Download - Diabetes Slide show!!
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Diabetes is a disease that affects many people, and it is very
dangerous disease. The body does not produce insulin and hormone
needed to convert sugar. Moreover, there is no one determined
cause of diabetes, but both genetics, obesity and lack of exercise
appear to play roles ( video).There are two type of diabetes, the first
type is not very common, but the other type is the most common type
which affects many diabetics. This disease is a very serious problem
that the diabetics should not neglect the solutions and try to cure
about this disease.
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Pathophysiology
Insulin is the principal hormone that regulatesuptake ofglucose from the blood into most cells (primarily
muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells).Therefore deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of itsreceptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetesmellitus.
Insulin is also the principal control signal forconversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in
liver and muscle cells. Lowered glucose levels result bothin the reduced release of insulin from the beta cells and inthe reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose whenglucose levels fall. This is mainly controlled by thehormone glucagon which acts in the opposite manner toinsulin.
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Glucose thus forcibly produced from internal liver cell stores (as
glycogen) re-enters the bloodstream; muscle cells lack the
necessary export mechanism. Normally liver cells do this when the
level of insulin is low (which normally correlates with low levels ofblood glucose).
Higher insulin levels increase some anabolic ("building up")
processes such as cell growth and duplication, protein synthesis,
and fat storage. Insulin (or its lack) is the principal signal in
converting many of the bidirectional processes of metabolism from
a catabolic to an anabolic direction, and vice versa. In particular, alow insulin level is the trigger for entering or leaving ketosis (the fat
burning metabolic phase).
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Signs and Symptoms
polyuria (frequent urination),
polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), and weight loss.
Dehydration due to urinary output which is not balanced
by water intake
Delayed wound healing
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Diabetes is a very harmful disease that leads the
diabetics to many problems. High blood glucose
can cause diabetes problems, such as the heart,
blood vessel and eye
First, heart and the blood vessel disease can lead
to heart attacks and strokes; and it was a very
dangerous to the diabetics.
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Second, is that can hurt the four parts of diabetics eyes.
The retinas have tiny blood vessels, and the high blood
glucose can damage these tiny blood vessel(diabetes.niddk.nih.gov). When the retina problems gets
worse, new blood vessels grow, and it will be weak and break
easily over the years, the weak blood vessels can pull the
retina away from the back of the eye and its lead to the
diabetics .
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Although this disease is very serious, diabetics can do many
things to stay healthy.
One of the solutions is to take the medicines as directed and
not forget it. The body is habitual in specific thing and when
the person decoder the system then it will harm this body
The second solution is to check the blood
glucose every day. It is very important to check
the blood to know how the blood glucose is
, and if it is bad or good from the last check.
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The third solution is to not smoke. In addition,
it is dangerous to diabetics to smoke, because
it is more harmful from the smoker
who does not has diabetes.
The fourth solution is to keep blood glucose
and the blood pressure as close to normal
as the diabetics can to prevent diabetes
eye problem
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The fifth solution is to have eye careprofessional examine the diabetics
eye once a year.
This solution is to find eye problem early (). Moreover, the
diabetics should protect themselves and go away from the
causes that make the blood glucose increase and try to ask
doctors from any recommendation).
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To conclude, diabetes is a very serious
disease, but if the diabetics take their
medicines, check the blood glucose, stay
away from smoking and do some exercise
they can stay healthy with diabetes. The
diabetic should take care from themselves
to not make this disease develop then they
can continue their life without health problems.
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Treatment of Diabetes
There are several aspects in the treatment ofdiabetes, each one with a very importantrole
The mainstays of diabetes treatment are:
Working towards obtaining ideal body weight
Following a diabetic diet
Regular exercise Diabetic medication if needed
To stay up-to-date on diabetes research andtreatment advances,
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Note: Type 1 diabetes must be treated withinsulin; if you have type 2 diabetes, you may notneed to take insulin. This involves injecting
insulin under the skin for it to work. Insulincannot be taken as a pill because the digestive
juices in the stomach would destroy the insulinbefore it could work. Scientists are looking fornew ways to give insulin. But today, shots are
the only method. There are, however, newmethods to give the shots. Insulin pumps arenow being widely used and many people arehaving great results.
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General Information
Patient Name: LAXAMANA, ILUMINADA DE CASTRO
Age: 59 years old Civil Status: Married
Address: 18-131 AUGUSTUSSt. BFRV Las Pias
Occupation: Housewife Height: 5 4 Weight: 70 lbs BMI: 12 km/m2;
Underweight
Personal:
Food likes: Sinigang ,Menudo , Softdrinks
Food dislikes: Oily food, Hot & Spicy , Alcohol
Food Allergy: None
Medical History:
Diabetes: Type 1
Diabetes: 2years
Cancer: Non
Family History: (+) Diabetic Auntie
Last year: UTI
Social History: (-) Smoking, (-) Alcohol
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LAB TEST NORMAL VALUES DATE
Result 3/5/10
Hemoglobin 123.00-153.00g/l 90 112
Hematocrit 0.36-0.45 0.27 0.33
RBC 4.10-5.10 3.12 3.89
WBC 4.00-10.50 9.20 6.40
Basophil 0.00-0.01 0.54 0.62
Eosinophil 0.01-0.04 0.34 0.24
Monocyte 0.02-0.12 0.08 0.09
Eosinophil 0.01-0.04 0.04 0.05
Basophil 0.0-0.01
Stab 0.02-0.05 0.01
Neutrophi 0.36-0.66 0.63 0.57
Lymphocyte 0.24-0.44 0.26 0.28
Monocyte 0.02-0.12 0.07 0.09
Platelet count 150.00-450.00x10 490 432RDW 12.00-17.00% 12.3 14.0
MCV 80.00-96.00ft 87.5 86.1
MCH 27.50-33.20pg 28.8 28.8
MCHC 33.40-35.50g/dl 33.0 33.4
HBAIC 4.27-6.07% 11.20
Sodium 137.00-145.00mm/l 136
Potassium 3.60-5.00 4.0
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Date Time 3/3/10 Oral Intake Parenteral Total Urine Output Drainage Other Total
6-2
2-10
0 50 150 200 200
10-6 100 450 50 600 600
Total 600 900
3/4/10 Oral Intake
6-2 450 450 500 500
2-10 200 400 600 600 600
10-6 420 700 1120 840 840
Total 1570 1940
3/05/10 Oral Intake
6-2 450 450 500 500
2-10 200 400 600 600 600
10-6 420 700 1120 840 840
Total 1570 1940
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3/05/10
Oral
Intake
6-2 250 500 750 350 350
2-10 150 100 250 200 200
10-6 460 600 1060 520 320
Total 2060 1070
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3/06/10
Oral
Intake
6-2 840 200 1090 720 720
2-10 350 350 700 550 550
10-6 200 600 800 600 600
Total 2590 1870
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3/07/10
Oral
Intake
6-2 630 630 420 420
2-10 420 400 820 800 800
10-6 210 300 510 600 600
Total 1960 1820
3/08/10
Oral
Intake
6-2 600 100 700 700 700
2-10 1050 1050 1050 1050
10-6 400 400 300 300
Total 2150 2050
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Microbiology
Microsopy
Plus cells: 1-3/01F
Gram(-)Bacilli:10-20/01F
(+)Coccosongly and in pairs 2-7/01F Culture
Light growth of staphylococcus aureaus (Beta-lactamase)
Sensitive:Cefoxitini;Oxacillin,Sulfa/Trimthropim
Group c-Gentamin
Intermediate:erythromycin
Resistanti;clindamycin;penicillin;tetracycline;vancomycin Very light growth of klebsiella pbeumonia (ESBL)
Sensitive:Cefazolin;Cefuroxime;Gentamicini
Group B piperacillint/tazobactami;meropenemi;imipenem
Resistant Ampicillin
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24Hfod
recall
Day2
Frida
MENU Qty C (g) P (g) F (g) Kcal
BREAKFAST
Whole wheat Bread 2 pcs 23 2 100
Lime Chicken 1 pcs 31 5 169
Plain Rice 1 cup 23 2 100
Water
AM SNACK
Apple 1 pc 10 40
LUNCH
Menudo cup 16 2 82
Plain Rice 1cup 23 2 100
Orange 1 pc 10 40
Water
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PM Snack
Banana 1 pc 10 40
DINNER
Crabs Leg 2 pcs 25 2 118
Plain Rice 1 pcs 23 2 100
Water
TOTAL 122 80 9 889
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COMPUTATIONS
Height: 54 = 163 cm
Weight: 70 lbs = 32 kg
DBW = 54 * 2.54 =162.56 cm
162.25 = 100 = 62.25 = 62.25 6.22 = 56kg
TER (Harris Benedict Formula)
TER = 655.1 + (9.56 * w) + (1.85 * H) (4.67 * A)
= 655.1 + (9.56*32kg) + (1.85 * 163cm) (4.67 * 59yrs.old)
= 655.1+ 305.92 + (1.85 * 163cm)-(4.67*59)
= 655.1+ 305.92 + 301.55-(4.67*59)
= 655.1+ 305.92 + 301.55-275.53
= 961.02+ 301.55-275.53
= 1262.57-275.53
=987.24kcal + 500
= 1490 kcal or1500 kcal
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Percentage Distribution
CHO = 1500 * 0.60 = 900 kcal/4 = 225 g
CHON = 1500 * 0.15 = 225 kcal/4 = 55 g
FAT = 1500 *0.25 = 375/9 = 40 g
Dx 1500 Cho 225 Chon 55 Fat 40g
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FOOD EX C P F kcal B AM L PM D
Veg A 4 6 2 - 32 1 1 2
Veg B 3 9 3 - 48 1 1 1
Fruit 4 40 - - 160 2 1 1
Sugar - - - - -
Milk (Whole) 2 24 16 - 340 1 1
Rice 6 138 12 - 600 2 2 2
Meat (LF) - - - -
Meat (MF) 3 - 24 18 258 1 1 1
Fat 2 - - 10 90 1 1
TOTAL 1528
FOOD EXCHANGE LIST AND MEAL DISTRIBUTION
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BREAKFAST
Fried Chicken wings DINNER
1medium or 2 small
1 tsp corn oil Smoked Beef Brisket slice
Matchbox size (5x3 -1/2x1-1/2cm)
- 1 tsp Corn oil
-1 cup cooked Ampalaya - 1 cup cooked Ampalaya
-1/2cup raw Carrot - Asparagus tips
-2 Cup Plain rice - 1 Whole milk Fresh cow
-1 Whole milk Fresh cow Water
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AM SNACK
-2pcs Apple
LUNCH
-1 cup Salt Water mussel -1 cup
-2 cup cooked Ampalaya
-1/2 cup Carrot
-2 cup Plain rice
Water
PM SNACK
-1pc Mango