Chemical Chemical CompoundsCompounds
Honors ChemistryHonors Chemistry
MetalsMetals Location: to the Location: to the leftleft of the staircase of the staircase Ion formation Ion formation – tend to – tend to loselose electrons electrons
resulting in resulting in positivepositive charges charges
NonmetalsNonmetals Location: to the Location: to the rightright of the staircase of the staircase Ion formation Ion formation – tend to – tend to gaingain electrons electrons
resulting in resulting in negativenegative charges charges
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table+1
+2 +3 -1-2-3
0
CATIONCATION““cat”ioncat”ion
ca+ionca+ion
ANIONANION““ant”ionant”ion
a. a. Binary CompoundsBinary Compounds – only monatomic – only monatomic ions in compound ions in compound
sodium chloridesodium chloride
magnesium nitridemagnesium nitride
iron(III) sulfideiron(III) sulfide
copper(I) oxidecopper(I) oxide
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds – – look at charges; look at charges; roman numerals needed for elements with roman numerals needed for elements with more than one charge (polyvalent)more than one charge (polyvalent)
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
Binary Compounds Binary Compounds
HFHF(g)(g)
AlClAlCl33
FeS FeS
CrCr22OO33
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
Ternary CompoundsTernary Compounds – contain 1/more – contain 1/more polyatomic ions in compoundpolyatomic ions in compound
sodium carbonatesodium carbonate
chromium(III) oxalatechromium(III) oxalate
ammonium sulfateammonium sulfate
Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds
TernaryTernary
CoCo33(AsO(AsO44))22
CuSOCuSO33
Note for polyatomic ions: Note for polyatomic ions: -ate vs. –ite-ate vs. –ite
per- and hypo- per- and hypo-
AnionAnion DescriptionDescription ExampleExample
per_____ ate
_______ate
_______ ite
hypo_____ ite
1 extra oxygen
the most common form
1 less oxygen
2 less oxygens
ClO4-1
perchlorate
ClO3-1
chlorate
ClO2-1
chlorite
ClO-1 hypochlorit
e
Now try these…Now try these…
sulfitesulfite
periodateperiodate
phosphitephosphite
bisulfitebisulfite
Check for UnderstandingCheck for Understanding
magnesium hydridemagnesium hydride
calcium acetatecalcium acetate
FeSFeS22OO33
SnISnI44
SaltsSalts
Ionic compound composed of a Ionic compound composed of a cation (positive ion) and an anion cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion) from an acid(negative ion) from an acid
NaClNaCl CaSOCaSO44
NaHCONaHCO33
NaHSONaHSO33
HydratesHydrates – ionic compound with – ionic compound with water bonded in its structurewater bonded in its structure
anhydrate anhydrate .. xH xH22OO• anhydrate anhydrate ionic compound ionic compound• add prefix to indicate # of water add prefix to indicate # of water
moleculesmolecules
CuSOCuSO44 .. 5H5H22OO
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
Hydrate PracticeHydrate Practice Ni(CHNi(CH33COO)COO)22 4H 4H22O O
FeClFeCl33 6H 6H22OO
lead (II) carbonate monohydratelead (II) carbonate monohydrate
barium chloride dihydratebarium chloride dihydrate
Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds – – formed formed between 2 nonmetalsbetween 2 nonmetals
**Use prefixesmono = 1 hexa = 6di = 2 hepta = 7tri = 3 octa = 8tetra = 4 nona = 9penta = 5 deca = 10
Binary CompoundsBinary Compounds: only 2 elements in the : only 2 elements in the compound; use prefixes and –ide endingcompound; use prefixes and –ide ending
CClCCl44
NN22OO55
More PracticeMore Practice
dihydrogen monoxidedihydrogen monoxide
nitrogen tetrabromidenitrogen tetrabromide
SS22OO66
Acids Acids – compounds that – compounds that produce hydrogen ions in produce hydrogen ions in waterwater
1.1. Mineral AcidsMineral Acidsa.a. Binary AcidsBinary Acids
11stst word: word: prefix = hydroprefix = hydro
root formed from anionroot formed from anion
suffix suffix –ide–ide changed to changed to -ic-ic
22ndnd word: word: acidacid
HClHCl(aq)(aq)
HBrHBr(aq)(aq)
OxyacidsOxyacids 11stst word: root from anion word: root from anion
Suffix Suffix ateate changed to changed to icic
Suffix Suffix iteite changed to changed to ousous
**Exceptions: if you have sulf or phos **Exceptions: if you have sulf or phos as roots, change the root to sulfur or as roots, change the root to sulfur or phosphorphosphor
22ndnd word: acid word: acidHNOHNO33
HNOHNO22
phosphorous acidphosphorous acid
Organic AcidsOrganic Acids 11stst word: root formed from anion word: root formed from anion
Suffix Suffix ateate changed to changed to icic 22ndnd word: acid word: acid
CC66HH55COOHCOOH(aq) (aq)
or HCor HC66HH55COOCOO(aq) (aq)
acetic acidacetic acid
Common Acids to Know Common Acids to Know
HClHCl HH22COCO33
HClOHClO44
HH22SOSO44
HH33POPO44
HNOHNO33
CHCH33COOH = HCCOOH = HC22HH33OO22
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
SaturatedSaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons: compounds that compounds that contain all single contain all single bondsbonds
1. Alkanes: each : each carbon is bonded carbon is bonded to 4 atomsto 4 atoms– aka paraffin seriesaka paraffin series– Only contain single Only contain single
bondsbondsMolecular formula:
CnH2n+2
Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain at least Compounds that contain at least
one double bond or triple bondone double bond or triple bond
1.1. AlkenesAlkenes: compounds that contain a : compounds that contain a double bonddouble bond
• aka: olefinsaka: olefins• Skeleton: C=CSkeleton: C=C• Molecular formula = CMolecular formula = CnnHH2n2n
AlkaAlkadidienesenes: compounds that : compounds that contain 2 double bonds contain 2 double bonds (C=C-C-C=C)(C=C-C-C=C)
AlkaAlkatritrienesenes: compounds that : compounds that contain 3 double bonds contain 3 double bonds (C=C-C=C=C)(C=C-C=C=C)
Conjugated alkenesConjugated alkenes: double : double bonds are alternating bonds are alternating (C=C-C=C-C)(C=C-C=C-C)
Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons
Lycopene
2.2. AlkynesAlkynes: compounds that contain a : compounds that contain a triple bondtriple bond
– Hybridization: Hybridization: spsp (linear) (linear)– Skeleton: CSkeleton: CCC
– Molecular formula = CMolecular formula = CnnHH2n-22n-2
Unsaturated HydrocarbonsUnsaturated Hydrocarbons
Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)
1.1. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms. Choose the base name that describes the Choose the base name that describes the number of carbon atoms in this chain, number of carbon atoms in this chain, with the ending with the ending -ane-ane
# C atoms Stem # C atoms Stem
1 meth 9 non
2 eth 10 dec
3 prop 11 undec
4 but 12 dodec
5 pent 13 tridec
6 hex 14 tetradec
7 hept 15 pentadec
8 oct 16 hexadec
2. Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the end nearest the 1st branching.
• If there is branching at equal distances from both ends of the longest chain, begin numbering at the end nearest the branch that is 1st in alphabetical order.
Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)
1 2 3 4
3.3. Assign the name (stem with Assign the name (stem with ylyl ending) & ending) & position number to each substituent or position number to each substituent or branch. Arrange the substituents in branch. Arrange the substituents in alphabetical order.alphabetical order.
The hydrocarbon branches are called alkyl groups:The hydrocarbon branches are called alkyl groups:
-CH-CH33 methylmethyl -CH -CH22CHCH22CHCH3 3
propyl propyl
-CH-CH22CHCH3 3 ethylethyl -CH -CH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH3 3 butyl butyl
Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)
4.4. Use the appropriate prefix to group like Use the appropriate prefix to group like substituents: di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, substituents: di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, etc. Do not use these prefixes when etc. Do not use these prefixes when alphabetizing attached groupsalphabetizing attached groups
5.5. Write the name as a single word. Use Write the name as a single word. Use hyphens to separate numbers & letters hyphens to separate numbers & letters and commas to separate numbers. Do and commas to separate numbers. Do not leave any spaces.not leave any spaces.
Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)Naming Alkanes (IUPAC)
Naming Organic Halides Naming Organic Halides (Alkyl Halides)(Alkyl Halides)
The organic halides are named as halo- derivatives of the parent hydrocarbon. The prefix can be fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- or iodo-.
Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes1.1. Locate the carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain Locate the carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain
that contains the double bond. Use the stem with the that contains the double bond. Use the stem with the ending ending ––eneene..
2.2. Number the carbon atoms of this chain sequentially, Number the carbon atoms of this chain sequentially, beginning at the end nearer the double bond. If the beginning at the end nearer the double bond. If the parent chain has more than 3 carbons, insert the parent chain has more than 3 carbons, insert the number describing the position of the double bond number describing the position of the double bond (indicated by its 1(indicated by its 1stst carbon location) before the base carbon location) before the base name.name.
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/index.html
3.3. In naming alkenes, the In naming alkenes, the double bond double bond takes positional precedencetakes positional precedence over over substituents on the carbon chain. The substituents on the carbon chain. The double bond is assigned the double bond is assigned the lowest lowest possible numberpossible number..
Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes
Alkene ExamplesAlkene Examples
Alkene ExamplesAlkene Examples
Naming AlkenesNaming Alkenes
Consideration must be given to compounds with different arrangements of groups on opposite sides of a double bond. This is known as geometric isomerism.
cis – adjacent to or same side
trans – opposite side
cis-2-butene
trans-2-buteneThese are called stereoisomers
Alkene ExamplesAlkene Examples
Named just like the alkenes except the suffix –yne is added
Naming AlkynesNaming Alkynes
Alkyne ExamplesAlkyne Examples
Diffusion and EffusionDiffusion and EffusionDiffusion: the mixing of molecules of 2
or more gases due to their molecular motion (spontaneous)
Effusion is the movement of gas atoms or molecules through a small opening. Gases confined in a container randomly pass through a tiny opening in the container. ex) hole in a tire; soda bottle (CO2 escaping)
Graham’s Law: The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
He and SF6 demo
1 2
2 1
r M
r M
1Effusion =
M