the following amino acids exceptA. alanine C. leucineB. glycine D. valine
__ 79. What test can be used to differentiate galactose from lactose?A. Benedicts test C. Barfoeds test
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B. Iodine test D. Mucic acid test
__ 80. Alpha-naphtol reaction is also known asA. Molischs test C. Phenylhydrazine testB. Ninhydrin test D. Fehlingstest
__ 81. Which of the following is not about PKU?A. It is a disease usually characterized by metal abnormalitiesB. A high concentration of phenylpyruvic acid is found in the urineC. It occurs due to excessive secretion of phylalanine hydroxylase enzymeD. A Guthrie test is normally used to detect it
__ 82. Sweet taste of a compound is generally attributed toA. presence of H ions C. presence of cations and anionsB. presence of OH ions D. presence of alkaloids
__ 83. The rate of hydrolysis depends onI. pressureII. pH of the solutionIII. Temperature
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 84. Which of the following is NOT recommended to treat hypoglycemia induced by acarbose?A. dextrose C. glucagonB. table sugar D. glucose
__ 85. Which of the following is normally NOT found in the bacter ial bit present in human cells?A. golgi body C. lysosomeB. mitochondria D. endoplasmic reticulum
__86. This term refers to an intact enzyme with a bound co-facor.A. holoenzyme C. zymogen
B. apoenzyme D. prosthetic group
__87. The color of the skin, hair and eyes is due to a pigment calledA. cytochrome C. keratinB. melanine D. heparin
__88. Serotonin is synthesized from this amino acidA. tryptophan C. tyrosineB. threonine D. alanine
__89. Keratin in hair and horny tissue, elastin in tendons and arteries, and collagen in skin andtendons belong to what type of simple proteins?
A. glutelins C. protamines
B. histones D. albuminoids
__90. Nucleosides upon hydrolysis will yieldA. adenine + phosphate C. histones + riboseB. quinine + phosphate D. cytosine + ribose
__ 91. Which of the following is/are true about lysozyme?I. It is generally known as the power house of the cell.II. It helps in the removal of damaged cell
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III. It contains a bactericidal agent such as lysozyme that kills bacteria before itdamages the cell.
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III only
__92. Which of the following is the rate limiting step in synthesis of RBC?A. availability of pre-erythrocytes C. oxygen transport capacityB. availability of hemoglobin D. presence of erythropoietin
__ 93. Which of the following helps in absorption of vitamin B12 ?A. erythropoietin C. hemoglobinB. intrinsic factor D. apoferritin
__ 94. Which of the following factors affect the solubil ity of solutes?I. temperature II. pH III. Common ion effects
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 95. Which of the following factors affect the protein binding drugs?I. pregnancy II. Hypoalbuminemia III. Uremia
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 96. Some serum enzymes are used in clinical diagnosis. Which of the following enzyme/s maybe used to diagnose myocardial infarction?
I. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidaseII. AST or SGOTIII. Creatine phosphokinaseIV. Lactate dehydrogenase
A. III only C. I,II & IIIB. II & IV only D. II,III & IV
__ 97. Which of the following test is specific for amino acids and free amino group?
A. Biuret test C. Ninhydrin testB. Hopins cole test D. Xanthoproteic test
__ 98. The following sugars are aldohexoses exceptA. fructose C. glucoseB. galactose D. mannose
__ 99. Arrange the following secondary derived proteins from highest to lowest molecular weight.A. peptides>peptones>proteoses C. proteoses>peptones>peptidesB. proteoses>peptides>peptones D. peptones>proteoses>peptides
__ 100. Is the sum total of all activities directed towards the maintenance of life
A. catabolism D. photosynthesisB. anabolism E. fermentationC. metabolism
__ 101. n protein, amino acids are joined covalently byA. hydrogen bond C. oxygen bondB. peptide bond D. disulfide bond
__ 102. The denaturation of protein can occur in the presence ofI. heat
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II. strong acidIII. organic solvents
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 103. Which of the following about sickle cell anemia is NOT true?A. It is a genetic disorder resulting from the production of variant hemoglobinB. It is characterized with pain, life long hemolytic anemia and tissue hypoxiaC. The replacement of leucine at the sixth position of the beta-globulin chain for glutamate
is generally responsible for causing it.D. The form Hbs has an extremely low solubilityncompared to Hba which results into the
aggregation of molecules that form or create sickle shaped red blood cells.
__ 104. The enzyme withits cofactor is generally known asA. coenzyme C. apoenzymeB. holoenzyme D. prosthetic
__ 105. The process in which the release of energy rich molecules such as glucose and fattyacid ocuurs in mitochondria is known as
A. oxidative decarboxylation C. oxidative deaminatio
B. oxidative phosphorylation D. oxidative dehydrogenation
__ 106. Hopkins cole is used to identify which of the follow ing amino acids?A. threonine C. lysineB. tryptophan D. leucine
__107. ____________ stereoisomers of cyclized monosaccharide molecules differing only inconfiguration of the substituents on the carbonyl group.
A. diastereomers C. epimersB. enantiomers D. anomers
__ 108. Proteins digestin starts in theA. mouth C. stomach
B. small intestine D. large intestine
__ 109. The sugar that yields only glucose when hydrolyzed isA. galactose C. fructoseB. maltose D. sucrose
__ 110. What is the visible result of Molischs test?A. green or blue green C. cherry red colorB. brick red precipitate D. purple ring at the junction
__111. The breakdown of complex molecules such as protein, lipid and polysaccharide into implemolecules such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia is knon as
A. aerobic glycolysis C. anabolic reactionB. catabolic reaction D. gluconeogenesis
__ 112. What would be the end product of glycolysis in the cell with mitochondria?A. glucose C. pyruvateB. glycogen D. lactate
__ 113. Which of the following substance levels is found to be deficient in a patient G6PDdeficiency?
A. alpha-antitrypsin in reduced form C. glutathione in reduced formB. bradykinin in reduced form D. trypsin in elevated form
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__ 114. Which of the following causes hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency?I. oxidant ring II. Ingestion of fava beans III. Certain types of infections
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 115. Which of the following should be classified as a disaccharide?A. ribose C. glycoproteinB. lactose D. glycosaminoglycans
__ 116. Which of the following accurately describes Barfoeds test?A. general test for carbohydrates C. specific test for galactoseB. test for ketoses D. test to differentiate mono and disaccharides
__ 117. Which of the following statements is/are correct?I. Although cocoa butter is vegetable oil, it is solid at room temperatureII. Although cocoa butter is an animal fat, it is liquid at room temperatureIII. Although cod liver is animal fat, it is liquid in room temperatureIV. Although cod liver oil is vegetable oil, it is solid at room temperature
A. III only C. II & IVB. I & III D. II only
__ 118. This gives a negative result to Benedicts test.A. glucose C. lactoseB. sucrose D. maltose
__ 119. The number of chromosomes in the human cell isA. 41 C. 43B. 42 D. 46
__120. A condition known as atherosclerosis results as an accumulation in the blood vesselsA. calcium C. cholesterolB. pathogens D. ketones
__ 121. The pairs of structure that are mirror images of each other are known asA. Isomers C. epimersB. Enantiomers D. mutarotation
__ 122. In humans, the principle storage of glycogen is found in theI. skeletal muscle II. Liver III. Spleen
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 123. Which of the following substances should be classified as a polysaccharide?A. glucose C. sucroseB. hyaluronic acid D. glycoprotein
__ 124. Which of the following agents acts as an emulsifying agent for metabolism of lipid in theduodenum?A. gastric lipase C. pancreatic juiceB. bile salt D. secretion
__ 125. Which of the following is a building block of membrane of nerve tissue?A. prostaglandin C. thromboxaneB. sphingomyelin D. leukotriene
__ 126. The enzyme alpha-amylase cleaves________ to maltose and maltriose
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A. chondroitin sulfate D. amylopectinB. cellulose E. amylaseC. heparin
__ 127. Glycogen is an example of aA. disaccharide C. polysaccharideB. monosaccharide D. none of the above
__ 128. This is also known as protein-calorie malnutrition. It is a state resulting from the chronicdeficiency of calories, which can occur even in the presence of adequate intake of protein
A. marasmus C. hemochromatosisB. Obesity D. Kwashiorkor
__ 129. Rotation of polarized light is caused by solutions of all the following amino acids except:A. alanine C. leucineB. glycine D. valine
__ 130. Butter becomesrancid upon exposure to air due to formation ofA. acetic acid C. formic acidB. butyric acid D. propionic acid
__ 131. Which of the followingis considered protein deficient malnuturition?I. Kwashiorkor II. Marasmus III. Steatorrhea
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 132. Which of the following is a good source of Vitamin K?A. cabbage and cauliflower C. vegetable oilsB. fatty fish and liver D. yellow and green vegetables and fruits
__ 133. Which of the following codons are generally known as stop or non sense codons?I. UAG II. UGA III. UAA
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III only
__ 134. To find out if a substance carcinogenic, which of the following test should be performed?I. Ames Test II. Pyrogen Test III. Biopsy of cells
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 135. The synthesis of proteins and lipids in cells is generally carried out byA. mitochondria C. golgi apparatusB. endoplasmic reticulum D. lysozymes
__136. Denaturation is a randomization of the conformation of a polypeptide chain. Chemicalagents like strong acids or bases, heat, ionic detergents, etc. are involved in this process. Whichof the following structures remain unaffected with denaturation?
I. Primary II. Secondary III. Tertiary IV. QuaternaryA. I only C. I, II & IIIB. I & II D. I, II, III & IV
__137.Which of the fallowing statements about amino acids is true?A .Acidic amino acids bear a positive charge at pH 7.0B. all amino acids have chiral carbon.C. lysine and arginine are basic amino acids.D. all of the above.
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__138.Which of the fallowing is a codon for methionine?A.UAG C.UGAB.AUG D.UAA
__139.Which of the fallowing amino acids is not essential in mammals?A.Phenylalanine C.TyrosineB.lysine D.methionine
__140.The chif end product of purine metabolism in manA.CO C.uric acidB.urea D.ammonia
__141.The growth of bacteria remains constant in which of the fallowing phase?A.Lag phase C.stationary phaseB.Log phase D.decline phase
__142.When the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another cell is carried out by theplasmid,it is known as
A.transformation C.conjuction (conjugation)B.transduction D.transaction
__143. Which of the following are essential fatty acids in humans?I. Linoleic acid II. Linoleic acid III. Arachidonic acid
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 144. The principal energy-carrying molecule in a cell isA. AMP C. ATPB. ADP D. NADP
__ 145. Which of the following enzymes is a rate limiting step in glycogenolysis?A. glucose-6-phosphate C. glycogen synthaseB. CAMP-dependent protein kinase D. glycogen phosphorylase
__ 146. Which of the following nitrogenous bases is present only in the DNA?A. Adenine C. CytosineB. Thymine D. Uracil
__ 147. Which of the following ions is cotransported with glucose in the small intestine?A. K C. CaB. Na D. Mg
__ 148. Maltose, a disaccharide is composed ofA. glucose + galactose C. glucose + glucoseB. glucose + fructose D. glucose + mannose
__ 149. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the
A. nucleus C. cytoplasmB. mitochondria D. lysosomes
__ 150. IUPAC name of acroleinA. pentenal C. hexanalB. propenal D. acetone
__ 151. Which of the major serum proteins is involved in protein binding of drugs?A. alpha-1 acid glycoprotein C. albumin
B. lipoprotein D. beta-1 acid glycoprotein
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__ 152. Which of the following is a good source of Vitamin A?
A. cod liver oil C. citrus fruitsB. carrots D. leafy vegetables
__ 153. The secondary structure of protein consist ofI. alpha helix II. Beta sheet III. Beta bend
A. I only C. II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 154. The small and circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that carry genetic informationfor future generations in bacteria are known as
A. lysozymes C. mitochondriaB. plasmids D. cytoplasm
__ 155. Which of the following RNA types comprises 80% of RNA in the cell?I. Ribosomal RA II. Transfer RNA III. Messenger RNA
A. I only C II & III onlyB. I & II only D. I, II & III
__ 156. A reddish solution results after the addition to iodine TS to an unknown solution.Subsequent addition of ammoniacal basic lead acetate to a portion of the unknown solutionresults to the formation of a precipitate. The results of the tests confirm the presence of
A. glycogen C. starchB. dextrin D. lactose
__ 157. D-threose and L-threose are examples ofA. Anomers C. diastereomersB. enantiomers D. conformational isomers
__ 158. This test is used to confirm the presence of the phenolic ring of tyrosineA. Ninhydrin test C. Schiffs test B. Anthrone test D. Millon-Nasse
__ 159. The energy producing reactionA. metabolic C. anabolicB. catabolic D. all of these
__ 160. Which of hydrolysis product of starch is responsible for forming a dark blue complex withiodine?
A. amylopectin C. maltoseB. amylase D. all of the above
__ 161. This is the main pathway for carbohydrate catabolism in all human tissues.A. glycolysis C. fructose catabolismB. glycogenolysis D. galactose catabolism
__ 162. These are esters of fatty acid and glycerolA. fixed oil and fats C. sterolsB. waxes D. phospholipids
__ 163. The enzyme for glycolysis are found in theA. mitochondrion C. ribosomesB. cytosol D. nucleus
__ 164. What is the positive result for Fehlings test?
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A. violet precipitate C. green precipitateB. brick red precipitate D. amorphous crystals
__ 165. The cell markers which serve as basis for he ABO blood types are classified as what typeof biopolymers?
A. proteins C. lipidsB. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids
__ 166. Detect the presence of alpha amino acidsA. Biuret C. NinhydrinB. Molisch D. Hopkins cole
__ 167. None- protein molecules that are often associated with proteins calledA. prosthetic group C. zwitterionsB. side chain D. casein
__ 168. These stereoisomers are nonsuperimposable mirror image of each other. They are alsocalled optical isomers because they rotate polarized light in opposite directions.
A. enantiomers C. anomersB. diastereomers D. both a and b
__ 169. The absence of this enzyme results to phenylketonuriaA. phenylalanine dehydrogenase C. homogentisate oxidaseB. phenylalanine hydroxylase D. either a or b
__ 170. Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are collectively called catecholamines. Whichof the following amino acids serves as a precursor in the synthesis of these catecholamines?
A. tryptophan C. tyrosineB. threonine D. alanine
__ 171. This refers to the spatial arrangements of amino acid residues close to one another in thelinear sequence of a polypeptide chain.
A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
__ 172. Which of the following is/are point mutations?A. insertion D. all of the aboveB. deletion E. only a and b
C. transition__ 173. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded polynucleotide. The base content of DNAdisplays three sets of equivalent pairs. Which of the following are equivalent base pairs?
I. A=T II. C=G III. A+G=T+C IV. A+G is not always equal to T + CA. III only C. I, II & IIIB. I & II D. I II & IV
__ 174. Which carbon in the sugars is responsible for the difference between the two nucleic
acids?A. carbon-1 C. carbon-3B. carbon-2 D. none of the above
__175. The normal pH of the bloodA. 7.4-7.45 C. 5.5-6.6B. 6.6-6.9 D. 4.8-8
__ 176. Fruity odor of the urine is indicative of ketone bodies, a diagnostic value in case ofacidosis in
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A. diabetes insipidus C. cretinismB. porphyria D. diabetes mellitus
__ 177. These are discontinuous stretches in which the lagging strand is initially synthesizedduring DNA replication.
A. enhancer C. Okazaki fragmentsB. operon D. primer
__ 178. This DNA mutation occurs when a purine replaces a pyrimidine or vice versaA. transitional C. insertionB. transversional D frame-shift
__ 179. A purine replaces another purine in ___________ mutations.A. transitional C. insertionB. transversional D. frame-shift
__ 180. This substance accumulates in the muscles as a result of vigorous exercise:A. muscle glycogen C. lactic acidB. amino acids D. glucose
__ 181. This test is also known glyoxylic acid reaction
A. Millon-Nasse C. Hopkins coleB. Ninhydrin D. None of the above
__ 182. This is caused by the inadequate intake of protein in the presence of adequate intake ofcalories.
A. Marasmus C. hemochromatosisB. obesity D. Kwashoirkor
__ 183. This hormone may sometimes be useful in the reversal of cardiac effects of beta-blockeroverdose because of its ability to increase cAMP production in the heart.
A. insulin C. somatomedinB. somatostatin D. glucagon
__ 184. The cholesterol molecule isA. an aromatic ring C. a steroidB. a straight chain acid D. a tocopherol
__ 185. The proteinase that is found mostly in the gastric acid juice of young animalsA. rennin D. ptyalinB. pepsin E. none of the aboveC. steapsin
__ 186. The non sugar portion of glycosides is known asA. aglycone D. Both a and bB. genin E. both b and cC. glycone
__ 187. Humans catabolize purine to__________.A. urea C. allantoinB. uric acid D. both b and c
__ 188. Principal digestive constituent of the gastric juiceA. trypsin C. gastrinB. pepsin D. enterokinase
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__ 189. This rare human disorder, which progresses to photosensitivity, caused by an inheritedexcinuclease deficiency.
A. xeroderma pigmentosa C. Fanconis anemiaB. Blooms syndrome D. Hodgkins lymphoma
__ 190. The reagent present in Molisch test which is responsible for the dehydration reactionA. sodium carbonate C. sulfuric acidB. magnesium stearate D. NaOH
__ 191. Genetic information is stored and carried in all cells byA. single-stranded DNA C. double-stranded RNAB. double stranded DNA D. double-stranded circular DNA
__ 192. This is a general test for carbohydratesA. alpha-napthol reaction D. both a and bB. Molischs test E. both b and cC. Phenylhydrazine reaction
__ 193. Lecithin is an example ofA. fixed oil and fats C. sterols
B. waxes D. phospholipids
__ 194. These are esters of high molecular weight, monohydric alcohols and high molecularweight fatty acids.
A. fixed oil and fats C. sterolsB. waxes D. phospholipids
__ 195. Glutamine is a ___________ amino acidA. neutral C. acidicB. basic D. racemin
__196. In all phosphorylation reaction, this metal is an essential cofactor.A. Cu C. Mg
B. Fe D. Al
__ 197. The glycosidic bond formed in glycosides is an example ofA. ester bond C. ketone bondB. ether bond D. non covalent bond
__ 198. Actinomycin D, an antineoplastic drug, intercalates between two GC pairs in DNA. Whichof the following processes does it inhibit?
A. translation C. DNA repairB. transcription D. replication
__ 199. This is the main pathway for carbohydrate catabolism in all human tissues.A. glycolysis C. fructose catabolism
B. glycogenolysis D. galactose catabolism
__200. Lard is an example of what chemical class of lipid?A. fixed oils and fats C. sterolsB. waxes D. phospholipids
__201. These are alcohols containing the CPPP nucleusA. fixed oils and fats C. sterolsB. waxes D. phospholipids
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__ 202. What is wobble?A. The ability of certain anticodons to pair with codons that differ at the third baseB. An error in translation induced by streptomycinC. Mechanism that allows for a peptide extension in the 50s subunit of the ribosomeD. Thermal motions leading to a local denaturation of the DNA double helix
__203. These are organelles that contain the enzymes for pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle,beta oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and ETC
A. golgi apparatus C. nucleusB. lysosomes D. mitochondria
__ 204. Which of the following sugars form insoluble phenylhydrazone readily?A. sucrose C. arabinoseB. galactose D. mannose
__205. Which of the following is an example of waxes?A. cholesterol C. spermacetiB. ergosterol D. lecithin
__ 206. Viruses are not cellular, but are rather termed as biological entities. The main reason
why viruses are considered acellular entities is becauseA. A virus contains only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNAB. A virus is very small compared to bacteriaC. A virus is pathogenicD. Scientist can not classify viruses under the 5 kingdoms Whittaker
__ 207. Which of the following statements is/are true?A. Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acidsB. Vegetable oils are generally liquidC. Vegetable oils are generally solidD. Both a and bE. Both b and c
__ 208. What is the positive visible result for Liebermann-Burchard test?A. yellow crystal C. white amorphous precipitateB. black precipitate D. bluish-green color
__ 209. After digestion and absorption, all biopolymers are converted to the common product_______________.
A. acetyl coA C. citrateB. pyruvate D. any of the above
__ 210. The total net ATP produced in aerobic glycolysis is _____ ATPs per mole of hexose,depending on which shuttle predominates in the transport NAD/NADH.
A. 4 to 6 C. 4 to 8B. 6 to 8 D. 8 to 10
__ 211. The signs of pellagra include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (three Ds) and loss oftongue papillae. Which of the following is/ are deficient in pellagra?
A. niacin C. both a and bB. tryptophan D. Pellagra is not a deficiency state.
It is an autoimmune disorder
__212. Fibrous and globular proteins belong to what protein structure?A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
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__213. The isoelectric pH is the pH midway between pK values on either side o the electricprocess. Which of the following equations gives an accurate estimate to isoelectric pH?
A.pl=pK1=pK2 C.pl=(pK1+pK2) x 2B. pl=(pK1+pK2) / 2 D. pl=pK1>pK2
__ 214. Each end of the DNA double helix contains 5 end of one strand and the 3; end of theother strand----- this statement describes what characteristic of the DNA structure?
A. complementary C. semiconservative replicationB. anti parallel D. base pairing
__ 215. The arrangement of polypeptide chains in relation to one another in a multi-chainedprotein refers to what structure?
A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
__216. Which of the following statements below gives an accurate description of collagen?A. It is fibrous proteinB. The basic unit of collagen is tropocollagen, a triple helix of three polypeptide chainC. Vitamin A is important in catalyzing the hydroxylation of prolin
D. All of the aboveE. Only A and B
__ 217. Random coils and triple helices are examples of what protein structure?A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
__ 218. How many hydrogen bond is formed between cytosine and guanine?A. 1 C. 3B. 2 D. none
__ 219. The DNA structure is a double helix containing chains which are complementary. Whichof the following statements best describes complementarity?
A. In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5 and of one strand and the 3 end ofthe other.
B. Adenine binds to thymine, and cytosine binds to guanineC. Several codons may code for the same amino acidD. All of the above
__220. Which of the following amino acids possess a phenolic hydroxyl group?A. serine D. A and B onlyB. threonine E. All of the aboveC. tyrosine
__221. Certain metals and trace elements are important as enzyme cofactors. What metal ispresent in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase that replaces S in one cysteine active site?
A. Fe C. SeB. Co D. Zn
__222. This immunoglobulin is responsible for mediating hypersensitivity by causing the releaseof mediators from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigens or allergens
A. IgA C. IgDB. IgG D. IgE
__223. The OH group on the penultimate or second to the last carbon atom determinesA. D(dextro) or L(levo), dextro pointing to the right and levo pointing to the left
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B. D(dextrorotatory) or l(levorotatory), regarding optical activityC. Both satements are correctD. Both statements are incorrect
__ 224. Which of the following is/are example/s of catabolism?A. glycogenesis D. both a and bB. glycolysis E. both b and cC. beta oxidation of fatty acids
__225. How many ATPs are produced in the conversion of one mole FADH2 to FAD?A. 2 C. 4B. 3 D. 12
__ 226. How many ATPs are produced in the reduction of one mole of NAD to NADH?A. 2 C. 4B. 3 D. 12
__227. How many ATPs are produced for every oxidized acetyl CoA?A. 10 C. 14B. 12 D. 8
__228. The site of citric acid cycleA. cytosol C. ribosomesB. mitochondria D. any of the above
__229. Trimetophrim and Methotrexate are folate reductase inhibitors. The use of theaforementioned drugs predisposes a person to develop:
A. nausea and vomiting C. normocytic anemiaB. dermatitis D. megaloblastic anemia
__230. One way of classifying proteins through their physical properties. Which of the following issoluble in water and salt solutions, and has no distinctive amino acids?
A. prolamine C. albuminB. globulin D. histones
__231.Using equation of pI, calculate the pI( isoelctric pH) of alanine. pK1(R-COOH)= 2.35;pK2(R-NH3+)=9.69
A. 6.02 C. 24.08B. 12.04 D. 5.0
__ 232. This type of mutation occurs when the codon containing the changed base may becomea termination codon
A. nonsense mutation C. silent mutationB. missense mutation D. transitional mutation
__233. The result of a point mutation that occurs when UCA (coding for serine) is converted toUCU (also coding for serine) is called
A. nonsense mutation C. silent mutationB. missense mutation D. any of the above
__234. Which fibrous protein is an important structural component of arterial blood vessels andligaments.
A. keratin C. elastinB. collagen D. fibronectin
__235. Which of he following are purine bases?A. adenine and thymine C. cytosine and thymine
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B. adenine and guanine D. cytosine and uracil
__236. Which of the following amino acids contain/s basic side chainsA. Histidine D. All of the aboveB. arginine E. only a and bC. leucine
__237. Which of the following aminoacids has an imino group?A. phenylalanine C. tyrosineB. proline D. threonine
__238. The overall arrangement and interrelationship of various regions or domains, andindividual amino acid residues of a single polypeptide chain is ___________.
A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
__239. a-helix and B-pleated sheets belongs to what structure?A. primary C. tertiaryB. secondary D. quaternary
__240. Which of the following is/are example/s of essential amino acids?A. tyrosine C. tryptophanB. threonine D. Both a and b
E. both b and c
__241. Which of the following is the central hub in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids andamino acids?
A. glycolysis C. beta oxidationB. pentose phosphate pathway D. citric acid cycle
__ 242. What is the visible result for aminoguanidine reaction?A. purple ring at the junction C. brownish black precipitateB. green D. bright reddish purple
__243. Ascorbic acid, glucoronides, and some drugs act as reducing agents. How would thesesubstances affect Benedicts test result?
A. they may give false negative result C. they would not affect the resultB. they may give false positive result D. they would enhance the sensitivity
of the test__244. Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The carbonyl carbon in aldoses is carbon 1 C. both statements are correctB. The carbonyl carbon in aldoses is carbon 2 D. both statements are false
__245. Which of the following acts synergistically with Vitamin E?A. Se C. CoB. Co D.Mn
__246. Histamine, a chemical messenger mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions, gastricacid secretion and neurotransmission of the brain. Which of the following amino acids, whichwhen decarboxylated yields histamine?
A. tyrosine C. tryptophanB. histidine D. any of the above
__247. Among the fibrous protein l isted below, which are the major proteins of the skin and hair?A. keratin C.elastinB. collagen D. fibronectin
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__ 248. The coenzyme FMN and FAD is responsiblefor the oxidative deamination of amino acids.Which of the following vitamins is related to these coenzymes?
A. B1 C. B3B. B2 D. B5
__ 249. These are slightly longer, catalytically inactive forms of enzymes.A. apoenzyme C. holoenzymeB. zymogen D. both a and b
__250. Ninhydrin is widely used for detecting amino acids. What is the visible result for ninhydrintest in the presence of proline and hydroxyproline?
A. purple C. yellowB. red D. green
__251. Xanthoproteic test is forA. free amino groups C. cysteineB. arginine D. tyrosine
__252. What is the positive visible result for xanthoproteic test?A. yellow color deepening into orange C. bluish greenB. violet color D. old rose
__253. This test is used to identify the presence of peptide linkagesA. Ninhydrin C. Hopkins coleB. Biuret D. Sakaguchi
__ 254. Pauly diazo test indicates the presence ofA. histidine C. tryptophanB. tyrosine D. both a and b
__ 255. Specific test for arginineA. Biuret C. NinhydrinB. basic lead acetate D. Sakaguchi
__ 256. Process of converting liver glycogen into blood glucoseA. glycogenolysis C. glycolysisB. glucogenesis D. glycogenesis
__257. The clinical test for the determination of cholesterolA. Liebermann Burchard C. both a and bB. Salkowski D. none of the above
__258. What diet would you advice the childs mother with PKU to give to her baby?A. rich in tyrosine, lacks phenylalanine C. rich in phenylalanine,lacks tyrosineB. equal quantities of tyrosine and phenylalanine D. regular infant formula
__259. What important neurotransmitter uses tryptophan as its precursor?
A. histamine C. norepinephrineB. acetylcholine D.serotonin
__260. Which of the following are the branched-chain amino acids responsible for thecharacteristic sweet smell of the urine of patients with Maple syrup urine disease
A. leucine, isoleucine and valine C. lysine, alanine and valineB. leucine, alanine and valine D. lysine, isoleucine and valine
__261. This results from the oxidation of heme protein in hemoglobin resulting to increasedoxygen affinity, and therefore failure to adequately deliver oxygen to tissue
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A. thalassemia C. sulfhemoglobinemiaB. methemoglobinemia D. sickle cell anemia
__ 262. Which of the following enzymes adds an inorganic phosphate to break a bond?A. kinase C. phosphataseB. phosphorylase D. ligase
__263. What is the deficiency state of folic acid?A. aplastic anemia C. megaloblastic anemiaB. microcytic anemia D. macrocytic anemia
__264. Cheilosis, glossitis, seborrhea and photophobia are manifestations of what deficiencystate?
A. thiamine C. niacinB. riboflavin D. pyridoxine
__ 265. This immunoglobulin prevents the attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucousmembranes. It is found in body secretions suchas tears, colostrum, saliva, sweat and smallintestines.
A. IgD C. IgM
B. IgA D. IgE
__266. Pepsinogen is an example ofA. apoenzyme C. cofactorB. holoenzyme D. zymogen
__267. This enzyme adds hydrogen atoms to a moleculeA. reductase C. ligaseB. oxidase D. synthase
__268. Which of the following enzymes is an example of hydrolases?A. esterase C. aminotransferaseB. racemase D. decarboxylase
__ 269. This type of enzyme cleaves a carbon to carbon bond to create an aldehyde groupA. esterase C. aldolaseB. transferase D. protease
__270. Mutarotation is a process of interconversion between tha alpha and beta forms, using theopen-chain structure as an intermediate. Which of the following undergoes mutarotation?
A. monosaccharides C. polysaccharideB. disaccharides D. amino acids
__271. Which of the following presents a cyclic sugar structure?A. Fischer projection C. chair conformationB. Haworth projection D. boat conformation
__272. The deficiency of which of the following enzymes predisposes persons taking sometherapeutic agents (e.g. 4-aminoquinolone,sulfinamides, and propanthelin) to hemolytic anemia?
A. glucose-1-phosphate C. pyruvate dehydrogenaseB. glucose-6-phosphate D. thymidylate synthase
__273. What type of glycosidic bond joins the dimmer of glucose to form maltose?A. - 1, 4 C. - 1, 2C. - 1, 4 D. - 1, 2
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__ 274. Which of the following blood types is considered as the universal donor?A. A C. ABB. B D. O
__ 275. Which of the following is/are examples of glycosaminoglycans?A. hyaluronic acid D. all of the aboveB. mucopolysaccharides E. only a and cC. chondroitin sulfate
__276. This is differentiating test for aldose and ketose sugars.A. Seliwanoffs test C. Barfoeds testB. Fehlings test D. any of the above
__277. This is known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathwayA. glycolysis C. glycogenesisB. glucogenesis D. glycogenolysis
__278. Which of the following enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction of glucose toglucose-6-phosphate?
A. hexokinase C. PFKB. pyruvate kinase D. glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
__279. Which of the following enzymes is most important in controlling glycolysis?A. . hexokinase C. PFKB. pyruvate kinase D. none of the above
__280. Among the different cells in the body, only these lack mitochondria which renders themincapable of TCA.
A. platelets C. erythrocytesB. leukocytes D. brain cells
__281. This refers to aldose-ketose interconversionA. tautomerization C. glycogenesisB. mutarotation D. conjugation
__282. The citric acid cycle is an example of a/an ____________ metabolism.A. anabolic C. amphibolicB. catabolic D. none of the above
__283. These are esters of glycerol in combination with fatty acid, phosphoric acid and certainnitrogenous compounds.
A. fixed oil and fats C. sterolsB. waxes D. phospholipids
__284. Which of the following statement is true when fats and fixed oils are heated strongly?A. fats liquefy C. decomposition occurs accompanied bythe production of acrid flammable vapors
B. oils becomes less viscous D. any of the above
__285. These are lipids that contain carbohydrate ( galactose or glucose), one fatty acid andsphingosine, but no phosphoric acid and glycerol.
A. cerebrosides C. cytolipinsB. gangliosides D. any of the above
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__286. Gangliosides, cerebrosides and cytolipins are collectively called __________.A. phospholipids or phosphatide C. sulfolipidsB. glycolipids D. lipoproteins
__287. This is the deposition of lipid plaques on the lining of the arteriesA. atherosclerosis C. Tay Sachs diseaseB. Gauchers disease D. hyperlipoproteinemia
__288. The state of high serum levels of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid is calledA. ketonemia C. ketosisB. ketonuria D. ketoacidosis
__289. The following are glycolipids exceptA. globosides C. gangliosidesB. phosphatides D. cerebrosides
__290. The parent compound of phospholipidsA. glycerol C. ethanolamineB. phosphatidic acid D. none of the above
__291. ID test to detect the presence of glycogenA. phloroglucinol C. IodineB. Molisch D. Seliwanoff
__292. The only sugar readily forms insoluble aszone crystalsA. Lactose C. mannoseB. sucrose D. glucose
__293. Important structural material found in the exoskeletons of many lower animalsA. chondroitin C. hyaluronic acidB. heparin D. chitin
__294. General term for a group of polysaccharides present on the primary cell wall
A. xanthan C. pectinB. mucilage D. carrageenan
__ 295. Specific test for galactose, due to formation of highly insoluble crystalsA. phenylhydrazine test C. mucic testB. fermentation D. Molisch
__296. Type of RNA which serves as a template for the amino acids sequence being synthesizedA. mRNA C. rRNAB. tRNA D. none of the above
__297. The steps of central stateA. replication, translation and transcription C. replication, transcription and translation
B. replication, transcription and transmission D. transcription, translation and replication
__298. Reverse transcription takes place inA. bacteria C. algaeB. virus D. molds
__ 299. The following are enzymes found in the pancreatic juice, except:A. papain C. chymotrypsinB. trypsin D. carboxypolypeptidase
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__300. All of the following carbohydrates are considered to be polysaccharide, except:A. heparin C. glycogenB. starch D. maltose