dual axis maximum power point tracker. florida solar energy research & education foundation...

Dual Axis Maximum Power Point Tracker

Florida Solar Energy Research & Education Foundation

Group Members

Miraj Tariq 2009-EE-459

Ali Ahmad Saeed 2009-EE-497

Mohsin Raza 2009-EE-456

Noman Bashir 2009-EE-496


Project Background

Energy Crisis

Non-Renewable Energy:

• Un-friendly to Environment

• Exhaustible

• Centralized

• Increase in cost with time e.g. Fossil Fuels


Renewable Energy

Definition…

Examples:

• Wind Energy • Hydro Energy • Solar Energy etc.


Renewable Energy

Importance:

• Inexhaustible

• Environment Friendly

• Decentralized

• Decrease in cost with time


Solar Energy

Definition…

Importance:

• Source of all forms of energy

• Available everywhere

• Environment Friendly etc.


Technologies for harnessing Solar Energy

• Solar Geysers • Solar PV Panels etc.


Solar Panels

Solar Cells Solar Array Solar Panel


Working of Solar Cell


Solar Tracker

• Single Axis(without tilt) • Dual Axis

• Single Axis(tilt) Definition…

Types of Solar Tracker:


Why Dual Axes Solar Tracker???


Dual Axis Solar Tracker

Definition…

Possible Mechanical schemes:• Rotation around X-axis & Z-axis

• Around X-axis & Y-axis

• Around all three axis

Possible Mechanical Design• Two Motors

• One Motor & One Linear Actuators

• Two Linear Actuators


Dual Axes rotation around X &Y Axis


Stepper Motor

Definition…

Types of Stepper Motors• Permanent Magnet

• Variable Reluctance

• Hybrid

Winding Arrangements• Unipolar

• Bipolar


Hybrid Stepper Motor

Advantages

• High Holding Torque

• High Resolution

• Long life

• Both Open & Close loop operated


References

Wikipedia

Transaction on Energy, biotechnology, planning and Environment ISSN: 2229-8711 Online Publication, June 2011 www.pcoglobal.com/gjto.htm

Khan, M.T.A.; Tanzil, S.M.S.; Rahman, R.; Alam, S.M.S.; , "Design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system," Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), 2010 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.326-329, 18-20 Dec. 2010.

Solar Tracker. 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Solar_tracker (accessed March 20, 2010) Sun path diagram image. 2010. http://www.gaisma.com/en/ location/miri.html

Appleyard, D., 2009. Solar Trackers: Facing the Sun. Renewable Energy World 12(3):http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/ 2009/06/solartrackers- facing-the-sun (accessed May 12, 2010)


Electronic Portion Block Diagram


Electronic Portion

Light Sensor

Stepper Motor Drive Circuit

Microcontroller

1

2

3


Light Sensor

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)


Sensor Circuit

A Florida-based builder program


Microcontroller Functions

Receive Data From Each Sensor Circuit

Analyze Data & Decide Actions To Be Taken

Drive Motors In Desired Direction

1

2

3


PIC Advantages

Built in ADC

High Voltage & Current I/O Ports

High EEPROM Memory

1

2

3

Low Power Consumption3


Stepper Motor Drive Circuit


Tracking Algoritham


Purposed Diagram


References

Lwin Lwin Oo; Hlaing, N.K.; , "Microcontroller-Based Two-Axis Solar Tracking System,“ Computer Research and Development, 2010 Second International Conference on , vol., no.,pp.436-440

Kassem, A.; Hamad, M.; , "A microcontroller-based multi-function solar tracking system,"Systems Conference (SysCon), 2011 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.13-16, 4-7 April 2011.

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=SSE4603

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_4.html


Maximum Power Point Tracker


I-V Curve of Photo Voltaic

Open Circuit Voltage

Short Circuit Current

Graph Between Voc & Isc

1

2

3


I-V curve of a PV panel


Maximum Power Point

Knee Point Maximum Power Point

Panel Must Operate Near Knee Point

I-V Curves Effected By Various Factors

1

2

3


Factors Effecting I-V Curves

Solar Irradiation

Panel Temperature

Shading Impact

1

2

3


Effect of Irradiation

Measure of Sun Energy Reaching On Ground

Ideal Condition Value = 1000W/m²

Effect of Irradiation On Voltage & Current

1

2

3


Solar Panel V-I Characteristics vs Irradiances


Effect of Temperature

Huge Impact On Voltage

Reason For Drastic Change In Voltage

Almost No Effect On Current

1

2

3


SOLAR PANEL V-I CHARACTERISTIC VS.TEMPERATURE


Shading Impact On I-V Curve

Output of A PV Module Can Reduce Dramatically Even If A Small Portion of A Single Cell Is Shaded.

Equivalent Circuit of A Solar Cell


Effect of Shading


Maximum Power Point


Maximum Power Point Tracking

Electronic circuit used to track MPP is called Maximum power Point Tracker

It finds the voltage at which the power from the panel would be maximum

1

2


How MPPT Improves Efficiency??


A stand Alone Solar panel system


Charge Controller

Control Charging & Discharging of Batteries

Prevents Overcharging Or Deep Discharging

Blocks Reverse Current To Panel

1

2

3


PV-Module With Simple Charge Controller

Charge Controller Simply Connects The Module With Battery

Module Works On Battery Voltage

Power Supplied By Panel Will Reduce Considerably Due To Improper Biasing

1

2

3


Conventional Vs MPPT controller


PV-Module With MPPT

MPPT Calculates The Voltage At Which Module Is Able To Produce Maximum Power

DC-DC Converter Converts The Module Voltage At The Controller Input To Battery Voltage At Output

Output Current Increases Which Is Not Observed In Case Of Conventional Charger

1

2

3


References

“Guide To Interpreting I-V Curve Measurements of PV Arrays” by Solemetric Corporation

“Power Electronics Handbook” by M.H.RASHID

“En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller” for charge controller

“What is Maximum Power Point Tracking and How does it works” by Richard A. Cullen Blue Sky Energy Inc


DC-DC Converters (Choppers)

Buck Converters

Boost Converters

Buck-Boost Converters

1

2

3


Buck-Boost Converter


ON OFF States

1 Ryness Company, 2007

2 Professional Builder/HousingZone.com, 2001.


Duty Cycle of Switch

Time For Which Switch Is ON

For D=0.5, I/P Voltage= O/P Voltage

1

2


Conduction Modes

Continuous Conduction Mode

Discontinuous Conduction Mode

1

2


Operating Frequency

High Frequency

Reduction In Size And Cost

Smaller Values of Components

1

2

3


Perturb & Observe Algorithem


Refrences

Power Electronics - Circuits, Devices, and Applications by M.H Rashid

Power Electronics Converters Applications and Design by Ned Mohan

1

2


Work Division

Combined Study So Far

Software Portion

Electronic & Mechanical Portion

1

2

3


Timeline

Dual Axis Solar Tracker

Maximum Power Point Tracker

1

2


Do You Have Any Questions?

dual axis maximum power point tracker. florida solar energy research & education foundation...

Documents