Europe & Europe & the Cold the Cold
WarWar
1945-19891945-1989
Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity
Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed
after WWI?after WWI?
1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention
2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics
3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy
4.Welfare States
5.New Economic Patterns
Superpower Superpower InterventionIntervention
Deterrence
Prevention of Resistance Movements
Money for rebuilding
Marshall Plan
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity
Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed
after WWI?after WWI?
1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention
2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics
3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy
4.Welfare States
5.New Economic Patterns
Disillusionment with Disillusionment with Ideological PoliticsIdeological Politics
War Weary
Knowledge of Holocaust
Discredit ethnic, racist, religious ideology and conflict
A return to Family
Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity
Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed
after WWI?after WWI?
1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention
2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics
3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy
4.Welfare States
5.New Economic Patterns
A Rediscovery of A Rediscovery of Democratic VirtuesDemocratic Virtues
Creation of Parliamentary Democracies
Increased Suffrage
New Political Parties: shared faith in “Western Civilization” &
Practical Economic PoliciesChristian Democratic Party – Italy (Gasperi)
Christain Democratic Union – W Germany (Adenaeur)
MRP Mouvement Republican Populaire - France
Not the Liberal Democracies of 18th & 19th C.
Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity
Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed
after WWI?after WWI?
1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention
2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics
3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy
4.Welfare States
5.New Economic Patterns
Welfare States & Economic Welfare States & Economic PlanningPlanning
Government involved in maintaining standard of living
Accepted taxes in return for services
Nationalization & Subsidies
Health, Childcare & Work Benefits
Example: Labour Party Clement Attlee
National Insurance Act & National Health Service Act
Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity
Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed
after WWI?after WWI?
1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention
2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics
3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy
4.Welfare States
5.New Economic Patterns
New Economic PatternsNew Economic Patterns
Sustained Economic Growth 1945-1970, Why?
Growth of Consumer Culture
Keynesian Economics
European Common MarketRobert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, in 1949.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) that was established in 1952.
It was agreed that the six countries that signed the Treaty of Paris, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, would pool its
coal and steel resources.
Coca-Cola and the Cold War: The French Face Americanization, 1948-1953, by Richard F. Kuisel © 1991 Society for French
Historical Studies.
AbstractAfter the war the Coca-Cola Company launched an American-style marketing plan to sell its product in France and inadvertently entered Cold War politics. In 1950 the National Assembly adopted legislation aimed at banning the softdrink as a danger to public health; the government harassed the company; and the press evoked the dangers of cocacolonisation. A column in Le Monde likened the conflict over Coca-Cola to the Danzig (Polish Corridor) of European culture. Resistance to the American softdrink came, as might have been expected, from the Communists and local beverage interests. But the controversy had wider resonance because it raised the charge that the Fourth Republic was subservient to the Americans and that French identity was in imminent danger from Americanization. Coca-Cola aggressively announced the arrival of consumer society, and resistance to it represented a small gesture of self-assertion at a time when France seemed helpless before the American "invasion."
The Crisis of The Crisis of Western Western
DemocraciesDemocracies
Crisis
Decolonization
Social & Political Crises
Economic Recession
DecolonizationColonial Conflicts
Peaceful Solutions:
India(1947)EgyptMiddle East Mandates (UN Declaration)
Violent Solutions:
Belgian CongoAlgeria (FLN)Indochina
Battle of Diem Ben Phu, 1954
African Independence
Charles De Gaulle
• Free France• Collapse of the 4th Republic
1958: Algerian Crisis • 5th Republic
Third Way1968: Student Protests
Social CrisesSocial Crises
Youth MovementYouth MovementBaby Boomers come of AgeBaby Boomers come of Age1968 Paris Riots1968 Paris Riots
Women’s MovementWomen’s MovementSimone de Beauvoir Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex, The Second Sex, Women as the Other
Paris Riots, 1968
Political CrisisPolitical CrisisCold War Backlash
Charles DeGaulle, 1966
The Third Way, Withdrawal from NATO
Willy Brandt, 1970s(departure from Konrad Adenauer )
Ostpolitik
Economic CrisisEconomic CrisisMiddle East Conflict1948 : Israel Recognized by UN
1967: Six Day War
1973: Yom Kippur War
OPEC Embargo & the Energy CrisisInflation
Unemployment
Welfare State cushioned blow
Conservative Backlash…
English Conservatism: 1980s
Margaret Thatcher– Privatization– Government couldn’t be a universal
provider
Behind the Behind the Iron Iron
CurtainCurtain
March 5, 1946
Eastern Bloc Nations
Soviet Socialist Republics: Baltic States – Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia
Satellite Nations: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria,
Poland, Romania
Eastern Bloc
Stages of Bloc Stages of Bloc DevelopmentDevelopment
1945-1947: Multiparty 1945-1947: Multiparty Competition, Limited Western Competition, Limited Western Intervention and Financial Intervention and Financial SupportSupport
1947-1948: Transformation of 1947-1948: Transformation of States, Changing Soviet Policy, States, Changing Soviet Policy, Elimination of CompetitionElimination of Competition
1948-1953: Stalinism Introduced 1948-1953: Stalinism Introduced to Bloc, Modernization, to Bloc, Modernization, Collectivization, Propaganda, Collectivization, Propaganda, Creation of Welfare StatesCreation of Welfare States
Why did Soviet Why did Soviet Policy Change after Policy Change after
19471947??
Increasingly aggressive Increasingly aggressive US Policies: Marshall US Policies: Marshall
Plan, Truman Doctrine, Plan, Truman Doctrine, NATONATO
Marshal Josip Broz Marshal Josip Broz Tito Tito
in Yugoslaviain Yugoslavia
Transformation
• Cominform – Communist Information Bureau• Warsaw Pact (1955)- to counter NATO• COMECON - $ -to counter Marshall Plan• Red Army• KGB• Bloc Purges• Propaganda – control of media• “Little Stalins” – puppet regimes
– Czechoslovakia – Klement Gottwald
Stalinism in Bloc
• Modernize – 5 Year Plans (like Soviet model)• Incentives – education, jobs• Propaganda mobilized• Welfare State- medical, child care• Result
– Improved standard of living– Post war recovery
• Willingness of most people to ‘go along’
The Eastern The Eastern Bloc Bloc
Post StalinPost StalinKhrushchev and De-
StalinizationOn the Personality Cult and its Consequences’
Virgin Lands campaign
Khrushchev’s Thaw’ Liberalization
Eastern Bloc Turmoil• Hungarian Revolt 1956 (Imre Nagy)• Berlin Wall 1961• Split with Beijing
– Albania & Romania withdraw from Warsaw Pact
• 1964 Khrushchev is removed from power• Brezhnev &
the Brezhnev DoctrinePrague Spring 1968 (Alexander Dubcek)
– Socialism with a human face
Détente 1970sDétente 1970s
• Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik
– (departure from Konrad Adenauer )
• SALT I • SALT II ( never ratified by the United States) • red telephone – the hotline• Helsinki Accords, Soviets promised to grant free
elections in Europe
““ArmagedArmageddon don
Averted” Averted” Stephen KotkinStephen Kotkin
The Collapse The Collapse of of
CommunismCommunism
1989:1989:
The Velvet The Velvet RevolutionRevolution
ssEast Berlin, East Berlin,
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary & Hungary & RomaniaRomania
Magic LanternMagic Lantern, Timothy Ash
• Ash refers to Eastern Europe, 1989 as a series of “refolutions”.
• “…[A] mixture of popular protest and elite negotiation, prisoners became prime ministers and prime ministers became prisoners.”
Velvet Velvet RevolutionsRevolutions
Who should you know?Who should you know?• East Germany: Erich Honecker"We have done our perestroika,
we have nothing to restructure."
• Poland: Solidarity & Lech WalesaPope John Paul II –
Revolution no longer anti-clerical
• Hungary: Imre Nagy’s Legacy & Funeral• Czechoslovakia: Alexander Dubcek & Vaclav
Havel• Romania: Nicolae Ceausescu (not peaceful)
Solidarity 1980s
The Fall of the Soviet The Fall of the Soviet UnionUnion19911991
Party Secretaries (1953-1991)
Khrushchev (De-Stalinization, Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, Hungarian Revolt)
Brezhnev (Brezhnev Doctrine, Prague Spring)
Andropov & Cherenkov
Gorbachev (Perestroika, Glasnost)
Mikhail Gorbachev
"Be Bold, Comrade! Openness is Our Strength!""Be Bold, Comrade! Openness is Our Strength!"
Chernobyl: 4.1986
Russia since 1991Russia since 1991
•Boris Yeltsin•Constitutional Issues•Corruption•Republics Autonomy? Independence? (Chechnya)
– Oligarchs•Private Property•Inflation•Poverty
•Vladimir Putin – return to autocracy?