CHAPTERS 1-9

HOW EARLY DO WE GO

The study of human history has been around for a long time- the earliest being almost 4 million years ago until present day

Scientists have developed many ways to search and study humans past and present Written documents Archeological digs Human remains and fossils Artifacts: human-made objects such as tools and jewelry Stories Art: paintings, sculptures, pottery, cave paintings… Clothing Religious texts

STUDY OF CULTURE Culture: people’s unique way of life that results from

bands of humans living near one another that start to develop shared ways of doing things: common ways of dressing, similar hunting practices.

Common Practices Shared Understandings

Social Organization

• What people eat• Clothing and

adornment• Sports• Tools and

technology• Social customs• Work

• Language• Symbols• Religious beliefs• Values• The arts• Political beliefs

• Family• Class and caste

structure• Relationships

between individuals and community

• Government• Economic system• View of authority

HOW CULTURE IS LEARNED Governme

nt

Religious Institution

s

School

Workplace

Media

Family

FriendsLearning through direct teaching And observation and then imitation

HUMANS CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT By about 40,000 years ago, humans developed new technology, artistic skills, and in agriculture that allowed them to enhance their way of life

FROM HUNTERS AND GATHERERS… Early humans were nomads:

highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food They were known as hunter-

gatherers: nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods Men hunted Women gathered fruits, berries, roots,

and grasses Increased food supplies by:

Making hand crated spears that killed

game at greater distances Digging sticks that helped ply

pants loose at the roots

TO AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES… By accident women discovered farming and started the

Neolithic Revolution: the agricultural revolution and shifted humans from food-gathering to food-producing cultures

Causes of the agricultural revolution

Early farming methods Domestication of animals

• Rising temperatures provided longer growing seasons and drier lands

• Rising populations meant need for new food sources

• Provided steady source of food

• Slash-and-burn farming: they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field and the ashes would fertilize the soil

• Hunters used their knowledge for the domestication, or taming of animals [horses, dogs, goats, and pigs]

• Drove herds near human settlements and used them as a constant source of food

TO VILLAGES…

Within a few thousand years, people in many regions around the world started to farm, especially around fertile river valleys Africa: along the Nile River Valley and they grew wheat,

barley, and other cropsChina: along the Huang He River (Yellow River) and they grew

a grain called millet and riceMexico and Central America: farmers cultivated corn, beans,

and squashPeru: first to grow tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and white

potatoes

TO CIVILIZATIONS! Agriculture meant that people could live in larger, more

organized communities such as farming villages and towns.. From these, cities emerges until they became great civilizations #1 Agriculture

and domestication

lead to #2 New technologies such as hoes, sickles

and plow sticks which made farming

easier and

#3 They could now better control the environment and

reap larger harvests

#4 Larger harvest meant

largest populations

#5 Larger populations

meant rise of CIVILIZATIONS

Civilization: defined as a complex culture with five characteristics:1. Advanced

cities2. Specialized

workers3. Complex

institutions4. Record

keeping5. Advanced

technology

THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS

Look at page 112 of the WH book

CREATE THE FOLLOWING TABLE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK ON PAGE 10 OF THE IWHN AND FILL IT OUT USING YOUR BOOK: PAGES 20-

23

Detailed Description Case Study: Examples from Ur in Sumer

Advanced cities

Specialized workers

Complex institutions

Record keeping

Improved technology

Page Title: Characteristics of Civilizations

COMPLETE THE TABLE ON PAGE 11 OF THE IWHN USING WHAT WE STUDIED ABOUT HUNTING

AND GATHERING AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

AND UR

Interaction between humans

and the Environment

Development and Interaction of Cultures

State-Building, Expansion, and

Conflict

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of

Economic Systems

Development and Transformation of Social Structures

Themes#1

#2

#3#4

#5

Page title: THEMES: Civilizations/Ur