LAUREN LITCHETPERIOD 1

AP US HISTORY

ARTChapters 1-9

Native American Art

PotteryIroquois, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Anasazi and

Shoshoni tribes are well known for their potteryWomen spent time preparing the clay from the

earth. They mixed dirt, shells, and water to create the clay

Intricate designs and symbols can be found on the pottery which typically tell a story about the land or the Native American’s way of life

Pottery was fired in an underground “room” that had a fire in the center of it

Pottery typically served as functional or spiritual items

Native American Art Contd.

Beadwork and Jewelry Beads were made out of stone, bone and most commonly,

shell Beads were carved and shaped of animal shell, deer

hooves and animal horn Bear and wolf claw necklaces represented a hunter’s

powers and strength Belts or chains were typically given to others as a sign of

agreement Animal sinew Splint Fine was the most common material

to string beads Animals and figures were carved into turquoise in order to

make “story necklaces” Turquoise is a prominent color found in Native American

Beading due to the abundance of it in Native American regions

Native American Art Contd.

WeavingThe best known Native American textile is the woven

rugThe Navajo People are known in the Native American

world for their weavingWomen wove rugs by kneeling in front of a vertical

wooden loom and shooting a shuttle back and forth across the loom to make a large scale geometric designs

Hand spun cotton was originally used to weave blankets and rugs

When the Spanish introduced sheep weaving turned to wool

Large geometric stars are the primary symbol found on Native American weaving

Native American Art Contd.

Totem PolesSymbol of tribe, family or clanEach individual is connected with the animals

on the totem which will carry them through life

Totem animals stay with one through physical and spiritual life

Totem animal acts as a guardian spiritAnimal guides offer power and wisdom to

individuals

Native American Art Contd.

Cliff Drawing/ PetroglyphsPictures were carved into rocks with stones

to tell storiesMost commonly found in the cliff dwellings of

the Anasazi’s Typically related to the terrain around one’s

“home”Cliff drawings are also thought to have

spiritual meaning

European Art (The Renaissance)

*Cultural Movement 14-17 century*Architecture Emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion within the architecture

and structures Gothic architecture had weightless feeling to it. It consisted of spires,

gargoyles, flying buttresses and vaulted arches.Facades Symmetrical around their axis Accompanied by arches and columnsColumns Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite Structural support systems for buildingsArches Segmental and semi-circular Often supported by columns in doorwaysDomes Large structural unit that acts as a ceiling to most Renaissance Age

buildings

European Art Contd.

Painting Focused greatly on the composition of the human body Frescos were one of the most common paintings of the Renaissance Era The most well-known paintings were created by the Italians of the

RenaissanceLeonardo Davinci Was preoccupied with the idea of the ideal human being Dissected the human body and depicted it in its anatomically correct form Wanted to perfect the aspects of pictorial art (lighting, contrast,

symmetry) Used oil paints in order to cast shadows on the subjects he was painting Painted the Mona LisaMichelangelo Was not preoccupied with the human body but he wanted to depict it in its

proper form Created the statue of David, which is thought to be man in his ideal state Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II on his back The ceiling was painted in over the course of 10 years The ceiling depicts scenes out of the Catholic Bible

European Art Contd.

Painting Contd.RaphaelHad an idealized conception of human beingsThe majority of his paintings were frescosWell known for painting Madonna and Child –

it is said to be a dedication to the Virgin MaryAlso known for his work within the Sistine

ChapelAfter Raphael’s death, art turned towards the

baroque style of art

West African Art

Art of Dance Dances teach social patterns and values and helps people work, mature, praise or

criticize members of the community Dancing allows West Africans to celebrate festivals and funerals, competing,

reciting history, proverbs and poetry; and to encounter gods Dances are typically segregated by gender Segregation reinforces gender roles in children Community structures such as kinship, age, and status are also reinforced while

dancing Traditional West African expresses the life of the community more than that of

individuals or couples within it Men used large body movements, including jumping and leaping Women danced smaller movements with much use of "shuffle steps", the body in a

bent position with "crooked knees” The circle dance was found thorough West Africa. Sometimes solo dancers or

musicians were in the middle of the circle The ecstatic seizure was an essential element of ceremonial dancing, both

religious and secular African dance utilizes the concepts of polyrhythm and total body articulation

West African Art Contd.

Art of Dance Contd. African dances are largely participatory, with spectators being

part of the performance Traditionally no barriers between dancers and onlookers Stomping feet shows emotion and sometimes anger Most West African dances are special 'givings' and 'rituals' to the

Gods to make sure that the tribe's crops will soon grow tall and that they will have good water supplies throughout the next year

Dances of Love are performed on special accessions, such as weddings and anniversaries

Rites of Passage and Coming of Age Dances are performed to mark the coming of age of young men and women

Dances of Welcome are a show of respect and pleasure to visitors Dances of Possession and Summoning are dances dedicated to

spirits Patting Juba – dance performed by West Africans who worked the

field that involves stomping and patting of the arms and legs

West African Art Contd.

Instruments The most widely used instrument within African culture is

one’s voice Drums are also used as instruments Drums are the sign of life Drums represent the heartbeat within society Sound and rhythm of the drum express feelings and

emotions In an African community people come together in response

to the beating of the drum Coming together is an opportunity to give one another a

sense of belonging and of solidarity within the community West Africans believe that music brings people together and

allows people to be part of the collective rhythm of life All people within society are encouraged to sing and dance

during ceremonies

West African Art Contd.

Art of Cooking Barbeque - initially revolved around the cooking of pork seeing that pigs

were easy to capture and cook Fried Chicken - Africans were brought to work on southern plantations,

the slaves who became cooks incorporated seasonings and spices to the inexpensive meet

Black Eyed Peas – domestication in West Africa and was an easily maintained crop that was cheap and fertilized the soil

Collard Greens – combined with other greens and heavily salted meats (typically pork)

Mustard Greens – combined with other greens and heavily salted meats (typically pork)

Red Pepper – used as seasoning by West Africans to add flavor to dishes (such as fried chicken)

Sesame Seeds – typically used as a spice to add flavor to meals Gumbo – stew that West Africans created that is comprised of primarily

of a strong stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener, celery, bell peppers, and onion

Jambalaya - spicy Creole dish of rice and ham, sausage, chicken, or shellfish with tomatoes, peppers, onions, and celery

Colonial Art

Little British colonial art exists from the British Colonial period in North America because there were few permanent settlements

Dissenters such as the Puritans had little need for art, building only the simplest buildings for religious worship

Colonial Art Contd.

White John White, an English artist and cartographer who

accompanied two expeditions to North America in 1585 and 1587

One of the first European traveler-artists in the Americas, executed some of the first visual representations of North America

White executed watercolor maps, views of fortifications, as well as images of local flora and fauna

Sketches provided European audiences with their first glimpses of native North American culture

Theodor de Bry European printmaker Used White’s sketches as sources for print illustrations in

several volumes of his ten-volume work on the Americas, the Great Voyages (1590-1618)

Colonial Art Contd.

Newspapers (Art of Rhetoric and Printing) Advent of the printing press allowed for typesetters to create

multiple copies of their issues without the call for hand printed leaflets

Papers and newsletters continued to spread throughout the colonies with editorials and letters to the editors complaining of unfair taxation, government abuse and rallying calls for assembly

New laws, passed by Parliament, were announced in newspapers

Newspapers provided the only recourse for colonists to vent their frustrations, learn the news and discuss what they could do

Newspapers could create personal connections between distant communities

The advent of the newspaper would continue to provide the populace with all the news, reviews, letters, editorials, commentary and more as the young country grew

Revolutionary Art

Art of Literature1771 Phillip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge read “The Rising Glory of America” to their graduating glass at PrincetonNoted that American contributions to art were slimDuring the Colonial Period, artists of the Revolutionary generation worked hard to build a national culture

Revolutionary Art Contd.

Art of Painting and DrawingBenjamin West

First American to achieve prominence in regards to art in Europe Painted portraits in Pennsylvania Moved to Europe and painted historical scenes Death of General Wolfe (1770) – was the first painting in America to

elevate to historical status Remained in England after the Revolution

John Singleton Copley Moved to London in 1774 Boston portraitist Left Boston because of Loyalist sentiments Work is composed of truth and straightforwardness Famous portrait of John Adams (1771) Remained in England after the Revolution

Revolutionary Art Contd.

Gilbert Stewart Student of both Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley Fashionable Style Famous portrait of Joseph Brant Returned home to Philadelphia Works grew into a museum of curios

Reflected interest in history, archeology, and cultures Collections from the museum were purchased by P.T. Barnum after Stewart’s

death John Trumbull

From Connecticut Attended Yale Served as a soldier in the Revolution Moved to London to study with Benjamin West Painted The Battle of Bunker Hill (1785) Painted Capitol rotunda in 19th century Influenced by 18th century historical painting Concerned with documenting the details of the birth of America

Revolutionary Art Contd.

ArchitectureDisplayed nationalismGreatest architectural project = new federal capital city (named for President Washington)Pierre Charles L’Enfant

French engineer who served as a general during the Revolution Laid out Washington DC Placed capitol building on a hill pedestal waiting for a monument Radial avenues linking the president’s house and the Capitol building – “A reciprocity

of sight” Grand mall from the capitol to the Potomac River

Jefferson Recommended “models of antiquity” for the buildings of the federal city

Asher Benjamin New England architect Popularized the American variant of the Gregorian Style emphasizing economy of

decoration and recommending the use of indigenous materials Federal Style = restrained classicism

Revolutionary Art Contd.

Art of the Press1775 = 37 weekly or semi-weekly newspapers in the 13 colonies7 of the newspapers were Loyalist1789 = 92 newspapers, 8 dailies, and 3 papers being published west of the AppalachiansMore newspapers in the United States than any other country in the worldIn New England, 90% of the people could read1790’s press = principal medium of Federalist and Democratic Republican opinions papers being identified by politicsProsecutions under the Sedition Act threatened the further development of the mediaDemocratic Republicans played an important role in establishing free press

Revolutionary Art Contd.

American LiteratureNumerous book peddlers who supplied farmhouses with Bibles, gazettes, almanacs, sermons and political pamphletsLiterature reflected the dominating political concerns of the timesMercy Otis Warren and Hugh Henry Brackenridge wrote dramasJoel Barlow composed national epics; The Vision of Columbus (1787) and M’Fingal (1782)The majority of the “best sellers” during the revolutionary era were politically orientedThomas Paine’s Common Sense (1776) and pamphlets under The American Crisis (1776-1783)

Wrote The Age of Reason (1795) – attack on organized religion that was loathed by the Federalists

Revolutionary Art Contd.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur French immigrant Letters from an American Farmer (1782) Proposed that American culture was a blend of a wide variety of cultures

John Filson’s Discovery Settlement, and Present State of Kentucky (1784) the creation of the “Western” genre

Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book (1783) = best- selling book of the Revolutionary Era “American language must be guided by ‘republican principles’”

Democratic Republican authors stressed the tradition of resistance to authority Federalists emphasized importance, central direction, and unity Parson Weems

Wrote Life of Washington (1800) Most popular history of the revolution Introduced a series of popular and fabricated anecdotes Was a pioneering effort in mass culture Presented Washington as a unifying figure for political culture of the new nation

Important Terms Defined

Baroque – style of art characterized by free and sculptural use; characterized by highly ornate, florid and convoluted characteristics

Frescos – technique of painting on a wet plaster surface with colors ground up in water

Gargoyles – grotesquely carved figure of a human and animal; found in gothic architecture

Flying Buttresses – a segmental arch thrusting outward atop a solid arch to spread weight evenly among a structure

Animal Sinew Splint Fine – fibrous tissue and hair of an animal

Important Terms Defined Contd.

Kinship - the state of having common characteristics or a common origin; blood relationship

Segregation – separation of unlike characteristicsSolidarity - union or fellowship arising from

common responsibilities and interests, as between members of a group or between classes, peoples, etc.

Ecstatic seizure – seizures that cannot be controlled by individuals

Fortifications - something that defends, or strengthens; especially : works erected to defend a place or position

Important Terms Defined Contd.

Models of antiquity - Usually, antiquities; something belonging to or remaining from ancient times, as monuments, relics, or customs

Gregorian Style - emphasizing economy of decoration and recommending the use of indigenous materials in architecture

Federal Style - restrained classicism in architectureCurios - any unusual article, object of art, etc.,

valued as a curiosityLoyalist Sentiments – feeling obligated to the

mother country

Important People

Michelangelo – Wanted to depict the human body in its proper form. Created the Statue of David and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II.

Leonardo DaVinci – Was preoccupied with the idea of the ideal human being. Dissected the human being and painted man with oil paints in order to perfect the aspects of pictorial lighting. He is well known for his painting the Mona Lisa.

Important People Contd.

John White - an English artist and cartographer who accompanied two expeditions to North America in 1585 and 1587. He was one of the first European traveler-artists in the Americas, and executed some of the first visual representations of North America. Most of his depictions of North America were done in water color.

Theodor de Bry – Was a European printmaker that used John White’s sketches as illustrations in his volumes on the Americas, known as The Great Voyages (1590-1618).

Important People Contd.

Benjamin West – was the first American to achieve prominence in regards to art in Europe. His painting, Death of General Wolfe (1770) was the first painting in America to elevate to historical status.

Pierre Charles L’Enfant – was a French engineer who served as a general during the Revolution. Was in charge of laying out Washington DC; in which he created radial avenues linking the president’s house and the capitol building together, as well as creating a Grand Mall from the capitol to the Potomac River.

Multiple Choice

1. What was the most common material used to create beads?

a. Boneb. Rockc. Stoned. Shell

Multiple Choice

2. What was the most common material to string beads on?

a. horse hairb. animal splint finec. blades of grassd. strands of human hair

Multiple Choice

3. What color beads are most popular among Native Americans?

a. scarletb. indigoc. turquoised. goldenrod

Multiple Choice

4. What is the primary figure found on Native American weaving?

a. starb. moonc. sund. cloud

Multiple Choice

5. Totem poles are NOT a symbol for which of the following:

a. clanb. groupc. tribed. family

Multiple Choice

6. The Renaissance was a cultural movement in:

a. 12th – 16th centuryb. 15th – 17th centuryc. 13th-14th centuryd. 14th-17th century

Multiple Choice

7. Which of the following is NOT a specific type of column found during the Renaissance Era?

a. Doricb. Capricorniac. Corinthiand. Ionic

Multiple Choice

8. During the Renaissance, architecture was characterized by:

a. symmetryb. asymmetryc. pettinessd. strong shadows

Multiple Choice

9. Artwork was typically performed with this medium during the renaissance:

a. pastelsb. oil paintsc. charcoald. ink pens

Multiple Choice

10. Which of the following was NOT a famous artist from the Renaissance?

a. Michelangelob. Raphaelc. Claude Monetd. Leonardo daVinci

Multiple Choice

11. What is thought to be the heartbeat within West African Society?a. Conch shellb. Human voicec. Drumsd. Human’s heart

Multiple Choice

12. West African dances are typically segregated by:a. Genderb. Hair colorc. Eye colord. Skin color

Multiple Choice

13. Stomping feet while dancing represents anger.a. Trueb. False

Multiple Choice

14. “Right of Passage” dances take placea. When individuals have their first childb. When and individual becomes an adultc. When a child is baptizedd. When an individual connects with the holy

spirits

Multiple Choice

15. Stomping feet in West African dance is a sign of:a. Angerb. Hopec. Couraged. Fear

Multiple Choice

16.Which of the following is a stew that West Africans created that is comprised of primarily of a strong stock and meat?a. Barbequeb. Collard Greensc. Jambalayad. Gumbo

Multiple Choice

17. John White was:a. Englishb. Britishc. Frenchd. German

Multiple Choice

18. Theodor de Bry was a French printmaker.a. Trueb. False

Multiple Choice

19. The invention of which machine made printing newspapers faster and more efficient for typesetters?a. Typewriterb. Rubber stampc. Printing pressd. Ball-point pen

Multiple Choice

20. Which of the following would you NOT find in a colonial newspaper?a. Calls for assemblyb. Editorialsc. New laws passed by parliamentd. Ad campaigns for political figures

Multiple Choice

21. Where was “The Rising Glory of America” read by Phillip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge?a. Harvardb. Princeton c. Yaled. Dartmouth

Multiple Choice

22. Who painted The Death of General Wolfe (1770)?a. Benjamin Westb. John Trumbullc. Gilbert Stewartd. John Singleton Copley

Multiple Choice

23. Who purchased Gilbert Stewart’s collection?a. John Ringlingb. John Trumbullc. PT Barnumd. Asher Benjamin

Multiple Choice

24. Architecture:a. Reflected a gothic styleb. Showed loyalty to Englandc. Was unrefinedd. Displayed nationalism

Multiple Choice

25. The new federal capitol city was named after:a. George Washingtonb. Thomas Jeffersonc. John Adamsd. Abraham Lincoln

Multiple Choice

26. Who recommended “Models of antiquity” for the new federal city?a. Benjaminb. Westc. L’Enfantd. Jefferson

Multiple Choice

27. Federal Style is restrained classicism.a. Trueb. False

Multiple Choice

28. In 1775 how many newspapers were Loyalist?a. 1b. 7c. 9d. 13

Multiple Choice

29. How many people in New England were literate?a. 75%b. 90%c. 85%d. 95%

Multiple Choice

30. Who wrote The Age of Reason (1795)?a. Filsonb. Websterc. Warrend. Paine

References

Multiple Authors. ( July 17, 2003). “The Renaissance”. The

Renaissance. Retrieved from 

http://www.teacheroz.com/renaissance.htm.

Fredrick J. Dockstader. (2009). “Native American Art”. Native

American Art. Retrieved from

http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-art

References Contd.

Multiple Authors. (1997). “British Colonial Art”. British Colonial

Art. Retrieved from

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2- 2536600042.html

Otehlia Cassidy. (September 25, 2009). “The History of West

African Dance”. The History of West African Dance. Retrieved

from

http://www.ehow.com/abouthistory-west-african-dance.html

References Contd.

Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., &

Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History

of the American People. Upper Saddle River,

NJ.: Prentice Hall.