1
Seminaire HELIOSPIR – 7 décembre 2010
15 years of ICA in wastewater
treatment bioprocesses:
What did we learn ?
Jean-Philippe SteyerLBE-INRA, Narbonne, France
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
CO
D in
the
reac
tor
(g/l
)
0 10 20 30 40
Time (h)50
1) ICA in WWTPs
� The hidden technology
2) Instrumentation
� From "data poor" to "data rich"
3) Models and software sensors
� From "information poor" to "information rich"
4) Controllers
� Use of data
5) Diagnosis
� Use of information
Contents of the presentation
2
What is your judgement of ICA utilisation ?
(from Ingildsen et al., 2001)
ICA at the international level
A lot more could be gained 11 %
More could be gained 55 %
Maybe more could be gained 28 %
Nothing more could be gained 6 %
Economical aspects of ICA
12
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
10
8
6
4
2
0
Y = 2,477 ln(x) - 4,0638 (R2 = 0,7024)
Size of the WWTP (x1000 eq.hab)
0
Rat
io b
enef
its /
cost
3
ICA in wastewater management
ICA: The hidden technology:You will only notice it when it does not work
© Henri Spanjers, LeAF, The Netherlands
ICA Research at LBE
Measurement,
Analysis,
Monitoring
of Uncertainty
4
AD Processes studied
2-5 L 1000 L 20000 L 700000 L 5000000 L
CSTR
UASB
Hybrid
EGSBIC
Filter
1) ICA in WWTPs
� The hidden technology
2) Instrumentation
� From "data poor" to "data rich"
3) Models and software sensors
� From "information poor" to "information rich"
4) Controllers
� Use of data
5) Diagnosis
� Use of information
Contents of the presentation
5
The PEACE pilot scale fixed bed reactor
Influent : Raw industrialdistillery vinasses
i.e., COD up to 40 g/l (mainly soluble)
Reactor : Circular columnup-flow fixed bed reactor
- 3.5 m height,- 0.6 m diameter.
Medium : Cloisonyle ®
- Specific surface : 180 m2/m3
- Volume : 33.7 liters
Liquid Volume : 948 litres
Schematic layout of the plant
ultrafiltration membrane
TOCanalyzer
Titrimetric sensor(TA, PA, VFAtot, Bic)
Infrared Spectrometer
(CODs, TOC, VFAtot, VFAC3, TA, PA, CO2d)
TOC = 2.35
UV Spectrometer(CODs, TOC, VFAtot)
HeatExchange Temperature
DilutionSystem
pH
Biogas
OutputpH
1 m3
Up-FlowFixed Bed
ReactorRaw
industrial vinasses
Water
NaOH
Heater
CH4/CO2 sensor
H2 sensor
gasflowmeter
Pressure
6
The PEACE pilot scale fixed bed reactor
In 1997 Since 1999
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
100
80
60
40
20
00
500
1000
1500
2000
0 50 100 150 2000 50 100 150 200
60
70
80
90
100
0 50 100 150 200
100
90
80
70
60
0
20
40
60
0 50 100 150 200
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50 100 150 200
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 50 100 150 200
0
0.5
1
1 .5
2
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200
60
40
20
0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Input Liquid Flow Rate (l/h)
Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (g/l)
Total Organic Carbon (g/l)
Volatile Fatty Acids (g/l)
Partial Alkalinity (meq/l)
Time (h)
Total Alkalinity (meq/l)
Time (h)
Benefits of a fully instrumented reactor
7
Benefits of a fully instrumented reactor
Why so many on-line sensors ?
Practical evalutation
of the respective benefits
of a measuring technique
Which sensor has the largest potential for industri al use ?(i.e., maximum of information for minimum of maintenance)
8
Which sensor(s) for which measurement(s)?
Partial Alkalinity
Total Alkalinity
Bicarbonate
Dissolved CO2
TOC
Soluble COD
Total VFAs
Acetate
Others ( eg., N, P)
From classicalmeasurements(pH, T, Qgas, %CO2, P)
IRspectrometer
UVspectrometer
Titrimetric sensor
TOCanalyzer
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
Infrared spectrometerAnasense TOCmeter
VFA = 0 g/l & Bic = 131 meq/l
VFA = 1.25 g/l & Bic = 65 meq/l
3
5
7
9
0 100 200 300 400 500
pH
Motor rotations
Opt
ical
Den
sity
Input of the AD reactor
Output of the AD
Wave Number (cm-1)
Towards smart sensors
9
Towards smart sensorsB
uffe
r ca
paci
ty
(meq
/l)
Abs
orbe
ncy
0 5 10 15 20 25 300
1
2
3
4
5
6
Infrared spectrometerAnasense TOCmeter
� Sensors should provide a confidence index to the pl ant managers
Conclusions on instrumentation
� On-line instrumentation is mandatory
� In the long future : molecular tools
� In the near future : spectral measurements
� Reliability is coming (smart sensors)
� It allows large benefits
10
VFA and setpoint (mg/L)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Monitoring and control on the long term
Time (days)
Anaerobic lagoon Fluidised bed reactor
� 300 m3
� 21 days
� open loop (no control)
� 0.15 m3
� 1 day
� closed loop control
Same wastewater, same quatity of COD removed and of biogas produced
BUT...
Performances of AD Processes
11
PID
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Adaptive Control
Linear Optimal Control
PerformancesMathematicalComplexity
Non Linear Robust Control
☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺
���� ����
☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺
���� ����
����
☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺
☺☺☺☺
���� ����
���� ����
���� ����
☺☺☺☺
���� ���� ����
Note : You need to be "in love" with the process you want to control (or at least to understand it very well) if you want to get good - and relevant - results
From my experience in control
InstrumentComplexity
���� ����
���� ���� ����
☺☺☺☺
���� ����
☺☺☺☺
���� ���� ����
"Keep It Simple !!!"
Or at least, "Keep It Structured !!!"
The "KISS" principle
Conclusions on control
12
"A" is very efficientiif all steps are integrated
"D" requires modularity and uncertainty management
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Diagnosis
"C" is easy if "I" is available(difficult if not)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Rap
port
AI/
AP
Control
Conclusions
Instrumentation
"I" is needed
Biological Process
Many people were also involvedEric Latrille
Jérôme Harmand
Thierry Conte
Benjamin Bonnet
Cyrille Bronner
Jean-Pierre Jouanny
Damien Rolland
Anne-Gaëlle Manh
Antoine Genovesi
Victor Alcaraz
Martijn Devisscher
Maxime Estaben
Erig Rospape
James Lennox
Arnaud Hélias
Ana Punal
Jorge Rodriguez
Marianne Dupla
Luca Palazzotto
Ludivine Pacheco
Hugo Mendez
Emmanuel Morel
Cyrille Trzebowski
Michel Solatges
Jean-Baptiste Loos
François Miens
Christophe Bataille
Amaya Franco
Laurent Lardon
Jean-Claude Bouvier
Juan Bastidas
Philippe Sousbie
Pascal Gras
Nicolas Bernet
Domi Patureau
J-Philippe Delgénès
Fred HabouzitMarion Leclerc
Mathieu Lesteur
Ivan Ramirez
Bruno Sialve
Olivier Bernard
Alexis Mottet
Rafael Munoz
Pierre RousseauBenoit Beraud
Jonathan Hess
Carlos Salazar
Liliana Delgadillo
Sara Cadeac
Adele Elias
Marit Ackerman
Belynda Brahimi
Bérengère Vignal
Jorge Rodriguez
Gonzalo Ruiz
13
To know more…Instrumentation� J-Ph. Steyer, J-C. Bouvier, T. Conte, P. Gras, P. Sousbie "Evaluation of a four year experience with a fully instrumented anaerobic digestion
process", Water Science and Technology, vol. 45, n°4-5, pp. 495-502, 2002.� J-Ph. Steyer, J.C. Bouvier, T. Conte, P. Gras, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Delgenes: "On-line measurements of COD, TOC, VFA, total and partial
alkalinity in anaerobic digestion processes using infra-red spectrometry", Water Science & Technology, vol. 45, n°10, pp. 133-138, 2002.� M. Dupla, T. Conte, J.C. Bouvier, N. Bernet, J-Ph. Steyer: "Dynamic evaluation of a fixed bed anaerobic digestion process in response to toxic
shocks", Water Science & Technology, vol. 49, n°1, pp 61–68, 2004.
Modeling� O. Bernard, Z. Hadj-Sadok, D. Dochain, A. Genovesi, J-Ph. Steyer: "Dynamical model development and parameter identification for anaerobic
wastewater treatment process", Biotechnology & Bioengineering, vol. 75, n°4, p. 424-439, Novembre 2001.� V. Alcaraz-González, J. Harmand, A. Rapaport, J-Ph. Steyer, V. González-Alvarez et C. Pelayo-Ortiz C.: "On-line software sensors for highly
uncertain WWTP’s: a new approach based on interval observers", Water Research, vol. 36, n°10, pp. 2515-2524, 2002.� R. Escudié, T. Conte, J-Ph. Steyer, J-Ph. Delgenès: "Hydrodynamic and biokinetic models of an anaerobic fixed-bed reactor", Process
Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 2311-2323, 2005.
Control� J-Ph. Steyer, P. Buffière, D. Rolland, R. Moletta: "Advanced control of anaerobic digestion processes through disturbances monitoring", Water
Research, vol. 33, n°9, pp. 2059-2068, 1999.� J. Harmand, A.G. Manh, J-Ph. Steyer: "Identification and disturbance accommodating control of a fluidized bed reactor", Bioprocess
Engineering, vol. 23, n°2, pp. 177-185, 2000.� R. Antonelli, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Steyer, A. Astolfi: "Set-point regulation of an anaerobic digestion process with bounded output feedback",
IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. T. , vol. 11, n°4, pp. 495-504, 2003.� L. Mailleret, O. Bernard, J-Ph. Steyer: "Robust nonlinear adaptive control for bioreactors with unknown kinetics", Automatica, vol. 40, n°8, pp.
1379-1385, Août 2004.
Diagnosis� A. Genovesi, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Steyer: "Integrated fault detection and isolation: application to a winery's wastewater treatment plant", Applied
Intelligence Journal (APIN), vol. 13, pp. 59-76, 2000.� L. Lardon, A. Punal, J-Ph. Steyer: "On-line diagnosis and uncertainty management in biological wastewater treatment processes", Journal of
Process Control, vol. 14, pp. 747-763, 2004.� L. Lardon, A. Punal, J-Ph. Steyer, J.A. Martinez: "Modular expert system for the diagnosis of operating conditions of industrial anaerobic
digestion plants", Water Science & Technology, vol. 52, n°1-2, pp. 427–433, 2005
And also: G. Olsson, M. Nielsen, Z. Yuan, A. Lynggaard-Jensen, J-Ph. Steyer: "Instrumentation, Control and Automation in Wastewater Systems", IWA publishing, 246 pages (2005)
Antoine de Saint Exupéry
We do not inherit our land from our ancestors
but we borrow it to our children
Many thanks to you for your interest !!!