SWITCH FROMHEAVY FUEL
OIL (HFO) TODISTILLATE FUEL
ENERGYEFFICIENCY
DESIGN INDEX(EEDI)
SLIDE VALVES
SHIP ENERGYEFFICIENCYMANAGEMENTPLAN (SEEMP)
DIESEL PARTICULATEFILTER (DPF) ONLOW SULPHURFUEL
NON-CARBON FUELSAND ENERGY SOURCES
(BATTERY-ELECTRICPROPULSION/
HYDROGEN FUELCELLS/AMMONIA)
SELECTIVECATALYTICREDUCTION
10-50%
∼33%
>99%
30%up to
R
Short-term2018-2023
Mid-term2023-2030
Long-term2030+
Environmental co-benefits
Drawbacks
Retrofitting needed
BC emission reduction%
Improves shipenergy efficiencyand reducing allother emissions
For new-builds only
Reduces NOx
Capital and maintenance costs
Extra capital oroperationalcosts
Reducesenvironmentaldamage when spilled
Increased fuel costs
Eliminates orconsiderably reducesall ship air emissions
Extra capitalor operational costs
Improves ship energyefficiency and reducingall other emissionsHFO Distillate
fuels
Already astandard practice
Aligned with ship airpollution measures
Aligned with ship GHGreduction measures
Aligned withArctic HFO risk reduction
HFO Distillatefuels
Aligned with the effortsto decarbonise shipping
Uncertainty about DPF costand suitbaility to big shipswith large engines
SEEMP must becomemandatory with well-developedbenchmarks
POSS
IBLE
IM
PLEM
ENTA
TIO
N T
IMEL
INE
R
R
R
ZOOMING INTO THE TOP BLACK CARBON ABATEMENT OPTIONS
R
R
HOW CAN WE REDUCE BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING?
Black Carbon (BC) is a harmful air pollutant and accounts for 7-21% of shipping’s climate warming impact
To address the impact of ship BC emissions on the Arctic, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has started a 3-step work plan:
Developing a definition for Black Carbon
It exists as an aggregate of small carbon spherules
Identifying the right method for measuring Identifying the right control measures
1
2
3
4
BC is “a distinct type of material containing carbon or its compounds,formed only in flames during combustion of carbon-based fuels”.It has a unique combination of four physical properties:
It strongly absorbs visible light
It is refractory; that is, it retains its basic form at very high temperatures
It is insoluble in water and in organic solvents
IMO needs to now startinvestigating andrecommendingthe most appropriateabatement measuresamong those availableand under development.
...SO WHAT ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE ABATEMENT OPTIONS?
2011 2015 2018
Retrofitting old engines withslide valves can improve their
efficiency. This has becomea standard practicewith new engines.
ENGINE OPTIONS
SLIDE VALVES
Adopted in 2011, EEDI requiresprogressive improvementsin efficiency of new ships,which result in reduction
of air emissions.
VESSEL DESIGN
ENERGY EFFICIENCYDESIGN INDEX (EEDI)
BC emissions drop whenswitching from residual
to distillate fuels.
FUEL QUALITY
SWITCH FROM HEAVY FUELOIL (HFO) TO DISTILLATE FUEL
HFO Distillatefuels
In the long-term, ships mustswitch away from carbon-based
fuels to reduce/eliminateboth BC and GHG emissions.
DECARBONISATION
NON-CARBON FUELSAND ENERGY SOURCES
DIESEL PARTICULATEFILTER (DPF) ON
LOW SULPHUR FUEL
EXHAUST TREATMENT
DPFs drastically reducesBC emissions and is more efficient withlow sulphur fuels.
Adopted in 2011, SEEMPprovides guidelines for
improving ship efficiencyvia retrofit or
operational measures.
VESSEL RETROFIT
SHIP ENERGYEFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT
PLAN (SEEMP)
Existing studies reportBC reduction
potential of SCR,but more research is needed.
EXHAUST TREATMENT
SELECTIVE CATALYTICREDUCTION (SCR)
Following several years of research, a workshop hosted by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) in 2017 recommended three measurement methods,identified as reliable, robust and easy to use:
2019
1
2
3
Filter Smoke Number (FSN)
Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)
Laser Induced Incandescence (LII)
shor
t-te
rmlo
ng-t
erm
Sources: Lack, D. (2017); Comer, B., Olmer, N., Mao, X., Roy, B., and Rutherford, D. (2017). Prepared for the Clean Arctic Alliance: www.HFOFreeArctic.org - Designer: Margherita Gagliardi
