Download - Carbs, fats and proteins
Carbs, fats and proteins
BiologyMs. Williams2013-2014
Life
• All living things are…
Life
• All living things are…• Made up of cell(s)• Respond to the environment• Adapt to the environment• Reproduce • Grow and develop• Require and use energy
Require and Use Energy
• Food sources
Require and Use Energy
• Food sources• Carbohydrates• Lipids (fats)• Proteins
Carbohydrates• Combination of water
molecules and carbon• Always has this ratio:
1C : 2H : 1O
• (CH2O)n C6H12O6 =
Glucose!• Isomers
• Same chemical formula, different shape
Carbohydrates:Glucose• Simple sugar• n=6• C6H12O6
• Long chain or ring
GlucoseNote the different placement of the hydroxyl group (-OH) 36% alpha vs 64% beta
α- D – glucose β- D- glucose
Dehydration Synthesis
Two monosaccharides to one disaccharide. (Two monomers to one polymer). Water is released.
HydrolysisAddition of water to break oxygen bond of disaccharide/ polymer to create two monosaccharides/ monomers.
Carbohydrates:
Glucose• Simple sugar• n=6• C6H12O6
• Long chain or ring
Carbohydrates: Fructose• Simple sugar• n=6• C6H12O6
• Long chain or ring form
Carbohydrates:
Galactose• Simple sugar• n=6• C6H12O6
• Long chain or ring
• (revised ring structure)
Carbohydrates:
Lactose
• Dehydration synthesis of Glucose and Galactose
• Found in milk• Inability to break down
lactose = lactose intolerance
• People who can break down lactose are the weirdos.
Carbohydrates:Sucrose• Dehydration synthesis of
Glucose and Fructose• Table sugar
Carbohydrates: Maltose• Dehydration synthesis of
Glucose and Glucose • Malt sugar/syrup• Least common sugar
found in nature
Polysaccharides
• Long chains of monosaccarides• Energy storage• Structural support
Polysaccharides
Lipids
• Fats, waxes, oils, steroids• Triglycerides• Phospholipids • Don’t dissolve well in water
Triglycerides
• Polymers made of…• A three carbon molecule Glyceride• Three fatty acids – long chains of carbon
Triglycerides
• Fatty acids• Long chains of carbon• Can release H+ in
solution, weak acids• Saturated or
Unsaturated
Fatty AcidsSaturated
All carbons have single bonds, and are filled to capacity with hydrogen atoms
UnsaturatedOne or more carbons share a double bond and share fewer hydrogen atoms
Fatty AcidsSaturated
All carbons have single bonds, and are filled to capacity with hydrogen atoms
Less Healthy
UnsaturatedOne or more carbons share a double bond and share fewer hydrogen atoms
Healthy
Fatty AcidsSaturated:
Butter, Animal fatsHigher melting
temperature
Unsaturated: Nuts, avocado, fish, veg.
oilLower melting
temperature
Phospholipids
• Similar to triglycerides, but…• Have a phosphate group and a polar group in
place of the 3rd fatty acid (only two tails)• Polar = one part has small
neg. charge, other pos. • Ex. Water
• Non-polar = No separationof charge
• Ex. Fats
Phospholipids
• Hydrophilic, polar heads – “water loving” • Soluble in water
• Hydrophobic, non-polar tails – “water fearing”• Non-soluble in water
Phospholipids
Proteins• Important biological
compounds
• Enzymes: chemical reactions
• Structure: claws, hooves, hair, skin, muscles
• Chemical messengers: hormones
• Protection: antibodies
• Transport: bind and carry atoms within cells and throughout the body
Proteins
• Long chains of amino acids• Form sheets, helixes, loops• Operate as molecular machines• Polymers • “polypeptides” • Formed from dehydration
synthesis
Amino Acids• Combine to make proteins
• Perform many biological processes:• Grow, break down food,
repair tissues
• Composition• Common group• Side group• This differentiates the
amino acid
• 21 biologically important
Amino Acids
• Classified into 3 groups• Essential amino acids
• Cannot be made by the body – have to be eaten (9)• Nonessential amino acids
• Produced by body (4)• Conditional amino acids
• Usually not essential, except for times of stress – illness (8)
• Differ in polarity, charge, shape
• If we don’t consume the essential amino acids, they will break down proteins (muscles, etc.)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
• Tertiary – foldedαhelices and/or βsheets (three dimensional)
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
• Tertiary – foldedαhelices and/or βsheets (three dimensional)
• Quaternary – more than one amino acid chain folded in αhelices or βsheets
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
• Tertiary – foldedαhelices and/or βsheets (three dimensional)
• Quaternary – more than one amino acid chain folded in αhelices or βsheets
Protein Structure
• Primary – amino acid chain (one dimensional)
• Secondary – αhelix or βsheet (two dimensional)
• Tertiary – foldedαhelices and/or βsheets (three dimensional)
• Quaternary – more than one amino acid chain folded in αhelices or βsheets
Protein Structure