Download - Chapter 5 Interpersonal Communication
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Chapter 5Language
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Agenda
• 1. Nature of Language
• 2. Appreciating the Power of Words
• 3. Improving Your Language Use
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The Power of Language
• Think about the individuals throughout history who have essentially changed the world through their specific choice of words.
• Examples?
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Fascinating…
• Many species communicate in one form or another, but we as humans are the only creatures on this planet who use language.
• The human brain has a specific capability for learning and using language that is not shared by other species.
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What is language?
• Language: A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
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Language is Symbolic
• That statement means that each word represents a particular object or idea, but it does not constitute the object or idea itself.
• For example, the word itself is not the structure; rather, it merely symbolizes it.
• Remember the ‘what do you think of when you picture a dog’ example?
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Language is Arbitrary
• Why do words symbolize the particular things they do…?
• Why do we call a cup a cup?
• For the most part, words have only an arbitrary connection to their meanings.
▫ Let’s look at an example…
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Arbitrary Example
• Think of the word car.
• The actual word doesn’t look like a car or sound like a car, so why does it make us think of one?
• The only reason is because speakers of the English language have agreed to give the word car that particular meaning.
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Exceptions…
• Onomatopoeia: A word formed by imitating the sound associated with its meaning.
• Examples:
▫ Buzz
▫ Meow
▫ Splash
▫ Click
Sounds reflect meanings.
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Language is governed by rules
• Phonological rules: Deal with the correct pronunciation of words.
• Syntactic rules: Dictate the proper order of words for the intended meaning.
▫ Example: Yellow car vs. Car Yellow
• Semantic rules: Govern the meanings of individual words.
• Pragmatic rules: Deal with the implications of interpretations of statements.
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Phonological rules
• For example, if you speak Spanish you will know that “J” is pronounced like a “H” in English.
▫ Jorge is not pronounced the same as George.
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Syntactic rules
• The ordering of words…
▫ We know to say, “Your name is?” instead of “Name is your?”
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Semantic rules
• Deals with the individual meanings of words.
▫ When we think of “car” we all generally think of the same thing…
None of us think cellphone, hot air balloon, or dog…but we all picture an automobile.
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Pragmatic rules
• Deals with interpretations.
▫ “Nice to meet you.”
Sincere?
Sarcastic?
You use pragmatic rules to determine what the speaker “means.”
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Language has layers of meaning
• Denotative meaning: A word’s literal meaning or dictionary definition.
▫ Desk example
• Connotative meaning: A word’s implied or secondary meaning, in addition to its literal meaning.
▫ Love example
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Semantic Triangle
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Loaded Language
• Terms that carry strongly positive or strongly negative connotations.
• Example: Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
▫ “Rescue plan” for those who supported it
▫ “Bailout” for those who opposed it
Other examples of intentional language choices?
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Ambiguous language
• Language having more than one possible meaning.
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis – pg. 150
• The idea that language influences the ways the members of a culture see and think about the world.
• Attitudes and behaviors of a culture are reflected in language.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0gkcY1SB-0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df25r8pcuI8
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
• “Language determines what we can think about.”
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Appreciating the power of words
• English writer Rudyard King, author The Jungle Book, once called words, “the most powerful drug used by mankind.”
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Reflection
• Think about how you feel when someone expresses affection to you
• Or when you listen to a speech by a politician you can’t stand (or admire)
• Or when you comfort a grieving friend
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Naming Defines and Differentiates Us
• Naming and Identity
▫ We attach meanings to names.
Example, “You don’t look like a Mary.”
Well…what does a Mary look like?
• In Western societies we generally have “male” and “female” names.
• Also, as assume someone with the name Ashley is younger than someone with the name Bertha.
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Names continued…
• Names also tell us a lot about ethnicity.
▫ You may confer that someone with the name LaKeisha is African American, Cho is Asian, and Santiago is Latino.
• Names can suggest information about deposition or sense of self.
▫ William vs. Billy (both different forms of the same name)
Whether accurate or not…we make assumptions about people based on their names.
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Discrimination and your name
• Men named David, Jon, Joshua, and Gregory seen more favorably than men named Oswald, Myron, Reginald, and Edmund.
▫ People only given names – made judgements.
• People who have a first name that is seen as “not being white” sometimes experience discrimination.
▫ Heard of examples of this?
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What does your name “mean”?
• http://www.names.org/
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We Use Words to Persuade
• Persuasion is the process of moving people to think or act in a certain way.
• Greek philosopher Aristotle described three forms (logos, pathos, ethos); recently a fourth proof has been added: mythos.
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• Logos: Rational appeals based on logic, facts, and objective analysis.
• Who is a speaker/person who might use logos?
1st Proof
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• Pathos: Refers to a speaker’s appeals to our emotions.
▫ Can you think of any examples?
2nd Proof
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• Ethos: Rests on the speaker’s personal character and credibility.
▫ Voting for someone to be President because they seem trustworthy (might not know what they are actually doing).
3rd Proof
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• Mythos: Focuses on values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories.
• Example: Americans respond positively to stories that are about freedom.
4th Proof
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Examples of emotional appeals
• Appeal to fear
• Appeal to guilt
• Appeal to joy
• Appeal to disgust
• Appeal to shame
• Appeal to anger
• Appeal to saddness
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Reason
• To make judgements about the world based on evidence rather than emotion.
▫ We are taught to think before we speak…but we should be taught to think before we judge.
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Using Language to comfort people
• At some point in your life you will be comforting someone who has just lost a loved one. They may be a spouse, friend, or someone you do not know that personally.
• How do you comfort them?
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Comforting Someone
• 1. Acknowledge the loss – “I’m so sorry to her about your sister’s accident. I know that everyone who knew her will miss her greatly.”
• 2. Express sympathy – “Words can’t express how sorry I feel. Please know that my heartfelt sympathies are with you.”
• 3. Offer a positive reflection, “I will always remember your sister’s wonderful sense of humor and her great compassion for others.”
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Continued…
• 4. Offer assistance – “Please remember I am here for you, whatever you need. I’ll give you a call this weekend to see if there’s anything I can do for you.”
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The use and abuse of language
• We will not be discussing the information from this section of the textbook because it is straightforward.
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Improving your language choice
• Consider the effect you want to create.
▫ What do you ACTUALLY want to accomplish?
To inform, to persuade, to entertain?
Do you want to win the argument or do you want to make things right?
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Some mistakes we make…
• Shared knowledge error: When you presume your listeners have information that they don’t have.
• Shared opinion error: Occurs when you incorrectly presume that your listeners share your opinions.
• Monopolization error: When one speaker inappropriately dominates the conversation.▫ Ever have a classmate who does this with the
teacher?
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