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Ch 2: The Cell
Goals:
•Anatomy of a typical cell
•Cell Membrane
•Discussion of internal structure of a cell with emphasis on the various organelles
Developed byJohn Gallagher, MS, DVM
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1. Cells are the smallest living structure
2. Cell = functional unit of the body
3. Cytology = The Study of Cells
4. Ultrastructural Cytology = Cytology at the Electron Microscopic level
5. Histology = the study of tissues (next meeting)
Some Terminology:
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Anatomy of a typical cell
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm= cytosol + organelles
3. Organelles
•Smallest: •Granule cell in cerebellum: 4 µ•RBC: 5-7 µ = 0.005-0.007 mm
•Largest: •Anterior horn cell in spinal cord: 135 µ •Ovum: 120 µ = 0.12 mm
•Longest: •Pseudounipolar cell (CNS to toe)
Fig. 2.1
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Anatomy of a typical cell, cont’d
_ Shapes:– Squamous (scale) - flat,
capillaries, lungs– Cuboidal - lines ducts– Columnar - length > width,
digestive tract– Stratified - many layers– Many others will be covered in
histology (next two lectures)
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Cell Membrane = phospholipid bilayer
_ Physical isolation of the cell contents from the environment (interstitium)
_ Regulation of exchange of materials with the environment
_ Sensitivity to changes in the environment
_ Structural support of the cell– Organelles, too!
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Cell Membrane
Synonyms:•plasma membrane•plasmalemma•axolemma•others
Membrane permeability covered in physiology
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Membrane Permeability
_ Diffusion– Concentration Gradient of Solutes
_ Osmosis– Water (solvent) through semipermeable membrane
_ Filtration– Hydrostatic Pressure
» Capillaries!_ Active Transport
– Requires energy (ATP)
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Endocytosis = into the cell
_ Pinocytosis– Extracellular Fluid
_ Phagocytosis– Solid Objects, e.g., bacteria
_ Receptor-mediated Endocytosis– Special membrane proteins required
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Exocytosis = out of the cell
_ Secretory vesicles (e.g. hormones)– Fluid and waste removal
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Cytosol vs. cytoplasm
Cytosol = The thick fluid inside any cell
Often synonymous with cytoplasm (protoplasm) Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles
Suspends organelles
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Organelles
_ Structures INSIDE a cell that have specific functions wrt cellular structure, maintenance, or metabolism– Membranous
» Nucleus» Golgi apparatus» Endoplasmic reticulum» Mitochondria» Vesicles and lysosomes
– Nonmembranous» Ribosomes» Microtubules (cytoskeleton)» Actin/Myosin in muscle cells
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Nucleus (= center)
_ Visible with LM_ Membrane bound
– Many pores_ DNA
– 23 Pairs of Chromosomes» Except gametes
_ Nucleolus– Most active DNA
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Nucleus
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Golgi Apparatus
•Packaging and shipping of proteins (secretory granules and transport vesicles)•Membrane renewal•Synthesis of Lysosomes
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Fig 2.17
Exocytosis
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Golgi Apparatus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesis, Storage, transport
Smooth ER Lipid synthesis
Rough ER Ribosomes make
it rough ER Protein synthesis
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Mitochondrion / -a
•Energy Conversion for cellular activities
•Formation of ATP
•Double membrane
•Glycolysis and TCA cycle
•More prevalent in active cells, e.g., rods and cones
•Their own genome
•Self-replicating
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Lysosomes
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Ribosomes - RNA
60% RNA + 40% protein
Protein Factories
Fixed vs. free ribosomes
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Cytoskeleton
4 major components:
1. Microfilaments (mostly actin)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits)
Function: support & movement of cellular structures & materials
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Cilium – Cilia (pl.)
Compare to microvilli and flagella
In 9+2 array
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Actin/Myosin
_ The contractile proteins in muscle cells_ Striations
Skeletal muscle
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1. Gap Junctions2. Tight Junctions3. Desmosomes4. Basement Membrane
Intercellular AttachmentsChapter 4, pp 74-76
Fig 4-7
Act as:1. Seals betw cells2. Intercellular communication3. Added strength to resist
separation
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Channel proteins (connexons) interlock and form pores
Abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle
Allows efficient intercellular communication
1) Gap Junctions
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2) Tight Junctions
Interlocking membrane proteins
Found near surface of cells lining the digestive tract. Explain!
Adhesive Belt Junctions deep to tight junctions reinforce the seal
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3) DesmosomesProteoglycan layer reinforced by transmembrane proteins (cell
adhesion molecules or CAMs)
Belt, button and hemidesmosomes
Found in superficial layers of skin
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4) Basement Membrane
_ Reticular fibers + Basal Lamina_ Between epithelium and deeper
connective tissue_ Acts as a filter, and helps
epithelial regeneration
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Fig 2.19 a
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Mitosis (vs. meiosis)
_ Cell Division– Interphase – Between mitosis – Prophase – Chromosomes become bunched– Metaphase – Chromosomes gather at equator– Anaphase – Chromosomes move to poles– Telophase – The two new nuclei form– Cytokinesis – Actual cell separation– Two new diploid cells
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Mitosis
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Some cells
Fat cells (adipocytes) Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
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More cells
Neutrophil Plasma cell
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Still more cells
Columnar cells Sperm cells (spermatozoa)
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River Cullenagh, Ennistymon, Co Clare, Ireland