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Electrons and Electrons and Periodic BehaviorPeriodic Behavior
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Orbital filling tableOrbital filling table
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Electron configuration of Electron configuration of the elements of the first the elements of the first three seriesthree series
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Chemical SymbolsChemical Symbols
Symbols used in the 18th Century
Antimony Water Sulfuric acidCopper Sulfur
Symbols used by John Dalton
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Silver
Sulfur
Nitrogen
S Lead
Mercury
Copper C
L Gold
Potassa
Soda
G
Water Carbon dioxide Alcohol
Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemistry, 1931, page 74
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Mendeleev’s Periodic TableMendeleev’s Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
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Modern Russian TableModern Russian Table
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Greek ElementsGreek Elements
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A Spiral Periodic A Spiral Periodic TableTable
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““Mayan” Mayan” Periodic Periodic TableTable
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Alchemy !! Alchemy !!
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The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table
Period
Group or family
PeriodGroup or Family
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Easily lose valence electron (Reducing agents)
React violently with water Large hydration energy React with halogens to
form salts
The Properties of a The Properties of a Group: Group: the Alkali Metalsthe Alkali Metals
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Potassium Metal in Potassium Metal in WaterWater
Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25
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Groups/Families on the Groups/Families on the Periodic TablePeriodic Table
Noble Gases: Family18Noble Gases: Family18 Alkali Metals: Family 1Alkali Metals: Family 1
in pure state they all have a silvery in pure state they all have a silvery appearance and are soft enough to cut appearance and are soft enough to cut with a knifewith a knife
Extremely reactive so aren’t found as Extremely reactive so aren’t found as free elementsfree elements
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Noble GasesNoble Gases
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Groups/Families on the Groups/Families on the Periodic TablePeriodic Table
Alkaline-earth metals: Group 2 Alkaline-earth metals: Group 2 harder, denser, and stronger than group harder, denser, and stronger than group
1 or alkali metals1 or alkali metals Have higher melting points than group 1, Have higher melting points than group 1,
and are less reactive (although still and are less reactive (although still reactive enough not to be found as free reactive enough not to be found as free elements)elements)
Halogens: Group 17Halogens: Group 17 Most reactive nonmetalsMost reactive nonmetals
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Carbon….The Carbon….The Essence of Life Essence of Life
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Special elementsSpecial elements
Hydrogen and Helium are special b/c although Hydrogen and Helium are special b/c although they share some characteristics with their they share some characteristics with their groups/families, they are different b/c they groups/families, they are different b/c they have properties that are not similar to those of have properties that are not similar to those of ANY groupANY group
Hydrogen and helium are the simplest and Hydrogen and helium are the simplest and most abundant elements. Hydrogen makes up most abundant elements. Hydrogen makes up 76% of the mass of the universe and helium 76% of the mass of the universe and helium makes up 23%makes up 23%
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Life or Death ElementsLife or Death Elements
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Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
Metals are malleable
Metals are ductile
Metals have high tensile strength
Metals have luster
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Examples of MetalsExamples of Metals
Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene
Zinc, Zn, is more stable than potassium
Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.
Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature
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PropertiesProperties of Nonmetalsof Nonmetals
Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature
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Examples of NonmetalsExamples of Nonmetals
Sulfur, S, was once known as “brimstone”
Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal
Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure
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Properties of Properties of MetalloidsMetalloids
Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.
They have properties of both metals and nonmetals.Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity Some metalloids possess metallic luster
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Silicon, Si – A MetalloidSilicon, Si – A Metalloid
Silicon has metallic luster Silicon is brittle like a nonmetal Silicon is a semiconductor of electricity
Other metalloids include:
Boron, B Germanium, Ge Arsenic, As Antimony, Sb Tellurium, Te
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AspirinAspirin
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Half of the distance between nuclei in covalently bonded diatomic molecule
"covalent atomic radii"
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radius
Radius decreases across a period Increased magnetic attraction
Radius increases down a group Addition of principal quantum levels
Determination of Atomic Radius:Determination of Atomic Radius:
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Table of Table of Atomic Atomic RadiiRadii
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Tends to increase across a period
Atoms become closer to a full electron octet in the outer energy level
Tends to decrease down a groupOuter electrons are farther from thenucleus
Ionization EnergyIonization Energy - the energy - the energy required to remove an electron required to remove an electron from an atomfrom an atom
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Table of 1Table of 1stst Ionization Energies Ionization Energies
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Ionization of MagnesiumIonization of Magnesium Mg + 738 kJ Mg+ + e-
Mg+ + 1451 kJ Mg2+ + e-
Mg2+ + 7733 kJ Mg3+ + e-
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Another Way to Look at Another Way to Look at Ionization EnergyIonization Energy
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ElectronegativityElectronegativityA measure of the ability of an atom in a chemicalcompound to attract electrons
Electronegativities tend to increase across a period (full octet)
Electronegativities tend to decrease down a group or remain the same
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Periodic Table of Periodic Table of ElectronegativitiesElectronegativities
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Summation of Periodic TrendsSummation of Periodic Trends