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Ecosystem Status Assessment in Korea
Sinjae Yoo
Indicators of Status and Change within North Pacific Marine Ecosystems: A FUTURE Workshop
Honolulu, 2011.04.26-28
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PurposeTo introduce monitoring and assessment programs in
Korea
OutlineMonitoring networks in Korea
National Investigation of Marine Ecosystems
Problems in assessment
• Determination of reference conditions
• Sampling problems: Confounding regional and interannual differences
On-going and future works
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StationStation--based Monitoring based Monitoring Network (1961~) Network (1961~)
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National Environmental Monitoring NetworkNational Environmental Monitoring Network (1996~)(1996~)
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National Investigation of National Investigation of Marine Ecosystems (NIMO: 2006~)Marine Ecosystems (NIMO: 2006~)
• 8 domains in coastal areas (>300 stations)
• Seasonal surveys at one domain per year (8 year monitoring cycle)
• Pelagic – Water quality – Phytoplankton – Zooplankton
• Nekton*-- Ichthyoplankton-- Fish-- Crustacean-- Cephalopods
• Benthic– Water quality – Meiofauna– Macrofauna– Macro algae
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Assessment and thematic mapsAssessment and thematic maps in NIMOin NIMO
Purposes
Scientific summary of massive observational data
• Spatio-temporal distribution of ecosystem properties
• Holistic interpretation of ecosystem dynamics
• Visual presentation of thematic maps
Assessment of ecosystem status in Korean waters
• Ecosystem status
• Impact assessment for stressors
• Basis for management policy
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Stressors and ecosystem propertiesStressors and ecosystem properties (Yellow Sea)(Yellow Sea)
• Ecosystem structure
• Biodiversity• Biomass
• Productivity• foodwebs
• Eutrophication• Nutrient imbalance• Overfishing• Hazardous
substances• NIS• Habitat disturbance• Reduction of
freshwater input• Sea warming
Based on YSLME Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
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Theme 1: Indicators of Ecosystem Status
PhytoPhyto-- planktonplankton
ZooZoo-- planktonplankton
BethosBethos MacroMacro-- algaealgae
IchthyoIchthyo-- planktonplankton
NektonNekton
StructureStructure Biomass, abundance, Dominant species
Biomass, abundance, Dominant species
Biomass, abundance, Dominant species
Biomass, abundance, Dominant species
Abundan- ce of dominant species
Biomass, abundance, Dominant species
DiversityDiversity Sp. Richness,Sp. Diversity
Sp. Richness,Sp. Diversity
Sp. Richness,Sp. Diversity
Sp. Richness,Sp. Diversity
Sp. Richness,Sp. Diversity
ProductiProducti-- vityvity
Should be added
could be estimated
Should be added
could be estimated
FoodFood-- webweb
Trophic linkage
Trophic linkage
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Theme 2: Indocators of Ecosystem Stressors
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NOccurence of warm water phytopl. sp.
2006-2009
(Min et al., 2009)
2006
2007
2008
2009
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Problems with NIMO data Problems with NIMO data What would be confounding effects of year-to-year variations and regional differences?
Reference values
•Data from pristine conditions are rare.
Different references for oceanographic conditions?
•Yellow Sea vs. East Sea
•Neritic waters vs. open sea
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SST anomalySST anomaly
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2/18- 25
3/30- 4/6
5/25- 6/1
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Method for determination of reference conditionsMethod for determination of reference conditions
(European Commission, 2007)
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Reference conditionsReference conditions (first try)(first try)
Phytoplankton species diversity
•Literature: 1977~1996
Macrofauna species diversity
•European Water Framework Directive
Nutrients (DO, COD, DIP, DIN, N:P, N:Si)
•National Env. Monitoring (1996-2007)
Chlorophyll-a
•National Env. Monitoring (1996-2007)
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2006 2007 20080
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
time
ph
yto
pla
nk
ton
sp
eci
es
div
ers
ity
H
Historical data (1977-1996)
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National Environmental National Environmental Monitoring Network dataMonitoring Network data
1996~2007
Coastal areas: 14 st. (Yellow Sea), 34 st. (East China Sea), 14 st. (East Sea)
7,300 records
14 oceanographic and env. variables
• Temp, Salinity, pH, DO, COD • NH4 , Nitrite, Nitrate, TN• DIP, TP• SiO2
• SS• Chlorophyll-a
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Seasonal, regional distributionSeasonal, regional distribution
월2 월5 월6 월8 월11
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Group
Mea
n
DIN의 평평 및 신신신신 95%
2 5 6 8 110
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
월
Mea
n
월월 엽엽엽 평평평 신신신신 95%
서서 남서 동서1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
해역
Mea
n
해역별 엽록소 평균 및 95% 신뢰구간
서서 남서 동서0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Group
Mea
n
DIN의 평평 및 신신신신 95%
CHL CHL
DIN DIN
YS ECS ES
YS ECS ES
Feb May Jun Aug Nov
Feb May Jun Aug Nov
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• Compared to NEMN datasets
125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'N
X = 124.8Y = 37.69
CHL
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
H I G H
L O W
M O D E R A TE
2006
2007
2008
2009
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Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR)Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR)• Reference value and slope
(European Commission, 2007)
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NCHL
EQ
R
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NPhyto H (min)
EQR
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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EutrophicationEutrophication in the Yellow Seain the Yellow Sea
Mostly harmless diatom blooms (> 1,000 ml-1). Cochlodinium blooms in 1998 and 2000. No significant economic damages have been reported.
0.5 0.6 0.71860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
0.12 0.13 0.14 0.03 0.04
Cal
enda
r Yea
r
TOC TN TP
Element chronographs of the Yellow Sea sediment (123.5oE, 35oN): total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) content (w/w%)
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Reference values: historical dataReference values: historical data (DIN:1984; DIP:1976; Si:1976)(DIN:1984; DIP:1976; Si:1976)
(Lin et al., 2005 )
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Reference values: historical dataReference values: historical data (DIN:1984; DIP:1976; Si:1976)(DIN:1984; DIP:1976; Si:1976)
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NDIN (mean)
EQR
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NDIP (mean)
EQR
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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125°0'E 126°0'E 127°0'E 128°0'E
34°0'N
35°0'N
36°0'N
37°0'N
38°0'NSi (mean)
EQR
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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OnOn--going and future worksgoing and future worksImprovement of reference conditions
Tuning of grades
•Relationship between stressor indicators and status indicators
•Statistical analysis of community structure in reference to indicator space
Ordination techniques, e. g., CCA
Integration of indicators
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Thank you!