CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The issue of truancy in Tanzania is a critical problem now days.Most students they do not
complete their course of study becouse of truancy which lead them to drop out from
schooling.most students especially girls are ending up by geting married and those who are
not married are geting pregnancies.most boys who are truant are employed for liltle wages and
others using drugs and others engage in criminal issues.The study want to realise all social
economic factors contributing to this tendency in order to improve the education of the
children for the super development of the nation at large.
1.1 Background of the Problem
Truancy is a serious problem in Tanzania education system today which need highly attention
in schools administrators,and teachers in schools in order to prevent high rate of students drop
out from schooling(www.mkombozi.org.mkombozi centre for street children ) In school
truancy is a term used to describe any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory
schooling. Children today lose over hundred days of their time to stay at school through
truancy. The young girls and boys of the schooling age are not at school in steady working in
entertainments areas eg, Clubs, (www.edu.org/susan Scheff, 2007 ).
Reducing truancy and exclusions levels are an important part of Government social inclusion
policy. Young people who attend school regularly are more likely to get the most they can out
of their time at school, and therefore more likely to achieve their potential, and less likely to
take part in anti-social or criminal behaviour(www.education.com/social exclusion unit,
1998).
There is some evidence showed that poor literacy is, in some cases, a causal factor. An early
survey by the Children's Society showed that the majority of those who are permanently
excluded are boys aged between 13 and 15, most having started secondary school with a
reading age behind that of their peers. This is backed up by Ofsted who reported that poor
attendance was within those students who are poor readers ( www.education.com//social
exclusion unit 1998).
Recommendations by the (www.edu.com/1998 Social Exclusion Unit) report include dealing
early with children's literacy and numeracy problems so that they catch up, and providing
extra-curricular activities and experiences to improve motivation among those at risk of
becoming disaffected. Teenage girls who are excluded from school should not be overlooked
either,otherwise they should be helped in order to achieve in their education.
( www.edu,com/Joseph Rowntree Foundation report 1998).
Children who play truant from school very often select the classes they want to miss. Usually
the subjects they skip are ones the student finds difficult or boring, possibly a clash with the
teacher is to blame. One common pattern is for truants to attend school for morning and
afternoon head counts, but somehow sneak out during most of the day. Missing lessons is bad
news for any young person and truancy is likely to have a negative impact on their overall
education and job prospects/progress. Children who constantly turn up late for lessons are
disruptive to other students and the school's learning environment, and truanting has a negative
effect on school morale. It should also be noted that children who are truanting could be in
physical danger or at risk from being drawn into criminal activity (www.edu.org/ Susan
Scheff 2007).
1.2 Statement of the problem
The studies shows that the causes of truancy in schools is such as shortage of teachers,poor
teaching methods,economic problems,political situation,personal matters and school setting
( www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007 ). The number of schools in Tanzania has increased to high
extent in such a way that every ward in a country is having a secondary school so that students
may not move a very long distance to go to school. The education opportunity is therefore to
all students in a nation.There is several programs for the goverment to train teachers who will
teach in these secondary schools in order to reduce the shortage of teachers and facilitate the
provision of education in a nation. Some more factors might be responsible for this problem of
truancy in our schools. The scope of this study is to find out those factors which might
associate to truancy in secondary schools in arumeru district in arusha region.
1.3 Purpose and the objectives of the study.
The purpose of this study is: To investigate social, economic factors that contributing to
truancy in secondary schools.
1.3.1 Specific objectives.
(1) The study was finding out the contribution of community to truancy in secondary
schools.
(2) The study was finding out the contribution of school setting to truancy.
1.3.1.1 Research questions
TASK ONE.
To examine whether paying school fees contribute to truancy in Tanzania?.
To examin if the infrustructure are the factor for the truancy?
TASK TWO
To find out if the school setting influance truancy?.
To find out if the social relation of teachers and students influance truancy?.
To find out if the mid-day meal influance truancy?.
To find out if the distance from home to school have relation with truancy?.
To find out if the teaching methods which are used in teaching are contributing to
truancy?.
To find out if the monthly salary received by teachers is influancing the behaviour of
truancy?.
To examine how school morale is related to truancy?.
1.4 Significance of the study.
It is the researcher’s hope that this study will help all educational stakeholders like the Ministry
of Education, parents and teachers to understand and rectify the existing problem of truancy in
secondary school students. The study will help in management of schools in order to facilitate
the provision of education in Tanzania and out of Tanzania.This study will be able to show
both teachers and students the causes of truancy and they will be able to handle the
situation.The parliament will be able to create laws which will guide the students at school and
fail to practise truancy. example those students who are not attending school becouse they are
employed or married.as it is observed that the number of schools has already increased and the
morale on the part of students is decreased due to truancy, and due to truancy most of students
are engaging in the criminal activities .This study might come up with the causes then the
suggestions will be given in order to improve this problematic phenomena in secondary
schools.
1.5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Theory:”Truancy has a negative effect on learning enviroment and school
morale”(www.edu.org/susan scheff,2007 ).The students who are always truanting are usually
perfoming poorly in class,disruptive and the situation lead them in to drop up from schooling.
Education is very important for the better development.Education received through regular
attending to school is a big/fundamental instrument for the development and help to seek
individual competence in the future career/professional progress/perfomance.
REASON:The researcher want to find the couses of the truancy and be able to suggest the
possible way/strategies to be used in order to abolish and help to get positive class room
climate and rise good school morale.The theory is linking to my study especially now days in
Tanzania schools many students are perfoming poorly and other drop from schooling.
1.7 Definition of the operational terms
Truancy: Traditionally, truancy is defined as an absence from school that is not excused by the
parent/guardian or the school. The specific number of absences required before a student is
labelled a truant.
Truant: Somebody absent from school: somebody who is absent without permission or good
reason, especially from school.
1.8 Limitations
Several limitations were encountered during the study. The limitations included the following
TRUANCY
LACK OF MID-DAY MEAL
LACK OF SCHOOL FEES
POOR TEACHING METHODS
POOR TEACHING+LEARNING MATERIALS
POOR SOCIAL RELATION
POOR SCHOOL INFRUSTRUCTURE
POOR SCHOOL MANAGEMENT
POOR TEACHERS SALARY
POOR PERFOMANCE
POOR SCHOOL MORALESCHOOL DROP OUT
CRIMINAL
Language problem. Some pupils failed to understand the questions in questionnaires. For
example, the researcher had to translate the questions to Kiswahili for the most students of the
secondary schools to fill in the required information. However some students filled in the
information without understanding the question well.
Time. The time that was put for collecting data was little bit limited for most of schools
becouse the only time for collecting data was after class hours and the observation during class
hours. This affected the study because some schools had outside activities and sports after
class hours.
Postponements of the day of collecting data by the heads of the schools, some head masters
(for example of Nasholi and Kikatiti secondary schools) postponed the day of collecting data.
This was due to the reason that they had their own school-scheduled timetable and they did not
want it to be interrupted. This did cost the researcher more time and money as well.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
During study the researchers will look at any work of literature by paying special attention to
one of several aspects: its language and structure; its intended purpose; the information and
worldview it conveys; or its effect on the society. Because works of literature can be studied
long after their first publication, awareness of historical and theoretical context contributes to
our understanding, appreciation, and enjoyment of them. Historical research relates a work to
the life and times of its author. Attention to the nature, functions, and categories of literature
provides a theoretical framework joining a past context to the experience of present readers.In
this study the researcher will pay attention/ look more on how the problem of truancy is viewed
by other studies so that the research gap can be fulfilled.
2.1 Review
Children today lose over hundred days of their education each year through truancy. Often
times they do this without the knowledge of their parents or school officials. In common usage
the term typically refers to absences caused by students of their own free will, and usually does
not refer to legitimate "excused" absences, such as ones related to a medical condition. It may
also refer to students who attend school but do not go to classes. Because of this confusion
many schools have their own definitions, and as such the exact meaning of the term itself will
differ from school to school and district to district. In order to avoid or diminish confusion,
many schools explicitly define the term and their particular usage in the school's handbook of
policies and procedures. In many instances truancy is the term referring to an absence
associated with the most brazen student irresponsibility and results in the greatest
consequences. Many educators view truancy as something much more far reaching than the
immediate consequence that missed schooling has on a student's education. Truancy may
indicate more deeply embeded problems with the student, the education they are receiving, or
both. Because of its traditional association with juvenile deliquency, truancy in some schools
may result in an ineligibility to graduate or to receive credit for class attended, until the time
lost to truancy is made up through a combination of detention, fines, or summer school. This
can be especially troubling for a child, as failing school can lead to social impairment if the
child is held back, economic impact if the child drops out or cannot continue his or her
education, and emotional impact as the cycle of failure diminishes the adolescent's self-esteem
(Susan scheff 2007).
Students with the highest truancy rates have the lowest academic achevement rates, and
because truants are the youth most likely to drop out of school, they have high drop out rates as
well (Dynarskion certain days and Heaviside et al., 1998). The study shows that some
students in Tanzania are truant becouse of poor relation with their teachers
(www.mkombozi.org/mkombozi centre for street children )
In Detroit, MI, for example, school attendance officials investigated 66,440 complaints of
chronic absenteeism during the1994–95 school year, and in Chicago, IL, the average 10th
grader missed 6 weeks of instructional time during the 1995–96 school year
(Garry, 1996; Roderick et al., 1997).
In most schools there is program for the students to get mid-day meal at school.The goverment
has increased the fund to buy teaching and learning materials in schools as well as rising the
teachers monthly salary, (www.moe.go.tz/ministry of education and vocational training
report 2009)
(Heaviside et al., 1998 ) A national review of discipline issues in schools conducted in 1996–
97 found that public school principals identified student absenteeism, class cutting, and
tardiness as the top discipline problems in their schools
In general, the proportion of truancy cases handled in juvenile court is relatively small.
However, the juvenile justice system is increasing serving as the final stop for truants and as a
mechanism for intervening with chronic truants. Recent statistics available on the extent of
truancy cases in juvenile court clearly demonstrate how important it is for schools and
communities to confront this issue. In 1998, truancy accounted for 26 percent of all formally
handled status offense cases, representing an 85-percent increase in truancy cases in juvenile
court since 1989 (from 22,200 cases in 1989 to 41,000 cases in 1998)
(Puzzanchera et al, 2007). A closer look reveals that the number of high truancy cases around
the country is about evenly divided between boys and girls and that whereas the majority of
petitioned truancy cases involve 15-yearolds, there have been petitioned cases involving boys
and girls as young as 10years old.
Boston Mayor Thomas Menino announced that the school district's truant officers are being
equipped with cell phones and software that will give them immediate access to any student's
date of birth, address, emergency phone numbers, and class schedule. Eventually, according to
the mayor, the phones also will be able to access outstanding arrest warrants. The cell phones
will help truant officers determine the validity of the excuses they encounter when they
approach students found off school grounds during school hours. "Our goal is to make sure
every student is in class and getting the education they deserve,'' Menino said. With his
announcement, Mayor Menino introduced the latest weapon in the city wide -- and nationwide
-- war against student truancy. Will it help? Certainly, the technology will make a truant
officer's job easier. Whether it also will decrease Boston's daily student absentee rate -- which
Superintendent Thomas W. Payzant told the Boston Globe is as high as 20 percent at some city
high schools -- remains to be seen”.Boston's truancy problem is not unique, of course. Every
day, hundreds of thousands of students across the United States are absent from school without
a legitimate excuse and even in Tanzania a student find some times that it’s not a big issue by
not attending school.(www.education.org)
According (ERIC, 1999) "Student Truancy, "absentee rates have reached as high as 30
percent in some cities." Every year, cities, states, and school districts across the country
announce new initiatives designed to entice, counsel, threaten, or coerce kids into attending
school(www.world-education.com).
Many students will skip either a single class or even a full day of school at least once during
their academic career. They may want to attend a special event, prepare for prom night, or
simply take what is known in the world of work as a "mental health day." These isolated
incidents are quite typical and unlikely to create problems. However, when class-cutting or
full-day absences begin to occur routinely and in response to one or more problems in a
student's life, then there is great cause for concern (Sussan scheff 2007).
Truancy has become a very serious issue facing all of our schools, from elementary through
high school, and all of our communities, regardless of income and social class. The fact is,
truancy is an insidious problem for schools and communities because it stems from a such a
broad range of risk factors and leads to an equally varied set of negative -- and even dangerous
-- consequences."Truancy is not the problem -- it's an indicator of other problems. When
students aren't in school, we need to understand why they stay away before we can effect
solutions."( http://www.k12coordinator.org)
While truancy is frequently defined as an absence from school that is not excused by the
parent(s)/legal guardian(s) or the school, there are other important factors to consider when
trying to identify and address truant behaviour among youth. Even excused absences can be
problematic for students and schools if they are frequent. Truancy efforts are increasingly
focusing on school attendance -- regardless of whether an absence is excused or not – since
chronic truancy and problems such as chronic health issues both result in the same outcome:
numerous days out of school. When students miss extended periods of school, no matter the
reason, they are likely to fall behind in their schoolwork, decline in their academic
performance, and lose their attachment or positive attitudes toward school. It is also important
to look at two dimensions of absenteeism: missing full days of school and missing some
classes. While these two types of truant behaviour may stem from different causes and require
different types of intervention, they are both likely to create serious problems for young
people. for some brief illustrations of these different types of truant behaviour. Young people
who routinely skip school represent a diverse group. Some have personal issues that make
regular school "Truancy may (http://www.k12coordinator.org)
There are some reasons a student misses school will for different depending on the age and
circumstances of each student. Sometimes a student will skip school because they feel unsafe
at school or on their way to or from school. Other students may miss school because of family
issues, financial demands, substance abuse, or mental health problems. Factors contributing to
truancy commonly stem from three core areas: school, family and community. Innate student
characteristics and their experiences within all these areas will have a heavy impact on truancy
rates (www. World-education.com)
Bad Influences: One of the common causes of truancy and disruptive behavior in children is
the influence of friends and peers. Many times these peers are seen encouraging truancy as a
status-seeking activity or as a way of joining in or blending in. The child's natural instinct to
want to be a part of a larger crowd or group dynamic will take over, even if they are taught
better habits. Often times this same dynamic is prevalent in the face of any resistance the child
may put forth, prompting teasing or goading the child into truanting (www.edu.org)
School factors: What is classed as truancy can depend largely on the school's attitude to the
'truant' or their problems. Relationships with teachers, seen as lacking respect/fairness, play a
large factor in truancy rates among children. Often times this inability to get along with
teachers and/or students will result in disciplinary problems which may lead to suspension, or
exlusion. Of course, being away from the school either voluntarily or at the school's demand
can have an adverse affect on the student's academic performance, resulting in not being able
to keep up with school work, getting poor grades, or even failing. A school may also be remiss
in not notifying parents/guardians of absences. This feeds into the larger school category as a
whole, encompassing not only relationships with teachers and issues of fair treatment but also
the content and delivery of the curriculum, seen as lacking in relevance and stimulus. At this
point the factors coming together are often times consolidated into the “standard” excuse from
children regarding school and truancy, namely that they don't like school in general or that they
don't like the particular school they are attending. Compounding the problem is the ease with
which some pupils slip away unnoticed and how their school systems do not have in place a
method to determine them. For example inconsistent and ineffective school attendance
policies, in conjunction with poor record keeping, may cause a school to inadequately identify
a child's special education needs. Some schools are not safe so children can not attend school
regularly because they are not comfortable with the school, example may schools have no good
toilets which can support the population of all students, so many students leave the school
environment before school hours because they are not comfortable
(www.truancyprevention.org)
Bullying: Closely related to the issue of a child's relationship with school.bullying. Bullying is
a prime component in the making of an unsafe school environment; if a child does not feel safe
at school, or on the way to/from school, they are much more likely to become truant. Bullying
occurs for many reasons and it goes beyond the one isolated instance of harassment either
because of teachers’ inability to control, or problems arising from the child’s own personality
or learning abilities. A parent might say they are keeping their child off school because they are
being bullied. The school might call it truancy. (www.truancyprevention.org)
Personal Matters :Individual (personal) factors related to child truancy include: lack of self-
esteem/social skills/confidence; poor peer relations; lack of academic ability; special needs;
and lack of concentration/self-management skills. Professionals have identified that many
chronically truant children had a job, had a family to support, or had trouble managing both
school and work, thus forcing them to make a choice between personal life and school. For
sure when a child gets married, gets pregnant and/or becomes a parent the risk of truancy
increases. Often times the risky behaviours are further investigated if the child develops or has
already developed an alcohol or drug problem.(www.edu.com)
Family factors :Family factors that contribute to truancy in students are innately personal in
nature. Parentally condoned absence is especially influential, as it reinforces the lack of
consequences for irresponsible/unwanted behaviour on the part of the child. Parental attitudes
to education are crucial to schools success in keeping children in school; often times a parent's
condemnation of truancy is considered as the parent's not valuing education. It is worth noting
that many parents indiscriminately sanction an absence by sending a note or making a call.
Schools should be able to enlist the support of parents when it comes to tackling truancy. When
a parent doesn't value education, wants their child to help them out at home or believes their
child has good reasons for staying away, the task is altogether more challenging. Many
educators point to the prevalence of so-called 'tourist truants': like children who stay two weeks
in the tourists area missing vital parts of their school curriculum. These kinds of trips give as
negative message to a child as a note for a fortnight off school. Many schools will only
exceptionally agree to a child missing more than 10 school days for a family holiday or other
reason during one year. Some schools may refuse to authorize any absence for holidays
(www.edu.com).
Many students are missing proper parental supervision/guidance hence whenever they stay at
home, or staying, without going to school there is no one care about the situation because there
is no good clear guidance at home. No one to build the school morale, and academic potential
of the children. The study shows that if there is domestic violence the truancy will be very high
on part of children in a family.(www.truancyprevention.org)
School phobia/school refusal:At various times, some children may become anxious about
attending school. Often this is a passing phase, but in a very few cases, it can develop into a
more persistent problem, sometimes known as school phobia or school refusal. In some
instances, a child may want to go to school, but because of his/her anxiety, is unable to do so.
This anxiety may manifest itself in many ways such as stomach aches or headaches, feeling or
being sick, panic attacks or sleeping difficulties (www.edu.com)
Economic factors: Some students are employed in order to get income which help them to
overcome life difficulties. The students who are employed are not attending school and are
highly refuse to go to school because those school hours they are the best working hours for
them. Some students are working part time jobs in order to collect school fees which they can
not get from their families so they tend to leave school before recommended hours. Those
students with single parent house hold they find very difficult moment in attending school
because they do not get their fully basic needs and they are truant from schho because they are
not satisfied with the situation at home. Most of these children they drop up from schooling if
there is no enough advice and support to them.(www.edu.com). Parents with multiple jobs
have no enough chance to moniter their children attendance to school and their children are
high truants during class hours /in such a family there is poor guidance and supervision of the
children in a school (www.worldeducation.com).
Farrant (1980), explains drop out in education as pupils who despite having the ability to
complete an educational course, fail to do so. “The problem is most common in rural areas,
where children commonly form a recognized part of the family’s labor force. Unless parents
see the value of schooling, they tend to give their children works in the home or on the farm
that prevents them attending school .Dropouts may also occur because parents are unable to
pay the fees charged by schools. In town, dropouts are more commonly caused by the factors
that lead to chronic truancy such as academic failure, bulling or such as fear of certain
teachers.” Farrant(1980 pg 287.According to him he describes this problem to be mostly
commonly in rural areas where many parents disvalue schooling and tends to give their
children work at home or at the farm that leads them not attending school always hence
dropping out.
“Students who are poor, minority or attending school in cities are for more likely to dropout of
school. Also children are more likely to dropout if they are members of large families and if their
parents are poorly educated or working in low- paying jobs, factors related to poverty. Students
from low- income, low-skills, low education family backgrounds are several times more likely to
be truant and drop out of school than students from wealthy families.
Accordingly, this literature review above, it sets up a foundation for this study to see if there is
factors which contributing to truancy in secondary schools in Arumeru district in Arusha
region.
2.2 Gap in the Literature
The review of previous studies shows that, there was social,economic and political factors
contributing to truancy in schools and even ways to reduce truancy in schools, many of these
studies were conducted mostly in america and other european countries which leaves a gap of
knowledge about Tanzania.Tanzania today is suffering from problems of lack of teaching
resources,lack of enough teachers,also many places of Tanzania suffer from femine and many
others problems.This it might be a recent study in this area which will help to fill this gap on
part of Tanzania.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
Various methods and approach was emloyed in this study in order to collect the relevant data
which can give a solution to the problem.It covers the research design, areas of the study,the
sample of the study population and the sampling techniques.it includes a description of the data
gathering instruments and the data analysis plan.
3.1 Research Design
The study was conducted by using the qualitative approach. A observation study design was
employed.This is becouse the nature of the study was to generate knowledge from a critical
investigation of social,economic factors contributing to truancy in a schools.Such approach
required a natural setting for clear observation and analysis of all possible factors as well as
assesment of collective outcomes.Also the study used some elements of quantitative analysis,
example when want to know how many students attend school regurally within a week ,then
the number were provided.The study was relied mostly on observation in the attendence
list.Also some information were obtained from structured questionnaires for targeted group
such as head of schools teachers and some students.Some more information from observation
3.2 Population
The target population which were used to get information were students,Head of schools and
teachers of arumeru district in arusha region. It was not possible to deal with the whole
population in the district therefore the sample of three schools were used to get
information.The sakila secondary school,kikatiti secondary school and Nasholi secondary
school.The two schools Kikatiti and Nasholi are located in the populated area(urbun like) while
sakila is located in rural area in arumeru district.
3.3 Sample and sampling procedures.
By using sampling techniques sample can be selected from a population and the selected
sample therefore represent the whole population (Cohen etal 2000).
In this study the selection of participants will be done through random sampling
techniques.The participants for the questionnaires will be selected by purposive
sampling,which include head of schools and some teachers. This sampling techniques will
enable the researcher to select the people who meet the requirements for the research.
The study was conducted in three secondary schools,sakila Secondary School kikatiti
secondary school and nasholi secondary school. Two are government schools and one private
school; co- education and day schools while kikatiti is bording and day school found in
arumeru district arusha region. These schools were selected randomly. The sample size used
was 69 people,60 students 6 normal teachers and 3 head of schools. from each school
mentioned above. The sample was obtained through simple random where by pieces of paper
written no and yes were put in small box and students were allowed to pick any paper, if it was
written yes, she was the respondent, if written no,they were not respondent. The purposive
sampling were employed to select respondents who are the head of schools and same of
teachers who were provided with the structured questions in order to provide the information
which can not be found in part of the students.
3.4 Research instruments
The study used two data gathering methods to collect information.These include ,observation
and questionnaires.The use of many methods of data collection help to collect the informations
with high validity.The information obtained will give strong facts than the information from
just one source which can be bias during researcher investigation(Cohen etal 2000)
3.4.1 Observation
Observation is a method which is used in all qualitative research in order to discover the
complex interactions in natural social settings (Marshall and Rossman, 1995). It enables a
researcher to have an opportunity to look at what is taking place in the situation radher than
second information (Patton,1990).In this study the observation of the schools enviroment
helped to reveal some of the possible factors that contributing to truancy.The observation were
considering the school infrustructure,social interaction of teachers and the students and even
the interaction of students them selves.further observation was made in the teaching situation
in the class room.attendence of teachers in the classroom by considering the class journals
list.All these helped to collect informations related to the factors which contributing to truancy
such as social-economic related factors.The researcher observed the attendence register
books in order to know to what extent do the students truant.
3.4.2 Questionnaires
Questions were administered/given to the head of school,teachers,and some students.The
questionnaires were seeking information of why most students are always truant at school.The
respondents were given questions which they were have to fill by them selves at their
enviromental setting in order to tell what real couse truancy at their school.The open questions
are probing questions which were trying to focus on the possible causes of truancy in
schools.the question were given and the respondents were supposed to read and tick yes if the
factor is true or and not if the factor is not true.
3.5 Data collection procedures
The questionnaires were administered on the school premises after class hours and other
times that the school administration thought will not affect the normal school programs. To
ensure maximum reliability and validity of the study the questions were clearly stated, variety
of wording of the sentences were employed and respondents were allowed to tick the response
which they fill that its appropriate yes or no for the factors provided.Respondents were also
assured that their responses would be confidential. Letter containing information about
research purpose and a copy of questionnaire were handled to all heads of schools I visited and
conducted the research,but also for the benefit of all respondents of my research questions i
attached a small copy of information which have the significance and the objective of the
study.The regular observation was made by the permission of the head of the school for a
researcher to get in the class and observe and record the information which are relevant while
the teacher is teaching.the information which were recorded were about teaching
situation,methods of teaching,teachers personality,percent of students missing and the lesson
interaction and also to know if there if some known reason for those students who are missing
the particular lesson.Further information were obtained from the class attendence register for
the each class and trying to see to what extent students are truant.
3.6. Data analysis procedure
Data analysis is a process that implies editing,coding,classification and tabulation of collected
data(Kothari,1990). Since the study is qualitative in nature,content analysis will be used where
by data need to be generalized that means the data from questionaire and observation will be
tabulated and computed in to graphs to show the variations of findings.Also some explanation
will be given for more analysis of the obtained findings.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents, interprets, explains, analyses and discusses the research findings obtained
from the research instruments used in the factors that contributing to truancy in secondary schools,
which results to dropping out of the secondary school students and couse most of them to engage in
criminal activities,poor perfomance,and lack of school morale. Schools in which I conducted this
research were Sakila secondary school,Nasholi secondary school and Kikatiti secondary school.
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSION OF
THE FINDINGS:
Data analysis is a process that implies editing,coding,classification and tabulation of collected
data (Kothari,1990). The responses obtained from questionnaires and observation were analyzed
qualitatively and qualitatively. Hence interpreted considerably. After collecting data, I have editing
them, coding, classifying them and put them in tables, then the collected data were summarized in
graphs to show the variation.
In my questionnaires, statements and questions were prepared. 60students, 3 head of schools
and 6 teachers filled the questionnaires with respect to the type of question given and to whom
is responsible to respond to it. They were required to fill in the blank space provided, to tick
yes or no according to the real situation they all know. The table bellow shows the questions
and the respective responses.
TABLE 1: QUESTIONNARE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE FOR THE
QUESTIONAIRES ADRESSED TO THE STUDENTS
Questions asked to the students if the couses of truancy may be the following factors
Students responses in threeschoolsSAKILA KIKATITI NASHOLIAgreeBy %
DisagreeBy %
AgreeBy %
DisagreeBy %
AgreeBy %
DisagreeBy %
1 Defficiency of teachers 80 20 80 20 75 25
2defficiency of learning materials 90 10 50 5010 85 15
3 Lack of mid-day meal 0 100 80 20 100 0
4Lack of teacher's support in learning process 75 25 95 5 90 10
5 Lack of school fees 90 10 100 0 100 0
6Poor school infrustructures such as toilets 85 15 60 40 95 5
7 Lack of interest on school 90 10 60 40 100 0
8Family problems such as poor support at home 95 5 90 10 100 0
9Family lack interest on school progress 50 50 65 7 95 5
10poor economic status of the family 100 0 100 0 100 0
11 Heavy punishment at school 100 0 100 0 100 0
12
To be included in teachers aeconomic activities such as shamba 20 80 100 0 100 0
13Teaching and learning process 50 10 65 35 60 40
The table .1 above shows the number of 60 students who were provided with the research
questions and their responses to each question.Number of those agreed is YES and number
of those Disagreed is those responded NO about the factors contributing to truancy in their
schools.
TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF RESPONSES IN THREE SCHOOLS
SAKILA
Agree 71.15%
Disagree 28.85%
KIKATITI
Agree 74.23%
Disagree 25.77%
NASHOLI
Agree 89.23%
Disagree 10.77%
Average %=71.15+74.23+89.23
= 234.613=78.20%
From table. 2 above this means that the average of 78.20% of all students faced /respondents
replied that the presented factors as table .1 shows are contributing to truancy in their
secondary schools setting and 21.80 responded that its not true that those factors presented in
table one are contributing to truancy in their schools.
YES NO YES NO YES NOSAKILA KIKATITI NASHOLI
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
RESPONSE OF STUDENTS BY %
Series1
Fig.1
The figure 1.above shows the responses of the students who agreed and those who disagreed to the
factors contributing to truancy.fig.1 is also more elaboration of table.2 above.where by the percent
of respondents who responded YES is high at Nasholi secondary,followed by kikatiti secondary
finally sakila secondary school.
TABLE 3: QUESTIONNARE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE FOR THE
QUESTIONAIRES ADRESSED TO HEAD OF SCHOOLS
Questions asked to the head of schools if the couses of truancy may be the following factors Head of schools responses in threeschools SAKILA KIKATITI NASHOLI Agree Dsagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
1Defficiency of teachers 1 0 1 0 1 0
2defficiency of learning materials 1 0 1 0 1 0
3Lack of mid-day meal 1 0 1 0 1 0
4Poor personality of the students 1 0 1 0 1 0
5Lack of school fees 1 0 1 0 1 0
6
Poor school infrustructures such as toilets 1 0 1 0 1 0
8
Family problems such as poor support at home 1 0 1 0 1 0
9
Family lack interest on school progress 1 0 1 0 1 0
10poor economic status of the 1 0 1 0 1 0
family
11 Poor salaries 1 0 1 0 1 0
13Teaching and learning process 1 0 1 0 1 0
From the table.3 above all head of schools by 100% responded that its true those social-
economic factors are contributing to truancy to students in their secondary schools.No head of
school responded negative it means that this is true for other schools too in the arumeru district.
TABLE 4: QUESTIONNARE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE FOR THE
QUESTIONAIRES ADRESSED TO TEACHERS
From
the
table.4
above
all
social
Questions asked to teachers if the couses of truancy may be the following factors
Teachers responses in threeschoolsSAKILA KIKATITI NASHOLI
Agree Disagree agree Disagree Agree Disagree
1Defficiency of teachers 2 0 2 0 2 0
2defficiency of learning materials 2 0 2 0 2 0
3Lack of mid-day meal 0 2 2 0 2 0
4Poor personality of the students 2 0 2 0 2 0
5 Lack of school fees 2 0 2 0 2 0
6
Poor school infrustructures such as toilets 2 0 2 0 2 0
7
Poor administration of the head of school 2 0 2 0 2 0
8
Family problems such as poor support at home 2 0 2 0 2 0
9
Family lack interest on school progress 2 0 2 0 2 0
10poor economic status of the family 2 0 2 0 2 0
11 Poor salaries 2 0 2 0 2 0
13Teaching and learning process 2 0 2 0 2 0
economic factors are contributing to truancy except the mid- day meal at sakila secondary
school.It seem that many students are truant becouse of lack of mid-day meal but at this school
its becouse they are providing the quality meal hence the rate of truancy can be contributed by
the rest social economic factors.
TABLE 5: THE AVERAGE TRUANCY IN A MONTH FOR THREE
SCHOOLS
THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHO ARE ALWAYS TRUANT AT THE PERIOD OF MORE THAN ONE MONTH ACCORDING TO THE HEAD OF SCHOOLS
FORM ONE
FORM TWO
FORM THREE
FORM FOUR
SAKILA 10 12 8 7NASHOLI 18 13 10 8KIKATITI 7 9 14 12
Table.5 above is the information obtained from the head of schools at sakila,nasholi and
kikatiti secondary schools and the reasons obtained for why most students are not coming to
school in such a long period of time/which we term it as truancy was the following reasons.
LACK OF MID DAY MEAL
Failing to pay the school fees and other contributions because of poor economic
situation of the families.Its true becouse according to (Farrant,1980) “Students who are poor,
minority or attending school in cities are for more likely to dropout of school. Also children are
more likely to dropout if they are members of large families and if their parents are poorly educated
or working in low- paying jobs, factors related to poverty. Students from low- income, low-skills,
low education family backgrounds are several times more likely to be truant and drop out of school
than students from wealthy families becouse of poor economic status.
PREGNANCIES FOR GIRLS
The most of girls are geting pregnancies (www.edu.org) Most of the children/students are
influenced by bad groups eg.peer groups which influence them in one way or another which
lead them to bad behaviours which influece them not to like school and engage in bad sexual
habits which couse teenage pregnancies and droping out from studies.
BULLYING IN SCHOOLS
Bullying in schools where most of them they find that school is not safe place this is
true According to (www.truancyprevention.org). Bullying: Closely related to the issue of a
child's relationship with school.bullying. Bullying is a prime component in the making of an
unsafe school environment; if a child does not feel safe at school, or on the way to/from school,
they are much more likely to become truant. Bullying occurs for many reasons and it goes
beyond the one isolated for instance of harassment either because of teachers’ inability to
control, or problems arising from the child’s own personality or learning abilities. A parent
might say they are keeping their child off school because they are being bullied.
POOR SCHOOL INFRUSTRACTURES
The poor school infrustructure such as enough clasrooms to enough all students.and
according to my observation its true becouse in those schools i visited i found out that these
schools have no good toilets,attractive classrooms,and the classrooms which are availabe are
not enough and this is the factor influencing the truancy (This is new accordind to Tanzania
schools context)
LACK OF ENOUGH TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
Teaching resourses such as books and human resources eg.teachers. Students with the highest
truancy rates have the lowest academic achevement rates becouse of lack of teachers, and
because truants are the youth most likely to drop out of school, (Dynarskion certain days and
Heaviside et al., 1998). The study shows that some students in Tanzania are truant becouse of
poor relation with their teachers and teachig styles in schools. (www.mkombozi.org/mkombozi
centre for street children)Others are moving home and get employed some where in town
becouse of poorlivingcondition at home.
PUNISHMENT AT SCHOOL
Heavy punishment from some teachers is the source of most of the students to be
truants.according to (www.edu.com) At various times, some children may become anxious
about attending school. Often this is a passing phase, but in a very few cases, it can develop
into a more persistent problem, sometimes known as school phobia or refusal. In some
instances, a child may want to go to school, but is affraid of the punishments which are
provided in school.
POOR SOCIAL RELATION WITH TEACHERS
Poor comunication between teachers and parents in the whole process of handling students
attendency in schools. What is classed as truancy can depend largely on the school's attitude to
the 'truant' or their problems. Relationships with teachers, seen as lacking respect/fairness, play
a large factor in truancy rates among children (www.truancyprevention.org). Some students
are not coming to school and when coming they have a fear becouse of the poor relationship
with their teachers.Other students are not coming to school becouse of poor studing situation at
school they are going to find teachers at the tuition centers in order to get remedial classes to
cover the material content of the syllabus.Others are failing their examinations and discontinue
from studing.Some students are ophans hence they need to stay at home for most of time to
make sure that they work for other economic activities in order to get their basic needs and
then come to school.The misbehaviour of most of the students are the source of most of them
to be chased away from studies and we term them as truant (www.edu.com)
CHILDREN LABOUR AND HEAVY COST OF EDUCATION
TABLE 6: NUMBER OF STUDENTS WHOSE DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL DUE TO
COSTS BETWEEN 2005-2008 AS REPORTED BY HEAD MASTERS.
From Table 6.above findings shows that most of students are truant becouse of lack of fund to
support them.It observed that most of the children are not attending school and once they
attend without money they are returned home to collect money for the school fees and other
SCHOOL 2005 2006 2007 2008 TOTAL
SAKILA - - 2 2 4
NASHOLI 3 1 2 - 6
KIKATITI 1 2 1 - 4
school contributions.Due to this the rate of truancy is being high and high in secondary schools
which lead to students drop out from studies.According to (www.edu.com). Some students are
employed in order to get income which help them to overcome life difficulties. The students
who are employed are not attending school and are highly refuse to go to school because those
school hours they are the best working hours for them. Some students are working part time
jobs in order to collect school fees which they can not get from their families so they tend to
leave school before recommended hours. Those students with single parent house hold they
find very difficult moment in attending school because they do not get their fully basic needs
and they are truant from school because they are not satisfied with the situation at home. Most
of these children they drop out from schooling if there is no enough advice and support to
them.(www.edu.com).
FORM ONE FORM TWO FORM THREE FORM FOUR0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
GRAPH TO SHOW STUDENTS DROP OUT DUE TO TRUANCY
SAKILANASHOLIKIKATITI
CLASSES
FREQ
UEN
CY O
F DR
OP
OUT
Fig. 2
From Fig.2 the findings shows that most of the families fail to send their children to school
because they earn little fund to fulfill their basic needs only. It has been shown that most of the
students their parents are farmers, few of them are able to send their daughters and sons to
secondary school education. Data show that 90%of the dropped out students parents employed
them selves where due to low technology they are not able to produce quality goods which lead
to low income hence fail to get requirements such as education facilities to their children.
PERCENTAGE OF BOYS=9/24×100=38%
PERCENTAGE OF GIRLS=15/24×100=62%
STUDENTS DROP OUT GENDERWISE 2009-2010 38%Boys 62%girls
BOYS DROPEDGIRLS DROPED
Fig. 3
Fig.3 Elaborate dropped out students gender wise due to truancy.Droped out student who were
seriously crying when she explains to me why she dropped out of school. “My father refuse to
pay school fees for me but he drink alcohol too much” reported by one dropped out student and
the school is recording her as a truant!
The research shows that 85% of dropped out student are ready to join school if they will get
sponsorship. As reported by some dropped out students where they explain their expectations
that if they will be educated they expect to become teachers, doctors where they will help their
parents and their young sisters and brothers.
Truancy in education is a real problem to students that results to dropping out of
secondary school students and engage in other bad behaviours such as alcoholism,drugs abuse
and criminal activities. From the data obtained in my research it shows that there are many
reasons why there is a high rate of truancy like this which lead to the students dropped out of
school. Costs in education, teenage pregnancy, poor grades, low motivation, low education
expectation by the students and parents,high punishments provided by teachers,poor
administration are the factors that cause the truancy of secondary school students and lead
them not to complete their studies.
However some students seems to have a morally of getting education but some
parents seems to prioritize leisure thing like drinking alcohol dressing nicely rather than putting
more emphasis on the education of their children.Parents are seem to show poor motivation
toward children education and hence they fail to help them to attend school regularly.They give
education low priority, their children tends to miss school for some day even month due to luck
of school fees.
CHAPTER FIVE
. SUMMARY,RECOMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
This charter presents the summary findings and recommendations originating from the study made .
The suggestion which received, and the opinions from head schools will help to complete and give the
solutions to the problem under study. Also the given suggestions if well implemented by all people and
the government at large will lead to consequently improvement in the process of implementing
education to all children which will lead to reduce poverty, inequality and unemployment and help to
aleviate the problem of truancy in secondary schools which will then improve the education of the
children at secondary schools in order for them to have the better future life .The observation of the
researcher will help to give the solution to the problem of factors contributing to truancy and the
recomended suggestions on how to handle the situation in schools and improve the education of the
children so that the nation can have people who are helpful for the development of the nation
becouse through education is where all proffessionals are coming from.the nation will be abe to get
people who will be able to cope with this error of science and technology in the
5.1. SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of truancy among secondary schools
students in Arumeru district. The study was guided by one hypotheses which were used to
determine the truancy profile of the students as well as to determine what are the
determinants/factors contributing to that level of truancy. A total of 60 students,6 teachers and
3 head of schools were faced from three secondary schools in Arumeru district made the
sample of this study. Observation design was employed as it was considered to be appropriate
in making generalization of the findings. Analysis was done by the help of microsoft excel
version of 2007 for windows.According to the way data were analysed and interpreted Those
social economic factors are contributing to high truancy level.
5.2 SUMMARY OF THE STUDY FINDINGS:
The study results shows that there is a big problem in our secondary schools.Problem of
truancy in is coused by several social economic factors such as:-
-Lack of school fees due to the poor economic status of the family
-Bullying at school where students create critical social phobia toward school and
hence truancy.
-Heavy punishment at school and poor teaching and learning methods employed by
teachers
-Pregnancies for many girls are also very sad situation
-Lack of teaching and learning materials if there is some just few and not enough
-Poor social interaction of teachers and students
-Poor school infrustracture which act as a barrier towards succes.
-Children employement where most of the students create a negative attitude toward
school
- Lack of mid-day meal where most of the students leave the school before time
- Most of the students are included in teachers economic activities such as shamba and
this lowers the school morale and lead to truancy.
5.3 RECOMENDATIONS
The researcher, I recommend the following to be enacted in order to enable all student join
secondary school to complete their studies without playing with truancy in schools and ending
with drop out from studies.
The reseacher advise all students at school to like learning and study hard. This will lead their
parents to be motivated to pay school fees and other costs in education for them even by
finding loans for paying school fees for them and they will encourage their parents to see the
importance of education in their life if they will see them succeeding becouse school fees seem
to be the big problem to most students in schools. Parents are
advised to prioritize education for their children first which will lead their children to good life
as they will get high chance of being employed by government and also in private sector,
through which they may also help them later in their life becouse it seem to be the factor
contributing to truancy if the parents are not aware and priority of the children education they
may not take any action to the children who are truant/who are not going to school.
Government is advised to engage in solving the problem of truancy and dropping out of
secondary school students by increase budget in education sector because the education system
of Tanzania is under funded. This will help to reduce unnecessary costs which raise the school
fees that result in high costs of education in Tanzania. It should ensure that knowledge on the
importance of secondary education to children in the society should be given more
consideration in order to eliminate the problems like negative attitudes, beliefs and values
towards education especially to girls. Also help to look for proper solutions for example to
provide education seminars to the community. The ministry of education and vocational
training and other bodies or institutions which are dealing with education should provide
incentives for many children to enter secondary education example by giving them
sponsorships, financial assistance to those children with financial problems. Also by raising the
salaries of the teachers will help to motivate teachers,since they are motivated they can
participate in effective teaching,and deal effective with students who are truant and support to
rise the education of the children in secondary schools.
The teachers are advised to use the appropriate teaching methods in order to foster learning in
schools.this will encourage students and rise interest in part of learninga and help to reduce the
problem of truancy in schools becouse more students will focus more in studying rather than
truanting from school since it seem to be a problem becouse most of the students are truant and
not interested of the lessons becouse of poor teaching methods. Head of schools are advised to
have good administration systems which will favour teachers and students to collaborate well
and help to rise the interest of the students in studying and help to reduce truancy in schools
becouse it seem that most of students are truant becouse of poor relationship with their
teachers.misunderstanding of techers and students is the factor contributing to truancy since
some students are not feeling safe to stay at school while they see a certain teacher. Students
are advised to stick in studing very buzzy and not to engage in bad behaviours and other
unnecessary things which will interapt their learning and truancy at large.they should respect
their teachers and respect themselves in order to build positive classroom climate which is
conducive for learning. Also there is a need for government, on government organizations and
other institutions to work hand to hand to sensitize and provide moral and material support to
education. By doing so, this will help to alleviate poverty and ignorance hence promotes social,
political and economic development of the whole nation.
These problems need to be tackled by the government not only through economics demand
incentives but also through a serious commitment to improve the quality and relevance of the
education available to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. In order for these targeted
education programs to be effective they have to be aimed at preventing school failure earlier
starting in primary and pre-primary education. Also school environment is not child friendly as
most schools have shortage of classrooms, furniture inadequate latrines clean water and hostile
relationship between teachers and student. This leads to an increase of charges from students to
fulfill that missing items the process that cause an increase of costs in education to some school
hence dropped out of students who fail to pay for such additional costs which is a part from the
normal school fees.
Not only that but I also advise NGOs which have an ability to help poor students who dropped
out to join school so as to get education as other students as through my experience there are
some NGOs such as KIWAKUKI which help orphans children to get education so I would like
to encourage other NGOs to help poor children who need to be educated but they fail to get it
due to luck of fund to help them to get such education.
The more advise are adressed to the board which are dealing with the constructions of the
schools,to build the favourable infructure which support the number of the students at
schools.It seem that most students are truant becouse there insufficient infrutractures to support
the population.things like toilets in most schools are not good for the health of the students.The
more these improved the extent of truancy will be decreased and many students will stay at
school.
Suggestions on how parents can alleviate poverty.
From the sample, 99% of the head masters propose that to avoid poverty the society in general
should be engaged in productive work and engage in business rather than just depend on
agriculture only as a source of income. They said that, other business would help them to pay
school fees for their children. Also they suggest that legal action should be taken for the
parents who violates the children rights of getting education. Legal actions to be taken to
parents was also suggested by 75% of the students at school which I have visited as to be
appropriate solution to this problem for their fellow whose parents refuse to pay school fees for
their children while they have money for doing so.
From my sample, 75% of the dropped out students said that they need to go to school to
continue with secondary education due to the following reasons:-“I could get good job after
complete secondary education I will help my parents and my young brother and sisters.
5.4. CONCLUSSION
I would like to advice parents to give education high priority so as to ensure their children to be
educated, as education solve many problem within the family and the government at large.
Since Tanzania is one of the poorest country its people needs to be educated so as to be able to
utilize resources available within the country effectively instead of invite the outsiders to invest
in our country .Its the role of all parents,departiment of police,villege leaders,ward leaders and
district leaders to make sure that they collaborate in solving the problem of truancy by
considering the recomended aspects of the researcher.This will be possible if every one in
Tanzania agree that education is the key for life. As through education in our country will get
enough experts in different sectors such as agricultural, business, administration and other
sectors.
Therefore it can be generally concluded that parents and government should promote equal
treatment in all needs of children and ensure the access of education to all children by
considering those social economic factors cousing truancy in schools and handle the situation
with care.every body is concern in this from teachers,school setting,goverment,parents and
students themselves.The attention should be payed to the existing problem of truancy and
handle the situation in order to provide best education to the children who are going to serve
the nation in the future.The researcher expained this situation in a real african life and
especially Tanzania.The literatures explained more about the problem but more of them was
not explaining the situation how it might be serious like here in Tanzania.Thanks you may God
bless Africa,God bless Tanzania.
5.5.CRITICAL REVIEW.
What went well. The preparation of the proposal was going well. This is because the supervisor
was full available for directing me on what to do in preparing my proposal data presentation
analysis and interpretation.
What did not go well. Time was not enough in data collection because as I was suppose to go to
different schools. I was also suppose to pursue other duties like attending lectures on other subjects.
and doing other assignments. Fund was also a great problem in my research that leads to decrease a
sample size. Also I have got problems in meeting with head of schools which I have intended on
time as some make an appointment to meet with but they fail to do so due to other important duties
they were suppose to do during that time.
If this research done again the following should be done in order to make it different and give more
meaningful information for generalization.
It can be done in schools which are located at town compared to rural schools.
It can be done in different regions other than Arusha.
It can be done in boarding schools and compared to day schools.
5.6 RECOMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES.
This study was done in a small area of Arumeru district where I was only succeeded to visit few
schools as a representation of the whole region.
My advice to any who wish to make study in the same field is that, to study what happening in
other region of Tanzania for more generalization for factorscouses truancy among secondary
school students? As well as finding possible solution for this problem so as to help all children of
Tanzania to get education as or policy of the state.
Also future research can be done on “if education costs cause some candidates who have been
passed standard seven and selected to join government schools fail to do so”.
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ERIC, 1999
APPENDIXRESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES
(a) Lack of teachers suppor on learning process YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(b) Lack of school fees YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(c) Poor school infrustructures such as toilets.YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(d) Lack of interest on school YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(e) Family problems such as lack of support at home. YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(f) Family lack interest on school progress YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(g) Poor economic status of the family where by a students is participating on economic
activities such as Employment. YES [ ], NO[ ]
(h) Heavy punishment at the school YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(i) To be included in teachers economic activities such as shamba YES [ ], NO [ ]
(j) Methods used Lack of teachers. YES [ ], NO [ ]
(k) Lack of enough learning materials YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(l) Lack of mid-day meal YES [ ] , NO [ ]
(m)by teachers in adressing lessons YES [ ], NO [ ]