Download - Chapters 1-9
HOW EARLY DO WE GO
The study of human history has been around for a long time- the earliest being almost 4 million years ago until present day
Scientists have developed many ways to search and study humans past and present Written documents Archeological digs Human remains and fossils Artifacts: human-made objects such as tools and jewelry Stories Art: paintings, sculptures, pottery, cave paintings… Clothing Religious texts
STUDY OF CULTURE Culture: people’s unique way of life that results from
bands of humans living near one another that start to develop shared ways of doing things: common ways of dressing, similar hunting practices.
Common Practices Shared Understandings
Social Organization
• What people eat• Clothing and
adornment• Sports• Tools and
technology• Social customs• Work
• Language• Symbols• Religious beliefs• Values• The arts• Political beliefs
• Family• Class and caste
structure• Relationships
between individuals and community
• Government• Economic system• View of authority
HOW CULTURE IS LEARNED Governme
nt
Religious Institution
s
School
Workplace
Media
Family
FriendsLearning through direct teaching And observation and then imitation
HUMANS CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT By about 40,000 years ago, humans developed new technology, artistic skills, and in agriculture that allowed them to enhance their way of life
FROM HUNTERS AND GATHERERS… Early humans were nomads:
highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food They were known as hunter-
gatherers: nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods Men hunted Women gathered fruits, berries, roots,
and grasses Increased food supplies by:
Making hand crated spears that killed
game at greater distances Digging sticks that helped ply
pants loose at the roots
TO AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES… By accident women discovered farming and started the
Neolithic Revolution: the agricultural revolution and shifted humans from food-gathering to food-producing cultures
Causes of the agricultural revolution
Early farming methods Domestication of animals
• Rising temperatures provided longer growing seasons and drier lands
• Rising populations meant need for new food sources
• Provided steady source of food
• Slash-and-burn farming: they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field and the ashes would fertilize the soil
• Hunters used their knowledge for the domestication, or taming of animals [horses, dogs, goats, and pigs]
• Drove herds near human settlements and used them as a constant source of food
TO VILLAGES…
Within a few thousand years, people in many regions around the world started to farm, especially around fertile river valleys Africa: along the Nile River Valley and they grew wheat,
barley, and other cropsChina: along the Huang He River (Yellow River) and they grew
a grain called millet and riceMexico and Central America: farmers cultivated corn, beans,
and squashPeru: first to grow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and white
potatoes
TO CIVILIZATIONS! Agriculture meant that people could live in larger, more
organized communities such as farming villages and towns.. From these, cities emerges until they became great civilizations #1 Agriculture
and domestication
lead to #2 New technologies such as hoes, sickles
and plow sticks which made farming
easier and
#3 They could now better control the environment and
reap larger harvests
#4 Larger harvest meant
largest populations
#5 Larger populations
meant rise of CIVILIZATIONS
Civilization: defined as a complex culture with five characteristics:1. Advanced
cities2. Specialized
workers3. Complex
institutions4. Record
keeping5. Advanced
technology
CREATE THE FOLLOWING TABLE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK ON PAGE 10 OF THE IWHN AND FILL IT OUT USING YOUR BOOK: PAGES 20-
23
Detailed Description Case Study: Examples from Ur in Sumer
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Improved technology
Page Title: Characteristics of Civilizations
COMPLETE THE TABLE ON PAGE 11 OF THE IWHN USING WHAT WE STUDIED ABOUT HUNTING
AND GATHERING AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
AND UR
Interaction between humans
and the Environment
Development and Interaction of Cultures
State-Building, Expansion, and
Conflict
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of
Economic Systems
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Themes#1
#2
#3#4
#5
Page title: THEMES: Civilizations/Ur