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Dual Axis Maximum Power Point Tracker
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Group Members
Miraj Tariq 2009-EE-459
Ali Ahmad Saeed 2009-EE-497
Mohsin Raza 2009-EE-456
Noman Bashir 2009-EE-496
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Project Background
Energy Crisis
Non-Renewable Energy:
• Un-friendly to Environment
• Exhaustible
• Centralized
• Increase in cost with time e.g. Fossil Fuels
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Renewable Energy
Definition…
Examples:
• Wind Energy • Hydro Energy • Solar Energy etc.
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Renewable Energy
Importance:
• Inexhaustible
• Environment Friendly
• Decentralized
• Decrease in cost with time
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Solar Energy
Definition…
Importance:
• Source of all forms of energy
• Available everywhere
• Environment Friendly etc.
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Technologies for harnessing Solar Energy
• Solar Geysers • Solar PV Panels etc.
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Solar Panels
Solar Cells Solar Array Solar Panel
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Working of Solar Cell
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Solar Tracker
• Single Axis(without tilt) • Dual Axis
• Single Axis(tilt) Definition…
Types of Solar Tracker:
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Why Dual Axes Solar Tracker???
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Dual Axis Solar Tracker
Definition…
Possible Mechanical schemes:• Rotation around X-axis & Z-axis
• Around X-axis & Y-axis
• Around all three axis
Possible Mechanical Design• Two Motors
• One Motor & One Linear Actuators
• Two Linear Actuators
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Dual Axes rotation around X &Y Axis
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Stepper Motor
Definition…
Types of Stepper Motors• Permanent Magnet
• Variable Reluctance
• Hybrid
Winding Arrangements• Unipolar
• Bipolar
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Hybrid Stepper Motor
Advantages
• High Holding Torque
• High Resolution
• Long life
• Both Open & Close loop operated
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
References
Wikipedia
Transaction on Energy, biotechnology, planning and Environment ISSN: 2229-8711 Online Publication, June 2011 www.pcoglobal.com/gjto.htm
Khan, M.T.A.; Tanzil, S.M.S.; Rahman, R.; Alam, S.M.S.; , "Design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system," Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), 2010 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.326-329, 18-20 Dec. 2010.
Solar Tracker. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Solar_tracker (accessed March 20, 2010) Sun path diagram image. 2010. http://www.gaisma.com/en/ location/miri.html
Appleyard, D., 2009. Solar Trackers: Facing the Sun. Renewable Energy World 12(3):http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/ 2009/06/solartrackers- facing-the-sun (accessed May 12, 2010)
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Electronic Portion Block Diagram
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Electronic Portion
Light Sensor
Stepper Motor Drive Circuit
Microcontroller
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Light Sensor
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 20
Sensor Circuit
A Florida-based builder program
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Microcontroller Functions
Receive Data From Each Sensor Circuit
Analyze Data & Decide Actions To Be Taken
Drive Motors In Desired Direction
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
PIC Advantages
Built in ADC
High Voltage & Current I/O Ports
High EEPROM Memory
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Low Power Consumption3
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 23
Stepper Motor Drive Circuit
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Tracking Algoritham
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Purposed Diagram
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 26
References
Lwin Lwin Oo; Hlaing, N.K.; , "Microcontroller-Based Two-Axis Solar Tracking System,“ Computer Research and Development, 2010 Second International Conference on , vol., no.,pp.436-440
Kassem, A.; Hamad, M.; , "A microcontroller-based multi-function solar tracking system,"Systems Conference (SysCon), 2011 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.13-16, 4-7 April 2011.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE4603
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_4.html
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Maximum Power Point Tracker
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 28
I-V Curve of Photo Voltaic
Open Circuit Voltage
Short Circuit Current
Graph Between Voc & Isc
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
I-V curve of a PV panel
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 30
Maximum Power Point
Knee Point Maximum Power Point
Panel Must Operate Near Knee Point
I-V Curves Effected By Various Factors
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Factors Effecting I-V Curves
Solar Irradiation
Panel Temperature
Shading Impact
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 32
Effect of Irradiation
Measure of Sun Energy Reaching On Ground
Ideal Condition Value = 1000W/m²
Effect of Irradiation On Voltage & Current
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Solar Panel V-I Characteristics vs Irradiances
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 34
Effect of Temperature
Huge Impact On Voltage
Reason For Drastic Change In Voltage
Almost No Effect On Current
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
SOLAR PANEL V-I CHARACTERISTIC VS.TEMPERATURE
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Shading Impact On I-V Curve
Output of A PV Module Can Reduce Dramatically Even If A Small Portion of A Single Cell Is Shaded.
Equivalent Circuit of A Solar Cell
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Effect of Shading
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Maximum Power Point
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 39
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Electronic circuit used to track MPP is called Maximum power Point Tracker
It finds the voltage at which the power from the panel would be maximum
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
How MPPT Improves Efficiency??
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
A stand Alone Solar panel system
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Charge Controller
Control Charging & Discharging of Batteries
Prevents Overcharging Or Deep Discharging
Blocks Reverse Current To Panel
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 43
PV-Module With Simple Charge Controller
Charge Controller Simply Connects The Module With Battery
Module Works On Battery Voltage
Power Supplied By Panel Will Reduce Considerably Due To Improper Biasing
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Conventional Vs MPPT controller
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 45
PV-Module With MPPT
MPPT Calculates The Voltage At Which Module Is Able To Produce Maximum Power
DC-DC Converter Converts The Module Voltage At The Controller Input To Battery Voltage At Output
Output Current Increases Which Is Not Observed In Case Of Conventional Charger
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
References
“Guide To Interpreting I-V Curve Measurements of PV Arrays” by Solemetric Corporation
“Power Electronics Handbook” by M.H.RASHID
“En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller” for charge controller
“What is Maximum Power Point Tracking and How does it works” by Richard A. Cullen Blue Sky Energy Inc
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 47
DC-DC Converters (Choppers)
Buck Converters
Boost Converters
Buck-Boost Converters
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 48
Buck-Boost Converter
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 49
ON OFF States
1 Ryness Company, 2007
2 Professional Builder/HousingZone.com, 2001.
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 50
Duty Cycle of Switch
Time For Which Switch Is ON
For D=0.5, I/P Voltage= O/P Voltage
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 51
Conduction Modes
Continuous Conduction Mode
Discontinuous Conduction Mode
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 52
Operating Frequency
High Frequency
Reduction In Size And Cost
Smaller Values of Components
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Perturb & Observe Algorithem
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 54
Refrences
Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices, and Applications by M.H Rashid
Power Electronics Converters Applications and Design by Ned Mohan
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 55
Work Division
Combined Study So Far
Software Portion
Electronic & Mechanical Portion
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education FoundationPage 56
Timeline
Dual Axis Solar Tracker
Maximum Power Point Tracker
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Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation
Do You Have Any Questions?