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Arousal
What is Arousal then?
Arousal is a combination ofPHYSIOLOGICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL
excitement or ACTIVATION.The intensity of arousal determines theresponsiveness or direction of thebehaviour i.e. dominant responses.
It is also associated with the CUEUTILISATION and INVERTED U THEORY-How?
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What Influences Arousal?
Arousal is never the same for any 2individuals. 3 Variables interveneand cause variations to optimal
performance.
1. Personality.
2. Complexity of Task.
3. Level of Ability.
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Personality
Extroverts perform best at _____optimal arousal level. An introvertedpersonality type, in contrast,
performs better at _____ optimalarousal point.
Introverts have a very sensitive RAS.
Conclusion?
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Complexity of Task
Simple tasks such as shot putt tend to begross, habitual and have a wide marginfor error.Tasks are best performed when the
performer has a high optimal threshold ofarousal- further to go.Complex tasks are often more perceptual,manipulative and have less room for error
i.e. spin bowling.
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Level of Ability
An expert athlete (autonomous)would find a high level of arousalbeneficial to performance.
Those at novice (cognitive orassociative) who need to concentrateon basic movements, would require a
low level of arousal if they are tocontinue to learn.
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Performance and ArousalThe unbroken linerepresents low optimalarousal required for one,all or a combination ofthe following variables High complexity Low ability Introversion
The broken linerepresents high optimal
arousal required for one,all or a combination ofthe following variables Low complexity High ability
Extroversion
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Anxiety and Performance
The relationship between anxiety andsport performance is extremely important.
What is Anxiety then?
ANXIETY is a NEGATIVE emotional stateassociated with WORRY associated withACTIVATION or AROUSAL.
What is the difference between ANXIETYand AROUSAL?
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2 forms of ANXIETYCOGNITIVE ANXIETY: thethought component of anxiety.It is associated with worry,apprehension and fear of
negative evaluation ofperformance.
SOMATIC ANXIETY: the physicalcomponent and is associated
with increased HR and BP.Somatic anxiety is triggered bycognitive anxiety.
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Question
How can we link CATASTROPHETHEORY into levels of AROUSAL? (3)
High cognitive arousal coincides with a
somatic arousal level past optimal level,the performance of the individual dropssharply.
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STATE and TRAIT anxiety
This relates to the stability of anxiety
STATE ANXIETY: a persons immediatecondition of anxiety in ANY ONE
SITUATION.TRAIT ANXIETY: is a general disposition toperceive situations as threatening. Traitanxiety is part of personality and is
RELETIVELY STABLE.Trait anxiety determines the degree ofstate anxiety that is experienced.
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STRESS
Stress is the trigger that stimulates andincreases both ANXIETY and AROUSAL.
This is when a performer reaches a
challenge they feel they cannot cope with.i.e. a penalty in football.
The penalty is deemed the stressor inthat situation.
There is also conflict, competition andfrustration which are examples ofstressors in sport.
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STRESS and HEALTHY
BALANCED LIFESTYLES
Long term stress can impede healthybalanced lifestyles.
Short term stress and the
subsequent onset of anxiety andarousal can, when controlled, bebeneficial in sport.
This is explained through theINDIVIDUAL ZONE OF OPTIMALFUNCTIONING (IZOF).
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IZOF
Hanin (1986) researched specificallythe effect of anxiety on performance.
Hanin proposed that people respond
differently to anxiety.Hanin concluded that there is not ageneral relationship between
ANXIETY and PERFORMANCE, thoughathletes have there own preferredlevel of anxiety.
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Hanins Model of the IZOF
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IZOF vs. INVERTED U vs.
CATASTROPHE THEORY
As the facilitator of bestperformance, the preferred level ofanxiety is not shown as a point or a
threshold on either of the othertheories- in IZOF it is presented as aband width.
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Further Developments
Randle and Weinberg (1997)proposed that players in team sportshave a preference for a lower IZOF
than athletes competing in individualevents.
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PEAK FLOW
Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposedthat completion of skill is at optimumlevel when the performer is
controlled and focused.
This creates intrinsic reward, self-fulfilment and happiness.
This is a rarely experienced, holisticsensation known as PEAK FLOW
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Continued
Martens (1992) PEAK FLOW is most likely tooccur when HIGH SOMATIC AROUSAL coincideswith LOW COGNITIVE ANXIETY.
Other factors include
Anxiety Concentration
Attention Style
Confidence
Goal Setting
Environmental Conditions Leadership
Group Cohesion (This is on pg 261- table)
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Work for you
Complete the ANXIETYMANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES on pg260 and the two tables on 261-262
relating to SOMATIC and COGNITIVEANXIETY.
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Thats it!!!
Next weeks lesson will take an examtutorial basis- I will have 3 questionsprepared to get you used to writing
at length for 10, 20 or 30 mins.
Well done for completing what is adifficult area of the course.