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Feeding and Managing Cows on High Grain Diets
Steve PaisleyUW Extension Beef Specialist
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Historical Example of Limit-Feeding Winter Rations
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Limit-Feed? Feed Hay?
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CURSE
Cull the herd rigorouslyUse alternative feedsRe-sort, analyze, and Ration haySubstituting grain for our foragesEarly weaning
Gerry Kuhl, KSU
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Energy Value of Corn vs Hay
Dry, shelled corn:2.60 / bu = $.046 / lb = $93/ton As-fed
86% DM, 1.02 Mcals/lb$.046 ÷ .86 = $.054 / lb DM$.054 ÷ 1.02 Mcal/lb = $.053 / Mcal NEm
Average Hay typically = .55 Mcal / lb, so:an equivalent hay price would have to be:
$.053 X .55 = $.029 / lb DM$.029 X .88 = $.0256 / lb As-fed
= $51 / ton
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Relative price/ton for native hay
Corn, Purchase price for Soybean Meal, $/ton
$/bu $140 $160 $180 $200 $220 $240 $260 $280 $300
$1.40 40.32
42.62 44.93 47.24 49.54 51.85 54.15 56.46 58.77
$1.60 43.77
46.08 48.38 50.69 52.99 55.30 57.61 59.91 62.22
$1.80 47.22
49.53 51.84 54.14 56.45 58.75 61.06 63.37 65.67
$2.00 50.68
52.98 55.29 57.60 59.90 62.21 64.51 66.82 69.13
$2.20 54.13
56.44 58.74 61.05 63.36 65.66 67.97 70.27 72.58
$2.40 57.58
59.89 62.20 64.50 66.81 69.11 71.42 73.73 76.03
$2.60 61.04
63.34 65.65 67.96 70.26 72.57 74.87 77.18 79.49
$2.80 64.49
66.80 69.10 71.41 73.72 76.02 78.33 80.63 82.94
$3.00 67.95
70.25 72.56 74.86 77.17 79.48 81.78 84.09 86.39
Formula used: 1 lb of 12% native hay = .4835 lb corn + .1153 lb SBM
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Dried Corn Gluten Feed, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.94 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 102.23 109.97 117.71 125.45 133.19 140.931.80$ 106.30 114.04 121.78 129.52 137.26 145.002.00$ 110.37 118.11 125.85 133.59 141.33 149.072.20$ 114.45 122.19 129.93 137.67 145.41 153.152.40$ 118.52 126.26 134.00 141.74 149.48 157.222.60$ 122.59 130.33 138.07 145.81 153.55 161.292.80$ 126.66 134.40 142.14 149.88 157.62 165.363.00$ 130.73 138.47 146.21 153.95 161.69 169.43
Formula used: 1 lb of CGF = .57 lb corn + .387 lb SBM
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Distillers Dried Grains + Solubles, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.99 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 103.43 110.93 118.43 125.93 133.43 140.931.80$ 107.92 115.42 122.92 130.42 137.92 145.422.00$ 112.41 119.91 127.41 134.91 142.41 149.912.20$ 116.90 124.40 131.90 139.40 146.90 154.402.40$ 121.39 128.89 136.39 143.89 151.39 158.892.60$ 125.88 133.38 140.88 148.38 155.88 163.382.80$ 130.37 137.87 145.37 152.87 160.37 167.873.00$ 134.86 142.36 149.86 157.36 164.86 172.36
Formula used: 1 lb of DDGS = .629 lb corn + . 375 lb SBM
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Wheat Midds, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.85 Mcal/lb) and CP (18.4%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 79.15 84.08 89.01 93.94 98.87 103.801.80$ 83.50 88.43 93.36 98.29 103.22 108.152.00$ 87.84 92.77 97.70 102.63 107.56 112.502.20$ 92.19 97.12 102.05 106.98 111.91 116.842.40$ 96.54 101.47 106.40 111.33 116.26 121.192.60$ 100.88 105.81 110.74 115.67 120.61 125.542.80$ 105.23 110.16 115.09 120.02 124.95 129.883.00$ 109.58 114.51 119.44 124.37 129.30 134.23
Formula used: 1 lb of Midds = .609 lb corn + .246 lb SBM
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Beet Pulp, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.81 Mcal/lb) and CP (11%): 25% Dry Matter
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 14.25 14.70 15.16 15.62 16.08 16.531.80$ 15.51 15.97 16.43 16.88 17.34 17.802.00$ 16.78 17.24 17.69 18.15 18.61 19.072.20$ 18.04 18.50 18.96 19.42 19.87 20.332.40$ 19.31 19.77 20.23 20.68 21.14 21.602.60$ 20.58 21.03 21.49 21.95 22.41 22.862.80$ 21.84 22.30 22.76 23.22 23.67 24.133.00$ 23.11 23.57 24.02 24.48 24.94 25.40
Formula used: (DM Basis) 1 lb of beet pulp = .709 lb corn + .091 lb SBM
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Alternative Roughages:
Stalks/StoverAmmoniated strawSudan HaysLow quality forages
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Limit-Fed Wintering Ration Studies:
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Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 1
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 10.4 Hay (10% CP), lb 32.2 2.6 Supplement*, lb 2.6 Total 32.2 15.6
Feed Cost, $/day 1.50 .77 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 29 Weight change, lb -31 4.4 Calf Birth Wt, lb 94.6a 103.8b Calf Weaning Wt, lb 631a 674b Conception rate, % 95.1 90
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu Supp $150/ton* 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed)** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
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Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 2
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 10.8 Hay (9.5% CP), lb 29.1 1.8 Supplement*, lb 2.6 Total 29.1 15.2
Feed cost, $/day 1.36 .75 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 29 Weight change, lb -51.7a -117b Calf Birth Wt, lb 95.9 99.4 Calf Weaning Wt, lb 585 590 Conception rate, % 85.4 93.1
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton* 36% Supp. with 3.6% Ca, 1% Phos (As-fed) 60 g/lb Monensin** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
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Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 3
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 12.6 Hay (9% CP), lb 29.5 2.2 Supplement*, lb 2.2 Total 29.5 17.0
Feed Cost, $/day 1.37 .81 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 30 Weight change, lb -136.6a -48.5b Calf Birth Wt, lb 97.2a 105.4b Calf Weaning Wt, lb 628 642 Conception rate, % 73.2c 90.0d
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) ; cdMeans differ (P<.08)Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton* 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed)** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
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Whole shelled corn vs rolled in limit-fed diets
Item Ad-lib hay WS Corn Rolled Corn Ration
Corn, lb 13.4 13.4 Hay (17.5% CP), lb 35.5 9.9 9.9 Total 35.5 23.4 23.4
Animal Performance No. of cows 21/24 21/24 21/24 Weight change, lb,d -.66 -1.10 -.84 Calf gain, lb/d 2.60 2.40 2.53 Calf Weaning Wt, lb 509 500 507 Conception rate, % 97.7 100 97.9
Tjardes et al.1998
Cattle were fed for 62 days (between calving and breeding)
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UW Limit-fed Wintering Diet
3.70 lbs
.9 lbsProtein Supp.
11 lbs14 lbsRolled Corn
10 lbs10 lbsMillet Hay
High FatControl
Fat Supp.
-
-
% CP
% TDN
10.28
75.36
9.39
75.15
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UW Limit-fed Cow Condition
Breeding wt, BCS avg 60 d postpartum
Mid - weight, BCS avg 19 d postpartum
1333 (5.05)1333 (5.08)
Initial wt, BCS 60 d prior to calving
High FatControl
1330 (5.49)
1274 (5.36)
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Calf Performance, UW Study
Item Control
Added Fat
SEM P-Value
Birth Wt. 91.4 92.9 1.66 0.52
Vigor a 1.13
1.21 0.06 0.30
Rectal Temp., °Fb
101.72 101.67 0.09 0.68aVigor score at calving: 1 = alert vigorous, active; 2 = alert, able to stand; 3 = lethargic, unable to stand; 4 = dead at birth.bCalf rectal temperature taken within 24 h after birth.
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UW Estrous Synchronization
60 d PostpartumEAZI-BREED CIDR
1 Shot PGF2
Day 13Day 0
InsertCIDR
Day 7
Remove CIDRPGF2 Injection
Heat Detect
and Breed
CIDR
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Response to Synchronization
62.09% 1st Service 75 d
67.32% 1st Service 30 d
93.46% Heat Detection
All Cows
(72.03%)
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Feeding and Management
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Occasionally, limiting intakemay be a good thing!!
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Rough guidelines for limit-fed rations based on corn grain Amount to be fed Stage of Production
Corn
38 to 44% Supplement
Long stemmed grass hay
Gestating .75% of BW 2 lbs/day .5% of BW Lactating, avg. milk 1.0% of BW 3 lbs/day .5% of BW Lactating, high milk 1.1% of BW 3.5 lbs/day .5% of BW
OSU Factsheet F-3028
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What to ExpectAggressive behavior at the bunkConsume ration in as little as 20 to 30 minutes Lots of “free time” to pace, crib Takes 1 to 2 weeks to “adapt” Increased roughage may help
Variation in weight gains/losses? Hay/concentrate ratio Bunk Space?
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Herd ManagementConsider sorting herd into 2 - 3 groups: Bred Yearlings Young and Thin cows Mature Cows in Good Condition Consider limit-feeding just one group
Watch cattle closely May not work for all cows Monitor condition of cows and adjust
accordingly
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Feed Management
Work up to limit-fed diet slowly Start with 3-4 lb grain plus free choice
hay Increase grain by no more than 1 lb/day When grain level is reached, begin
removing hay
Ionophores very beneficialConsistent, accurate feeding Good management essential
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Balance separately for gestation and lactationHigh Calcium (feedlot) mineralVitamin A?Whole shelled vs ground corn?
Feed Management
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Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Corn
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed
Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 6.0 10.0
Soybean Meal 1.5 3.0
Limestone .1 .2
DDGS
Beet PulpPrairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
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Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: DDGS
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed
Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 3.0 5.0
Soybean Meal
Limestone .15 .2
Dry DDGS 4.0 7.0
Beet PulpPrairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
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Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 2.0 6.0
Soybean Meal 1.0 2.5
Limestone/Dical
- / .1 .05 / .1
Dry DDGS
Beet Pulp 18.0 18.0Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CPBeet Pulp - 25% Dry Matter
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Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp + DDGS
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn
Soybean Meal
Limestone/Dical
- / .05 .1 / -
Dry DDGS 2.5 6.5
Beet Pulp (25%DM)
19.0 24.0Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CPBeet Pulp - 17% Dry Matter
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Additonal Questions
Birth weights of calves Birth weights appear to be slightly
increased, but calving difficulty is not affected
Re-breeding No reported effect on subsequent re-
breeding rates
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Final thoughts
Cattle will take at least 2 wks to adjust
Work cattle up slowly
Feed extra hay when daily feeding is late/missed
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Final thoughtsConsider limit-feeding only part of the herd Sort cattle into groups
Balance rations separately for late gestation
and lactation
Safety of ration: Long-stemmed vs ground hay ionophore processing and amount of grain
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Choose the Feeding Program That Fits Your Operation
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