Europe & Europe & the Cold the Cold

WarWar

1945-19891945-1989

Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity

Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed

after WWI?after WWI?

1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention

2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics

3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy

4.Welfare States

5.New Economic Patterns

Superpower Superpower InterventionIntervention

Deterrence

Prevention of Resistance Movements

Money for rebuilding

Marshall Plan

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity

Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed

after WWI?after WWI?

1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention

2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics

3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy

4.Welfare States

5.New Economic Patterns

Disillusionment with Disillusionment with Ideological PoliticsIdeological Politics

War Weary

Knowledge of Holocaust

Discredit ethnic, racist, religious ideology and conflict

A return to Family

Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity

Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed

after WWI?after WWI?

1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention

2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics

3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy

4.Welfare States

5.New Economic Patterns

A Rediscovery of A Rediscovery of Democratic VirtuesDemocratic Virtues

Creation of Parliamentary Democracies

Increased Suffrage

New Political Parties: shared faith in “Western Civilization” &

Practical Economic PoliciesChristian Democratic Party – Italy (Gasperi)

Christain Democratic Union – W Germany (Adenaeur)

MRP Mouvement Republican Populaire - France

Not the Liberal Democracies of 18th & 19th C.

Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity

Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed

after WWI?after WWI?

1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention

2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics

3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy

4.Welfare States

5.New Economic Patterns

Welfare States & Economic Welfare States & Economic PlanningPlanning

Government involved in maintaining standard of living

Accepted taxes in return for services

Nationalization & Subsidies

Health, Childcare & Work Benefits

Example: Labour Party Clement Attlee

National Insurance Act & National Health Service Act

Recovery & Recovery & ProsperityProsperity

Why was Europe able to recovery Why was Europe able to recovery after WWII when it had failed after WWII when it had failed

after WWI?after WWI?

1.Cold War Politics & Superpower Intervention

2.Disillusionment with Ideological Politics

3.Reawakening of virtues of Democracy

4.Welfare States

5.New Economic Patterns

New Economic PatternsNew Economic Patterns

Sustained Economic Growth 1945-1970, Why?

Growth of Consumer Culture

Keynesian Economics

European Common MarketRobert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister, in 1949.

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) that was established in 1952.

It was agreed that the six countries that signed the Treaty of Paris, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, would pool its

coal and steel resources.

Coca-Cola and the Cold War: The French Face Americanization, 1948-1953, by Richard F. Kuisel © 1991 Society for French

Historical Studies.

AbstractAfter the war the Coca-Cola Company launched an American-style marketing plan to sell its product in France and inadvertently entered Cold War politics. In 1950 the National Assembly adopted legislation aimed at banning the softdrink as a danger to public health; the government harassed the company; and the press evoked the dangers of cocacolonisation. A column in Le Monde likened the conflict over Coca-Cola to the Danzig (Polish Corridor) of European culture. Resistance to the American softdrink came, as might have been expected, from the Communists and local beverage interests. But the controversy had wider resonance because it raised the charge that the Fourth Republic was subservient to the Americans and that French identity was in imminent danger from Americanization. Coca-Cola aggressively announced the arrival of consumer society, and resistance to it represented a small gesture of self-assertion at a time when France seemed helpless before the American "invasion."

The Crisis of The Crisis of Western Western

DemocraciesDemocracies

Crisis

Decolonization

Social & Political Crises

Economic Recession

DecolonizationColonial Conflicts

Peaceful Solutions:

India(1947)EgyptMiddle East Mandates (UN Declaration)

Violent Solutions:

Belgian CongoAlgeria (FLN)Indochina

Battle of Diem Ben Phu, 1954

African Independence

Charles De Gaulle

• Free France• Collapse of the 4th Republic

1958: Algerian Crisis • 5th Republic

Third Way1968: Student Protests

Social CrisesSocial Crises

Youth MovementYouth MovementBaby Boomers come of AgeBaby Boomers come of Age1968 Paris Riots1968 Paris Riots

Women’s MovementWomen’s MovementSimone de Beauvoir Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex, The Second Sex, Women as the Other

Paris Riots, 1968

Political CrisisPolitical CrisisCold War Backlash

Charles DeGaulle, 1966

The Third Way, Withdrawal from NATO

Willy Brandt, 1970s(departure from Konrad Adenauer )

Ostpolitik

Economic CrisisEconomic CrisisMiddle East Conflict1948 : Israel Recognized by UN

1967: Six Day War

1973: Yom Kippur War

OPEC Embargo & the Energy CrisisInflation

Unemployment

Welfare State cushioned blow

Conservative Backlash…

English Conservatism: 1980s

Margaret Thatcher– Privatization– Government couldn’t be a universal

provider

Behind the Behind the Iron Iron

CurtainCurtain

March 5, 1946

Eastern Bloc Nations

Soviet Socialist Republics: Baltic States – Latvia,

Lithuania, Estonia

Satellite Nations: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria,

Poland, Romania

Eastern Bloc

Stages of Bloc Stages of Bloc DevelopmentDevelopment

1945-1947: Multiparty 1945-1947: Multiparty Competition, Limited Western Competition, Limited Western Intervention and Financial Intervention and Financial SupportSupport

1947-1948: Transformation of 1947-1948: Transformation of States, Changing Soviet Policy, States, Changing Soviet Policy, Elimination of CompetitionElimination of Competition

1948-1953: Stalinism Introduced 1948-1953: Stalinism Introduced to Bloc, Modernization, to Bloc, Modernization, Collectivization, Propaganda, Collectivization, Propaganda, Creation of Welfare StatesCreation of Welfare States

Why did Soviet Why did Soviet Policy Change after Policy Change after

19471947??

Increasingly aggressive Increasingly aggressive US Policies: Marshall US Policies: Marshall

Plan, Truman Doctrine, Plan, Truman Doctrine, NATONATO

Marshal Josip Broz Marshal Josip Broz Tito Tito

in Yugoslaviain Yugoslavia

Transformation

• Cominform – Communist Information Bureau• Warsaw Pact (1955)- to counter NATO• COMECON - $ -to counter Marshall Plan• Red Army• KGB• Bloc Purges• Propaganda – control of media• “Little Stalins” – puppet regimes

– Czechoslovakia – Klement Gottwald

Stalinism in Bloc

• Modernize – 5 Year Plans (like Soviet model)• Incentives – education, jobs• Propaganda mobilized• Welfare State- medical, child care• Result

– Improved standard of living– Post war recovery

• Willingness of most people to ‘go along’

The Eastern The Eastern Bloc Bloc

Post StalinPost StalinKhrushchev and De-

StalinizationOn the Personality Cult and its Consequences’

Virgin Lands campaign

Khrushchev’s Thaw’ Liberalization

Eastern Bloc Turmoil• Hungarian Revolt 1956 (Imre Nagy)• Berlin Wall 1961• Split with Beijing

– Albania & Romania withdraw from Warsaw Pact

• 1964 Khrushchev is removed from power• Brezhnev &

the Brezhnev DoctrinePrague Spring 1968 (Alexander Dubcek)

– Socialism with a human face

Détente 1970sDétente 1970s

• Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik

– (departure from Konrad Adenauer )

• SALT I • SALT II ( never ratified by the United States) • red telephone – the hotline• Helsinki Accords, Soviets promised to grant free

elections in Europe

““ArmagedArmageddon don

Averted” Averted” Stephen KotkinStephen Kotkin

The Collapse The Collapse of of

CommunismCommunism

1989:1989:

The Velvet The Velvet RevolutionRevolution

ssEast Berlin, East Berlin,

Czechoslovakia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary & Hungary & RomaniaRomania

Magic LanternMagic Lantern, Timothy Ash

• Ash refers to Eastern Europe, 1989 as a series of “refolutions”.

• “…[A] mixture of popular protest and elite negotiation, prisoners became prime ministers and prime ministers became prisoners.”

Velvet Velvet RevolutionsRevolutions

Who should you know?Who should you know?• East Germany: Erich Honecker"We have done our perestroika,

we have nothing to restructure."

• Poland: Solidarity & Lech WalesaPope John Paul II –

Revolution no longer anti-clerical

• Hungary: Imre Nagy’s Legacy & Funeral• Czechoslovakia: Alexander Dubcek & Vaclav

Havel• Romania: Nicolae Ceausescu (not peaceful)

Solidarity 1980s

The Fall of the Soviet The Fall of the Soviet UnionUnion19911991

Party Secretaries (1953-1991)

Khrushchev (De-Stalinization, Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile Crisis, Hungarian Revolt)

Brezhnev (Brezhnev Doctrine, Prague Spring)

Andropov & Cherenkov

Gorbachev (Perestroika, Glasnost)

Mikhail Gorbachev

"Be Bold, Comrade! Openness is Our Strength!""Be Bold, Comrade! Openness is Our Strength!"

Chernobyl: 4.1986

Russia since 1991Russia since 1991

•Boris Yeltsin•Constitutional Issues•Corruption•Republics Autonomy? Independence? (Chechnya)

– Oligarchs•Private Property•Inflation•Poverty

•Vladimir Putin – return to autocracy?