Download - BY SANTOSH KAFLE
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE POLLUTION OF INLAND SURFACE WATER FROM INDUSTRY. "A CASE STUDY
OF MANOHARA RIVER".
BY
SANTOSH KAFLE.
Industrial pollution
• Industrial pollution is not a disagreeable prospect but a present reality.
• Growth in industrial sector is a critical factor-determining nation’s economic development, which is generally accompanied by a shift of population from
rural to urban areas, and the creation of new environmental hazards are
obvious.
• The environmental concerns arising from the industries in Nepal are still
much less in comparison to the environmental concerns arising from other
sectors, For example while domestic effluent contributes to almost 95% of
total effluent in Kathmandu, the industrial sector contributes to only 5%.
(ICIMOD/MOPE, 2001)
Industrial growth in Nepal:• Up to fiscal year 2002/2003, the total number of industries registered
was 157,458 out of which only 32933 have been renewed.
• Industrial category. Number.
• Manufacturing industries 39,828
• Energy industries 806
• Agriculture and wildlife 1,199
• Mineral 175
• Tourism 2,130
• Service 15,514
• Construction 5,064
• Total 64,715
• A maximum number (10,123) of industries were registered in year 1999/2000
• (Source: from Department of Small and Cottage Industry, DCSI, 2003)
Among manufacturing industries number of carpet industriesregistered in 1996 to 2003 were 205, 235, 278, 198, 122,105 and 80 respectively for each fiscal year. Similarly thenumbers of registered soft drink manufacturing industrieswere 33, 29, 28, 18, 15, 35 and 27 for each successive yearfrom 1996 to 2003 respectively.
from 1996 to 2003 the number of industries registered inBagmati Zone were 20,006 industries. Out of which districtKathmandu alone composed of 12,579 industries. In theyear 1986/87 the number of industries in Kathmandu valleywere just 1504 (IUCN 1991). Thus the comparison ofindustrial registration on district basis showed that largestnumbers of industries were found registered in Kathmandudistrict. The number of industries registered in Terai wasfound greater than hill and Himalaya region (DCSI, 2003).
• About 18,000 carpet industries have been registered up to October 2004.
The average yearly registration is about 1600-1700(DSCI). The number of
carpet factory registered in central carpet industry association is 1268 out of
which 800 are said to be operating actively (CCIA, 2005)
Existing legislations
• It has been the government policy to mitigate the adverse environmental impact of developmental projects and human action (NEPAP, 1993)
• 1.1.5.1 Legislation covering provisions for water pollution control:• Aquatic animal protection Act, 2017
• Environmental protection Act2053 and regulation 2054
• Mines and minerals Act2042 and regulation 2056.
• Pasupati area development trusts Act 2044.
• Solid waste management and resource mobilization Acts and regulations 2044
• Nepal water supply corporation Act2046
• Local self-governance Act2055
• Town development Act2048
• Pesticides Act 204 and regulations 2050
• Water resource Act 2049 and regulation 2050
• Electricity Act 2049 and regulations2050
• Industrial enterprises Act2049
• Forest Act 2049
• Soil and watershed conservation Act 2039 and regulations2042.
Rationale:
• A total of 337 households in Kathmandu valley still directly depend on river/stream for their source of drinking water (CBS 2001). The expansion of current trend of unplanned urbanization and industrialization, which most likely will demand more water in future, is unavoidable. The increase in population is most likely in rapidly expanding urban areas of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, which are currently drained by Manohara River.
• The assessment of existing water quality in spatial as well as temporal basis and suggesting the control measure or suitable alternative is important in order to safe guard the water needs of future population.
• Assessment of extent of river pollution from effluents of specific industry will help to find out potential threat from these industries to water availability and habitability of future population.
• The study on the spatial and temporal effects from the effluents of individual industries on river water is rare in Nepal. This study attempts to find out the potential effect of effluents both at spatial and temporal basis on river water. This study also helps to find out whether the industries discharging their effluents are complying with existing limit set by legislation or not.
Objective of the study:
• The general objective of the study is to investigate the effect of industrial effluent on running water.
• The specific objectives are,
• To analyse effluent quality of industries and its compatibility to national standard.
• To study the spatial and temporal pattern of effect of effluent of individual industries into river water.
• To assess the water quality of Manohara River.
• To study the existing policy and legal framework for water pollution control.
Limitations:
• The study is carried out only for two
seasons respectively for summer
(premonsoon) and Rainy (monsoon).
• The data on bacteriological water quality is
not collected.
Study area and sampling sites
N
†E N
Site selection
Sample collection,
pretreatment,
preservation and
determination of
parameters like DO,
Temperature,
Alkalinity, PH.
Sample safely
hauled to
Laboratory.
Preservation, refrigeration
and determination of
parameter to be analyzed
in short time like NO3¯,
PO4 within specified time.
Safe storage of
samples in
refrigerator
Determination of rest of
the pre-selected
parameters.
Container Sample
size (ml)
Sample type Preservation Recommended
maximum storage
time
Regulatory
Alkalinity P/G 200 Grab Refrigerate 24Hrs. 14 day
CO2 P/G 100 Grab Analyze immediately 0.25 hours N.S
BOD P/G 1000 Grab Refrigerate 6 hours 48 hours
COD P/G 100 Grab Analyze immediately or
add H2SO4 to pH<2
7 day 28 day.
Chloride P/G 50 Grab Not required Not stated 28 days.
Color P/G 500 Grab Refrigerate 48 hours 48hours
Specific
conductance
P/G 500 Grab Refrigerate 28 days 28 days
Hardness P/G 100 Grab Add HNO3 or H2SO4 to pH
<2
6 months 6 months.
Metals general P/G 1000 Grab Refrigerate, HNO3 to PH <2 6 months 6months.
Chromium (VI) P (A),
G (A)
1000 Grab Refrigerate 24 hour 24 hour
Ammonia P/G 500 Grab/composite Immediate, H2SO4 <pH 2
and refrigerate.
7 day 28 day.
Nitrate P/G 100 Grab/composite Immediate/refrigerate 48 hour 48 hour
DO G 300 Grab Immediate 0.25hour 0.25 hour
pH P/G 50 Grab Immediate 0.25 hour 0.25 hour
PO4-- G (A) 100 Grab Immediate 48 hours Not stated
Solids P, G 200 Grab/composite R 7 days 2-7 days
Temperature P, G -------- Grab Immediately 0.25 hours 0.25 hours
Nitrite P, G 100 Grab Immediate/refrigerate 2 days 2 days
Physicochemical analysis:
• All the experiments were performed
according to methods described in
"Standard Method for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater 1998"[APHA,
AWWA, WEF, 20th Ed.] and "Text Book of
Quantitative Chemical
Analysis"1996[Vogel's, 5th Ed.]
• Parameters and Methods:• Physical appearance: sensory perception
• Temperature: Thermometer
• PH: pH meter
• Conductance: Conductivity meter
• Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S): Gravimetric
• Total solids (Dried at 103-1050C): Gravimetric
• Dissolved oxygen(DO): Winklers titrimetric Method
• Alkalinity: Titration
• Chloride: Argentometric method
• Nitrite:
• Nitrate:
• Inorganic phosphorus: Molybdophosphoric acid method
• Ammonia: Colorimetric Nessler's Method:
• Ca –Hardness: Titration
• Mg-Hardness: Titration
• Hardness: Titration
• Iron: Phenanthroline method
• Chromium: Diphenyl carbazide method
• Biochemical oxygen Demand: Five-Day BOD method
• COD: Open reflux method
Results and discussion:
• Physical appearance: • All samples except samples at site III and effluents samples at site II
were observed colorless and odorless.
• Temperature: • The highest recorded temperature during study period was 760C in effluent
of carpet dyeing and lowest recorded was 190C at site I in September.
Parameters April May August September
Physical appearance
(color/odor)
Colorless/odorless Colorless/odorless Colorless/odorless
Colorless/odorless
Air temp. (0C) 27 29 26 25
Water temp. (0C) 23 24 23 19
PH 7.3 7.05 7.2 7.2
Conductivity (m∫/cm. 35 28.5 30 22
T.D.S (mg\L) 15 18 8 8
T.S (mg\L) 22.5 28 14 12
T.S.S (mg\L) 7.5 10 5 4
DO (mg\L) 6.1 6.0 6.8 7.1
Alkalinity (mg\L) 54.5 49.5 50 41.5
Cl - (mg\L) 7 11.1 5.6 5.1
NO2 - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
NO3 - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
PO4- - - (mg\L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
NH3 (mg\L) 0.1 0.09 0.03 0.1
Ca (mg\L) 2.4 0.9 1.6 1.5
Mg (mg\L) 8.4 5.6 3.1 3.8
Hardness (mg\L) 9.8 6.7 4.05 4.8
Fe (mg\L) <1 <1 <1 <1
Cr (mg\L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
BOD (mg\L) 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.4
COD (mg\L) 12.7 15.1 12.45 11.6
April. May August September
U/S Efflu
ent
M
P
D/S U/S Efflue
nt
MP D/S U/S Efflue
nt
MP D/S U/S Effluent MP D/S
Physical
appearance
(color/odor)
Gra
yish
/
Org
anic
Red /
punge
nt
Re
ddi
sh/
pu
ng
ent
Slight
ly
reddis
h/odo
rless
Grayi
sh/
Organ
ic
Red /
punge
nt
Reddi
sh/pu
ngent
Slight
ly
reddis
h/org
anic
Clear/
odorl
ess
Red /
punge
nt
Reddish/
odorless
Clear
/odor
less
Clear/od
orless
Red /
pungent
Reddish/
odorless
Clear/odo
rless
Air temp. (0C) 29 27 28 26 32 26 27 27 24.5 25 25.5 25 25 25 25 25
Water temp.
(0C)
26 75.5 42
35
26.9 73.6 50.5
34.5
22 56 29.5
22
21 58.7 31.7
21
PH 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.7 6.7 7.5 7.7 7.6 6.7 7.1 7.5 7.2 7 7.1 7.2
Conductivity (m∫/cm.
398 1807 13
18 521
362 1759 1367
384
156.5 1131 421.5 135.
5
178.5 1518 665
197
T.D.S (mg\L)
200 1200 12
00 600
200 1200 1200
600
300 800 600
300
250 800 600
250
T.S (mg\L)
280 1800 16
00 1000
285 2000 1800
1000
400 1200 800
400
400 1200 800
400
T.S.S (mg\L)
80 600 40
0 400
85 800 600
400
100 400 200
100
150 400 200
150
DO (mg\L) 5.3 0 1.2 4 2.6 0 1.4 2.3 5.7 0.3 2.9 5.7 5.82 0.0 3.5 5.7
Alkalinity
(mg\L)
148.
5
26 68
132
143 23.5 65
144.5
86 27 83
82.5
74 26 55
72.5
Cl - (mg\L)
41.2 9.62 30.
5 42.2
27 17.6 30.6
30.9
41.9 13 38
41.6
33.37 75.3 58.1
34.1
NO2 - (mg\L) 3.1 0.3 1.2 4.1 3 0.1 3.2 3.3 1.4 0.4 1.2 1.4 0.3 0 0.3 0.3
NO3 - (mg\L) 2.3 0.2 0.9 2.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.6 2.5 1.7 0.5 3.45
PO4- - - (mg\L) 1.1 0.6 1 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.7 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.345
NH3 (mg\L) 2.3 0.7 1.7 2.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.67 0.72
Ca (mg\L) 35 15 29 36 35 18 36.9 37.7 16 28 21.2 16.3 18.7 0.0 20.6 19.2
Mg (mg\L)
102.
6
73.4 92.
3 104
99 209 81.5
113.9
47.3 101.9 72.1
51.1
42.6 0 47.4
42.8
Hardness
(mg\L)
124 82.5 11
0 126
120.5 220 104
136.9
57 119 85
61
54 84 60
54.5
Temperature(0C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
0C
April
May
August
September
pH
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
April
May
August
September
conductivity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
co
nd
uc
tiv
ity
April
May
August
September
Total Suspended Solids(T.S.S)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
T.S
.S m
g/L April
May
August
September
Total Dissolved Solids(T.D.S)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
T.D
.S m
g/L April
May
August
September
Total Solids(T.S)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
T.S
mg
/L
April
May
August
September
Dissolve oxygen(DO)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
DO
mg
/L
April
May
August
September
Alkalinity(mg/L)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Alk
alin
ity(m
g/L
)
April
May
August
September
Chloride
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Ch
lori
de
(mg
/L)
April
May
August
September
Nitrite
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
NO
2(m
g/L
) April
May
August
September
Nitrate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
NO
3(m
g/L
) April
May
August
September
Phosphate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
PO
4(m
g/L
) April
May
August
September
Ammonia
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
NH
3(m
g/L
) April
May
August
September
Calcium(Ca)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Ca(m
g/L
) April
May
August
September
Magnesium(Mg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Mg
(mg
/L) April
May
August
September
Hardness
0
50
100
150
200
250
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Ha
rdn
es
s(m
g/L
)
April
May
August
September
Iron
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Fe
(mg
/L)
April
May
August
September
Chromium(Cr)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
Cr(
mg
/L)
April
May
August
September
Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
BO
D(m
g/L
)
April
May
August
September
Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
siteI U/S E M.P D/S U/S E M.P D/S
siteII siteIII
CO
D(m
g/L
)
April
May
August
September
conclusion
• The effluents from the industries are not complying with the national standard. As indicated by the magnitude of parameters like temperature, pH, T.S.S, BOD, COD and Cr.
• The effluents were observed pollution within the measured stretch specially in dry season.
• At site parameters were observed within WHO standard(WHO), RWQCBRS(MoPE, 1994).
• Besides industrial effluents river Mahohara gets progressively polluted with other sources.
Contd……….
• It was found that 100m stretches of
Manohara River are not enough distance ti
completely disperse the observed
discharge of the pollutants in low flow
season.
Recommendations
• The government should set up a special vigilance squads to conduct raids on the industrial units polluting the river and urge them to impose self regulation.
• High tax needs to be induced to polluting industries.
• The government should attract the firm by providing maximum subsidies for most polluting industries for purchasing anti-pollution technology and treatment plants.
• It needs further study, considering more distance separated at decreasing interval to find the exact point of complete dispersion of pollutants.
• The dyeing industry should detain their effluent for sometime and discharge only when temperature drops below 400C, which will also help to settle solids.
• The dyeing factory should avoid using chromium and other heavy metals containing synthetic dyes.
Acknowledgement• Prof. Dr. Mohan Bikram Gewali(Supervisor)
• Prof. Dr.Umakant Rai Yadav(Head of
Department).
• lecturer, Ms. Armila Nyachhyon (Co-
Supervisor).
• friends Padam , Upendra, Rajeshwor, Saroj, Sameer .
• department staffs especially laboratory staffs Mr. Alok and Mrs. Anju.
• to my parents and all family members.