SWITCH FROMHEAVY FUEL

OIL (HFO) TODISTILLATE FUEL

ENERGYEFFICIENCY

DESIGN INDEX(EEDI)

SLIDE VALVES

SHIP ENERGYEFFICIENCYMANAGEMENTPLAN (SEEMP)

DIESEL PARTICULATEFILTER (DPF) ONLOW SULPHURFUEL

NON-CARBON FUELSAND ENERGY SOURCES

(BATTERY-ELECTRICPROPULSION/

HYDROGEN FUELCELLS/AMMONIA)

SELECTIVECATALYTICREDUCTION

10-50%

∼33%

>99%

30%up to

R

Short-term2018-2023

Mid-term2023-2030

Long-term2030+

Environmental co-benefits

Drawbacks

Retrofitting needed

BC emission reduction%

Improves shipenergy efficiencyand reducing allother emissions

For new-builds only

Reduces NOx

Capital and maintenance costs

Extra capital oroperationalcosts

Reducesenvironmentaldamage when spilled

Increased fuel costs

Eliminates orconsiderably reducesall ship air emissions

Extra capitalor operational costs

Improves ship energyefficiency and reducingall other emissionsHFO Distillate

fuels

Already astandard practice

Aligned with ship airpollution measures

Aligned with ship GHGreduction measures

Aligned withArctic HFO risk reduction

HFO Distillatefuels

Aligned with the effortsto decarbonise shipping

Uncertainty about DPF costand suitbaility to big shipswith large engines

SEEMP must becomemandatory with well-developedbenchmarks

POSS

IBLE

IM

PLEM

ENTA

TIO

N T

IMEL

INE

R

R

R

ZOOMING INTO THE TOP BLACK CARBON ABATEMENT OPTIONS

R

R

HOW CAN WE REDUCE BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING?

Black Carbon (BC) is a harmful air pollutant and accounts for 7-21% of shipping’s climate warming impact

To address the impact of ship BC emissions on the Arctic, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has started a 3-step work plan:

Developing a definition for Black Carbon

It exists as an aggregate of small carbon spherules

Identifying the right method for measuring Identifying the right control measures

1

2

3

4

BC is “a distinct type of material containing carbon or its compounds,formed only in flames during combustion of carbon-based fuels”.It has a unique combination of four physical properties:

It strongly absorbs visible light

It is refractory; that is, it retains its basic form at very high temperatures

It is insoluble in water and in organic solvents

IMO needs to now startinvestigating andrecommendingthe most appropriateabatement measuresamong those availableand under development.

...SO WHAT ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE ABATEMENT OPTIONS?

2011 2015 2018

Retrofitting old engines withslide valves can improve their

efficiency. This has becomea standard practicewith new engines.

ENGINE OPTIONS

SLIDE VALVES

Adopted in 2011, EEDI requiresprogressive improvementsin efficiency of new ships,which result in reduction

of air emissions.

VESSEL DESIGN

ENERGY EFFICIENCYDESIGN INDEX (EEDI)

BC emissions drop whenswitching from residual

to distillate fuels.

FUEL QUALITY

SWITCH FROM HEAVY FUELOIL (HFO) TO DISTILLATE FUEL

HFO Distillatefuels

In the long-term, ships mustswitch away from carbon-based

fuels to reduce/eliminateboth BC and GHG emissions.

DECARBONISATION

NON-CARBON FUELSAND ENERGY SOURCES

DIESEL PARTICULATEFILTER (DPF) ON

LOW SULPHUR FUEL

EXHAUST TREATMENT

DPFs drastically reducesBC emissions and is more efficient withlow sulphur fuels.

Adopted in 2011, SEEMPprovides guidelines for

improving ship efficiencyvia retrofit or

operational measures.

VESSEL RETROFIT

SHIP ENERGYEFFICIENCY MANAGEMENT

PLAN (SEEMP)

Existing studies reportBC reduction

potential of SCR,but more research is needed.

EXHAUST TREATMENT

SELECTIVE CATALYTICREDUCTION (SCR)

Following several years of research, a workshop hosted by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) in 2017 recommended three measurement methods,identified as reliable, robust and easy to use:

2019

1

2

3

Filter Smoke Number (FSN)

Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)

Laser Induced Incandescence (LII)

shor

t-te

rmlo

ng-t

erm

Sources: Lack, D. (2017); Comer, B., Olmer, N., Mao, X., Roy, B., and Rutherford, D. (2017). Prepared for the Clean Arctic Alliance: www.HFOFreeArctic.org - Designer: Margherita Gagliardi