April, 2002 Energy Audits 1
April, 2002
Ryan Stroupe, Pacific Energy Center
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9/20 9/22 9/24 9/26 9/28 9/30 10/2 10/4
DeAnza College: ES 76Energy Reliability and Your Organization
Energy Auditing Skills
April, 2002 Energy Audits 2
• Overview of energy audits
• Billing analysis
• Reviewing plans, specifications, submittals
• Preparing for the site visit
• Retrofit cost analysis
• Developing a baselining plan
• Discussion of field measurement
Agenda
April, 2002 Energy Audits 3
• Identify energy savings potential– improve efficiency– conservation
• Improve building performance
• Address comfort problems
• Pursue utility incentives
• Prepare for commissioning
Why perform an audit?
April, 2002 Energy Audits 4
• Analysis– Billing data
– Building documentation and drawings
• Facility walk through– During typical operation
– After hours
• Final Report– Recommended Energy Conservation Measures
– Energy/$ savings analysis
– Other facility improvements
Components of an Energy Audit
April, 2002 Energy Audits 5
• Preliminary/Walk though audit
• Detailed/Investment-Grade audit
• Focused audit (process loads)
• Commissioning
Types of Energy Assessments
April, 2002 Energy Audits 6
Preliminary Energy Audit• Intention: identify in rough terms, cost-effective retrofits• Focus: standard retrofit technologies• Walk-though, Quick• Cost $0.01 to $ 0.05/sf.• Minimal instrumentation required• Reporting
– Recommended ECMs
– Some cost analysis (simple pay-back)
• No computer simulation
April, 2002 Energy Audits 7
• Intention: develop complete energy assessment• Focus: thorough assessment of facility costs and operation• Will require multiple site visits• Cost $0.10 to $ 0.30/sf.• Advanced tools required• Reporting
– Recommended ECMs – Estimates of energy savings, installation costs…(life-cycle
analysis)
– M&V plan
• Computer simulation
Detailed Energy Audit
April, 2002 Energy Audits 8
Commissioning is done to “verify and ensure that buildingelements and systems are designed, installed, and calibrated to operate as intended.” (LEED definition)
Building Commissioning
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Design Construction Call-backs Utility Costs
w/o Cx
w/ Cx
Overall Cost Reductions from Cx
Data from”What Building Owners Should Know About Building Commissioning”, Wolpert & Deall,
April, 2002 Energy Audits 9
Why Commissioning?• Assures building are fully functional at completion of construction
• Limits building performance problems
• Complexity and specialization of modern buildings require Cx
• Limits change orders and increased costs during construction
• Limits occupant comfort complaints
• Provides complete documentation of building project produced
• Energy savings realized
• Equipment realizes a longer life
• Incentives may be available
• Encourages an integrated design approach
• Introduces owner advocate/neutral party
Building Commissioning
April, 2002 Energy Audits 10
• Document design intent
• Assist with specifications for bid documents
• Develop Commissioning plan
• Develop pre-functional and functional test procedures for all equipment
• Oversee testing (at post-occupancy not just post-construction)
• Review training and manuals for operations & maintenance staff
• Provide a complete final commissioning report
The Commissioning Process
April, 2002 Energy Audits 11
Billing Data AnalysisMonthly electrical usage
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
July-93 January-94 July-94 January-95 July-95 January-96 July-96 January-97 July-97 January-98 July-98 January-99 July-99
av
g.
kW
h/d
ay
April, 2002 Energy Audits 12
• Flat rate (fixed $/kWh) • Time of use rates
– Rates ($/kWh) vary by demand periods– PG&E rates: A6, E7
• Demand rates– $/kWh– $/kW– Power factor adjustment– Rates may vary by demand periods– PG&E rates: A10, E19, E20
• Real time pricing– $/kWh rate changes based on real cost of generation– PG&E rates: Experimental A-RTP
Types of Electric Utility RatesFor all rates go to:
http://www.pge.com/customer_services/business/tariffs/