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Seminaire HELIOSPIR – 7 décembre 2010

15 years of ICA in wastewater

treatment bioprocesses:

What did we learn ?

Jean-Philippe SteyerLBE-INRA, Narbonne, France

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1) ICA in WWTPs

� The hidden technology

2) Instrumentation

� From "data poor" to "data rich"

3) Models and software sensors

� From "information poor" to "information rich"

4) Controllers

� Use of data

5) Diagnosis

� Use of information

Contents of the presentation

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What is your judgement of ICA utilisation ?

(from Ingildsen et al., 2001)

ICA at the international level

A lot more could be gained 11 %

More could be gained 55 %

Maybe more could be gained 28 %

Nothing more could be gained 6 %

Economical aspects of ICA

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Y = 2,477 ln(x) - 4,0638 (R2 = 0,7024)

Size of the WWTP (x1000 eq.hab)

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ICA in wastewater management

ICA: The hidden technology:You will only notice it when it does not work

© Henri Spanjers, LeAF, The Netherlands

ICA Research at LBE

Measurement,

Analysis,

Monitoring

of Uncertainty

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AD Processes studied

2-5 L 1000 L 20000 L 700000 L 5000000 L

CSTR

UASB

Hybrid

EGSBIC

Filter

1) ICA in WWTPs

� The hidden technology

2) Instrumentation

� From "data poor" to "data rich"

3) Models and software sensors

� From "information poor" to "information rich"

4) Controllers

� Use of data

5) Diagnosis

� Use of information

Contents of the presentation

5

The PEACE pilot scale fixed bed reactor

Influent : Raw industrialdistillery vinasses

i.e., COD up to 40 g/l (mainly soluble)

Reactor : Circular columnup-flow fixed bed reactor

- 3.5 m height,- 0.6 m diameter.

Medium : Cloisonyle ®

- Specific surface : 180 m2/m3

- Volume : 33.7 liters

Liquid Volume : 948 litres

Schematic layout of the plant

ultrafiltration membrane

TOCanalyzer

Titrimetric sensor(TA, PA, VFAtot, Bic)

Infrared Spectrometer

(CODs, TOC, VFAtot, VFAC3, TA, PA, CO2d)

TOC = 2.35

UV Spectrometer(CODs, TOC, VFAtot)

HeatExchange Temperature

DilutionSystem

pH

Biogas

OutputpH

1 m3

Up-FlowFixed Bed

ReactorRaw

industrial vinasses

Water

NaOH

Heater

CH4/CO2 sensor

H2 sensor

gasflowmeter

Pressure

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The PEACE pilot scale fixed bed reactor

In 1997 Since 1999

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Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (g/l)

Total Organic Carbon (g/l)

Volatile Fatty Acids (g/l)

Partial Alkalinity (meq/l)

Time (h)

Total Alkalinity (meq/l)

Time (h)

Benefits of a fully instrumented reactor

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Benefits of a fully instrumented reactor

Why so many on-line sensors ?

Practical evalutation

of the respective benefits

of a measuring technique

Which sensor has the largest potential for industri al use ?(i.e., maximum of information for minimum of maintenance)

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Which sensor(s) for which measurement(s)?

Partial Alkalinity

Total Alkalinity

Bicarbonate

Dissolved CO2

TOC

Soluble COD

Total VFAs

Acetate

Others ( eg., N, P)

From classicalmeasurements(pH, T, Qgas, %CO2, P)

IRspectrometer

UVspectrometer

Titrimetric sensor

TOCanalyzer

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Infrared spectrometerAnasense TOCmeter

VFA = 0 g/l & Bic = 131 meq/l

VFA = 1.25 g/l & Bic = 65 meq/l

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Motor rotations

Opt

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Input of the AD reactor

Output of the AD

Wave Number (cm-1)

Towards smart sensors

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Towards smart sensorsB

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Infrared spectrometerAnasense TOCmeter

� Sensors should provide a confidence index to the pl ant managers

Conclusions on instrumentation

� On-line instrumentation is mandatory

� In the long future : molecular tools

� In the near future : spectral measurements

� Reliability is coming (smart sensors)

� It allows large benefits

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VFA and setpoint (mg/L)

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Monitoring and control on the long term

Time (days)

Anaerobic lagoon Fluidised bed reactor

� 300 m3

� 21 days

� open loop (no control)

� 0.15 m3

� 1 day

� closed loop control

Same wastewater, same quatity of COD removed and of biogas produced

BUT...

Performances of AD Processes

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PID

Fuzzy Logic

Neural Networks

Adaptive Control

Linear Optimal Control

PerformancesMathematicalComplexity

Non Linear Robust Control

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Note : You need to be "in love" with the process you want to control (or at least to understand it very well) if you want to get good - and relevant - results

From my experience in control

InstrumentComplexity

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"Keep It Simple !!!"

Or at least, "Keep It Structured !!!"

The "KISS" principle

Conclusions on control

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"A" is very efficientiif all steps are integrated

"D" requires modularity and uncertainty management

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"C" is easy if "I" is available(difficult if not)

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Control

Conclusions

Instrumentation

"I" is needed

Biological Process

Many people were also involvedEric Latrille

Jérôme Harmand

Thierry Conte

Benjamin Bonnet

Cyrille Bronner

Jean-Pierre Jouanny

Damien Rolland

Anne-Gaëlle Manh

Antoine Genovesi

Victor Alcaraz

Martijn Devisscher

Maxime Estaben

Erig Rospape

James Lennox

Arnaud Hélias

Ana Punal

Jorge Rodriguez

Marianne Dupla

Luca Palazzotto

Ludivine Pacheco

Hugo Mendez

Emmanuel Morel

Cyrille Trzebowski

Michel Solatges

Jean-Baptiste Loos

François Miens

Christophe Bataille

Amaya Franco

Laurent Lardon

Jean-Claude Bouvier

Juan Bastidas

Philippe Sousbie

Pascal Gras

Nicolas Bernet

Domi Patureau

J-Philippe Delgénès

Fred HabouzitMarion Leclerc

Mathieu Lesteur

Ivan Ramirez

Bruno Sialve

Olivier Bernard

Alexis Mottet

Rafael Munoz

Pierre RousseauBenoit Beraud

Jonathan Hess

Carlos Salazar

Liliana Delgadillo

Sara Cadeac

Adele Elias

Marit Ackerman

Belynda Brahimi

Bérengère Vignal

Jorge Rodriguez

Gonzalo Ruiz

13

To know more…Instrumentation� J-Ph. Steyer, J-C. Bouvier, T. Conte, P. Gras, P. Sousbie "Evaluation of a four year experience with a fully instrumented anaerobic digestion

process", Water Science and Technology, vol. 45, n°4-5, pp. 495-502, 2002.� J-Ph. Steyer, J.C. Bouvier, T. Conte, P. Gras, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Delgenes: "On-line measurements of COD, TOC, VFA, total and partial

alkalinity in anaerobic digestion processes using infra-red spectrometry", Water Science & Technology, vol. 45, n°10, pp. 133-138, 2002.� M. Dupla, T. Conte, J.C. Bouvier, N. Bernet, J-Ph. Steyer: "Dynamic evaluation of a fixed bed anaerobic digestion process in response to toxic

shocks", Water Science & Technology, vol. 49, n°1, pp 61–68, 2004.

Modeling� O. Bernard, Z. Hadj-Sadok, D. Dochain, A. Genovesi, J-Ph. Steyer: "Dynamical model development and parameter identification for anaerobic

wastewater treatment process", Biotechnology & Bioengineering, vol. 75, n°4, p. 424-439, Novembre 2001.� V. Alcaraz-González, J. Harmand, A. Rapaport, J-Ph. Steyer, V. González-Alvarez et C. Pelayo-Ortiz C.: "On-line software sensors for highly

uncertain WWTP’s: a new approach based on interval observers", Water Research, vol. 36, n°10, pp. 2515-2524, 2002.� R. Escudié, T. Conte, J-Ph. Steyer, J-Ph. Delgenès: "Hydrodynamic and biokinetic models of an anaerobic fixed-bed reactor", Process

Biochemistry, vol. 40, pp. 2311-2323, 2005.

Control� J-Ph. Steyer, P. Buffière, D. Rolland, R. Moletta: "Advanced control of anaerobic digestion processes through disturbances monitoring", Water

Research, vol. 33, n°9, pp. 2059-2068, 1999.� J. Harmand, A.G. Manh, J-Ph. Steyer: "Identification and disturbance accommodating control of a fluidized bed reactor", Bioprocess

Engineering, vol. 23, n°2, pp. 177-185, 2000.� R. Antonelli, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Steyer, A. Astolfi: "Set-point regulation of an anaerobic digestion process with bounded output feedback",

IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. T. , vol. 11, n°4, pp. 495-504, 2003.� L. Mailleret, O. Bernard, J-Ph. Steyer: "Robust nonlinear adaptive control for bioreactors with unknown kinetics", Automatica, vol. 40, n°8, pp.

1379-1385, Août 2004.

Diagnosis� A. Genovesi, J. Harmand, J-Ph. Steyer: "Integrated fault detection and isolation: application to a winery's wastewater treatment plant", Applied

Intelligence Journal (APIN), vol. 13, pp. 59-76, 2000.� L. Lardon, A. Punal, J-Ph. Steyer: "On-line diagnosis and uncertainty management in biological wastewater treatment processes", Journal of

Process Control, vol. 14, pp. 747-763, 2004.� L. Lardon, A. Punal, J-Ph. Steyer, J.A. Martinez: "Modular expert system for the diagnosis of operating conditions of industrial anaerobic

digestion plants", Water Science & Technology, vol. 52, n°1-2, pp. 427–433, 2005

And also: G. Olsson, M. Nielsen, Z. Yuan, A. Lynggaard-Jensen, J-Ph. Steyer: "Instrumentation, Control and Automation in Wastewater Systems", IWA publishing, 246 pages (2005)

Antoine de Saint Exupéry

We do not inherit our land from our ancestors

but we borrow it to our children

Many thanks to you for your interest !!!