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Chapter 1
Orientation to Human Body
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I. Anatomy overview (static)
A. Topics
• Gross Anatomy - __________________ 1. Regional- shoulder, abdomen, head and neck……
2. Systemic- integument, nervous, skeletal……..
• Microscopic-___________________. 1. Cytological- cellular
2. Histological- tissues
• Developmental- 1. Embryological
2. Anatomical imaging- X-rays, MRI, ultrasound.
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• Neurophysiology, renal, sports,
pathological
• Focuses on the cellular level.
• An understanding of physics,
biomechanics, and chemistry is
essential.
I. Physiologic Overview (dynamic)
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III. Hierarchy of organization
A. Levels
1. Atomic - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
2. Cellular - functioning part of the body. Many different type of cells that perform many different function. Lens of eye. Neuron, blood, bone, skin,…….
3. Tissues - groups of cells that have common function.
4. Organs - complex processes are possible. Heart
5. Organ Systems - DIMERSCReNUL
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B. Classification
1. Maintenance- Protection from outside. Protection from within. i.e. integument and cell walls.
2. Movement- blood, bodies, air….
3. Responsiveness- senses. Voluntary and in volitional. Fight or Flight
4. Digestive-
5. Metabolism- chemical reactions. Respiration, Replication, Transcription
6. Excretion- Wastes
7. Reproduction- Mitosis, Meiosis
8. Growth
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I. Anatomical position
• Standing erect, arms hanging
at the sides with palms forward
and thumbs pointed away.
• Regional terms are used for
specific areas… Thoracic,
Cephalic, orbital, dorsum…
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A. Planes and Sections
1. Cuts are made along an imaginary plane. They divide the body into right and left and top and bottom.
2. Sagittal - runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left.
3. Frontal - runs longitudinally and divides the body into front and back. (coronal)
4. Transverse -runs horizontally across the long axis of the body or organ. (cross sections and oblique)
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Planes cont…
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Directions
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B. Body cavities 1. Dorsal Body Cavity - located posteriorly and
includes the cranium, and spinal column.
2. Ventral - (Viscera) • Superior is the Thoracic cavity
• Pleural- lungs, mediastinum-pericardial,
• Inferior- is the abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal- stomach, intestines,
• Pelvic- bladder, reproductive organs
3. Linings- • Serosa - surrounds the cavity and outer surface of
the organs.
• Parietal- lines the cavity walls.
• Visceral serosa- covers the organs and is made up by the parietal serosa.
4. Oral, nasal, orbital middle ear, synovial.
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Cavities
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Quadrants (nine regions)
1. umbilical-
2. epigastric- superior to umbilical
3. hypogastric- inferior to umbilical
4. Right and left iliac. (inguinal) lateral to the hypogastric
5. right and left lumbar- lateral to the umbilical
6. Right and left hypochondriac- lateral to the epigastric.
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Structures w/in quads.
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• Preferred method is the
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
• Figure 1.1 (study)
• Ppg. 12-14 Homeostasis.
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Homeostasis
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