feeding and managing cows on high grain diets steve paisley uw extension beef specialist
TRANSCRIPT
Feeding and Managing Cows on High Grain Diets
Steve PaisleyUW Extension Beef Specialist
Historical Example of Limit-Feeding Winter Rations
Limit-Feed? Feed Hay?
CURSE
Cull the herd rigorouslyUse alternative feedsRe-sort, analyze, and Ration haySubstituting grain for our foragesEarly weaning
Gerry Kuhl, KSU
Energy Value of Corn vs Hay
Dry, shelled corn:2.60 / bu = $.046 / lb = $93/ton As-fed
86% DM, 1.02 Mcals/lb$.046 ÷ .86 = $.054 / lb DM$.054 ÷ 1.02 Mcal/lb = $.053 / Mcal NEm
Average Hay typically = .55 Mcal / lb, so:an equivalent hay price would have to be:
$.053 X .55 = $.029 / lb DM$.029 X .88 = $.0256 / lb As-fed
= $51 / ton
Relative price/ton for native hay
Corn, Purchase price for Soybean Meal, $/ton
$/bu $140 $160 $180 $200 $220 $240 $260 $280 $300
$1.40 40.32
42.62 44.93 47.24 49.54 51.85 54.15 56.46 58.77
$1.60 43.77
46.08 48.38 50.69 52.99 55.30 57.61 59.91 62.22
$1.80 47.22
49.53 51.84 54.14 56.45 58.75 61.06 63.37 65.67
$2.00 50.68
52.98 55.29 57.60 59.90 62.21 64.51 66.82 69.13
$2.20 54.13
56.44 58.74 61.05 63.36 65.66 67.97 70.27 72.58
$2.40 57.58
59.89 62.20 64.50 66.81 69.11 71.42 73.73 76.03
$2.60 61.04
63.34 65.65 67.96 70.26 72.57 74.87 77.18 79.49
$2.80 64.49
66.80 69.10 71.41 73.72 76.02 78.33 80.63 82.94
$3.00 67.95
70.25 72.56 74.86 77.17 79.48 81.78 84.09 86.39
Formula used: 1 lb of 12% native hay = .4835 lb corn + .1153 lb SBM
Dried Corn Gluten Feed, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.94 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 102.23 109.97 117.71 125.45 133.19 140.931.80$ 106.30 114.04 121.78 129.52 137.26 145.002.00$ 110.37 118.11 125.85 133.59 141.33 149.072.20$ 114.45 122.19 129.93 137.67 145.41 153.152.40$ 118.52 126.26 134.00 141.74 149.48 157.222.60$ 122.59 130.33 138.07 145.81 153.55 161.292.80$ 126.66 134.40 142.14 149.88 157.62 165.363.00$ 130.73 138.47 146.21 153.95 161.69 169.43
Formula used: 1 lb of CGF = .57 lb corn + .387 lb SBM
Distillers Dried Grains + Solubles, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.99 Mcal/lb) and CP (25%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 103.43 110.93 118.43 125.93 133.43 140.931.80$ 107.92 115.42 122.92 130.42 137.92 145.422.00$ 112.41 119.91 127.41 134.91 142.41 149.912.20$ 116.90 124.40 131.90 139.40 146.90 154.402.40$ 121.39 128.89 136.39 143.89 151.39 158.892.60$ 125.88 133.38 140.88 148.38 155.88 163.382.80$ 130.37 137.87 145.37 152.87 160.37 167.873.00$ 134.86 142.36 149.86 157.36 164.86 172.36
Formula used: 1 lb of DDGS = .629 lb corn + . 375 lb SBM
Wheat Midds, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.85 Mcal/lb) and CP (18.4%)
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 79.15 84.08 89.01 93.94 98.87 103.801.80$ 83.50 88.43 93.36 98.29 103.22 108.152.00$ 87.84 92.77 97.70 102.63 107.56 112.502.20$ 92.19 97.12 102.05 106.98 111.91 116.842.40$ 96.54 101.47 106.40 111.33 116.26 121.192.60$ 100.88 105.81 110.74 115.67 120.61 125.542.80$ 105.23 110.16 115.09 120.02 124.95 129.883.00$ 109.58 114.51 119.44 124.37 129.30 134.23
Formula used: 1 lb of Midds = .609 lb corn + .246 lb SBM
Beet Pulp, $/tonPrice comparison based on corn/SBM mix balanced for equal NEm (.81 Mcal/lb) and CP (11%): 25% Dry Matter
Soybean Meal (44%), $/tonCorn, $/bu 180.00$ 200.00$ 220.00$ 240.00$ 260.00$ 280.00$
1.60$ 14.25 14.70 15.16 15.62 16.08 16.531.80$ 15.51 15.97 16.43 16.88 17.34 17.802.00$ 16.78 17.24 17.69 18.15 18.61 19.072.20$ 18.04 18.50 18.96 19.42 19.87 20.332.40$ 19.31 19.77 20.23 20.68 21.14 21.602.60$ 20.58 21.03 21.49 21.95 22.41 22.862.80$ 21.84 22.30 22.76 23.22 23.67 24.133.00$ 23.11 23.57 24.02 24.48 24.94 25.40
Formula used: (DM Basis) 1 lb of beet pulp = .709 lb corn + .091 lb SBM
Alternative Roughages:
Stalks/StoverAmmoniated strawSudan HaysLow quality forages
Limit-Fed Wintering Ration Studies:
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 1
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 10.4 Hay (10% CP), lb 32.2 2.6 Supplement*, lb 2.6 Total 32.2 15.6
Feed Cost, $/day 1.50 .77 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 29 Weight change, lb -31 4.4 Calf Birth Wt, lb 94.6a 103.8b Calf Weaning Wt, lb 631a 674b Conception rate, % 95.1 90
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu Supp $150/ton* 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed)** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 2
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 10.8 Hay (9.5% CP), lb 29.1 1.8 Supplement*, lb 2.6 Total 29.1 15.2
Feed cost, $/day 1.36 .75 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 29 Weight change, lb -51.7a -117b Calf Birth Wt, lb 95.9 99.4 Calf Weaning Wt, lb 585 590 Conception rate, % 85.4 93.1
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton* 36% Supp. with 3.6% Ca, 1% Phos (As-fed) 60 g/lb Monensin** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Limit-feeding corn to gestating beef cows, Year 3
Item Free-choice hay Limit-fed corn Ration
WS Corn, lb 12.6 Hay (9% CP), lb 29.5 2.2 Supplement*, lb 2.2 Total 29.5 17.0
Feed Cost, $/day 1.37 .81 Animal Performance
No. of cows 41 30 Weight change, lb -136.6a -48.5b Calf Birth Wt, lb 97.2a 105.4b Calf Weaning Wt, lb 628 642 Conception rate, % 73.2c 90.0d
Loerch, 1996
abMeans differ (P<.05) ; cdMeans differ (P<.08)Hay $80/ton, Corn $2.00/bu, Supp $150/ton* 36% Protein supplement with 3.6% Ca and 1% Phos (As-fed)** Trial was conducted from November through Mid-April
Whole shelled corn vs rolled in limit-fed diets
Item Ad-lib hay WS Corn Rolled Corn Ration
Corn, lb 13.4 13.4 Hay (17.5% CP), lb 35.5 9.9 9.9 Total 35.5 23.4 23.4
Animal Performance No. of cows 21/24 21/24 21/24 Weight change, lb,d -.66 -1.10 -.84 Calf gain, lb/d 2.60 2.40 2.53 Calf Weaning Wt, lb 509 500 507 Conception rate, % 97.7 100 97.9
Tjardes et al.1998
Cattle were fed for 62 days (between calving and breeding)
UW Limit-fed Wintering Diet
3.70 lbs
.9 lbsProtein Supp.
11 lbs14 lbsRolled Corn
10 lbs10 lbsMillet Hay
High FatControl
Fat Supp.
-
-
% CP
% TDN
10.28
75.36
9.39
75.15
UW Limit-fed Cow Condition
Breeding wt, BCS avg 60 d postpartum
Mid - weight, BCS avg 19 d postpartum
1333 (5.05)1333 (5.08)
Initial wt, BCS 60 d prior to calving
High FatControl
1330 (5.49)
1274 (5.36)
Calf Performance, UW Study
Item Control
Added Fat
SEM P-Value
Birth Wt. 91.4 92.9 1.66 0.52
Vigor a 1.13
1.21 0.06 0.30
Rectal Temp., °Fb
101.72 101.67 0.09 0.68aVigor score at calving: 1 = alert vigorous, active; 2 = alert, able to stand; 3 = lethargic, unable to stand; 4 = dead at birth.bCalf rectal temperature taken within 24 h after birth.
UW Estrous Synchronization
60 d PostpartumEAZI-BREED CIDR
1 Shot PGF2
Day 13Day 0
InsertCIDR
Day 7
Remove CIDRPGF2 Injection
Heat Detect
and Breed
CIDR
Response to Synchronization
62.09% 1st Service 75 d
67.32% 1st Service 30 d
93.46% Heat Detection
All Cows
(72.03%)
Feeding and Management
Occasionally, limiting intakemay be a good thing!!
Rough guidelines for limit-fed rations based on corn grain Amount to be fed Stage of Production
Corn
38 to 44% Supplement
Long stemmed grass hay
Gestating .75% of BW 2 lbs/day .5% of BW Lactating, avg. milk 1.0% of BW 3 lbs/day .5% of BW Lactating, high milk 1.1% of BW 3.5 lbs/day .5% of BW
OSU Factsheet F-3028
What to ExpectAggressive behavior at the bunkConsume ration in as little as 20 to 30 minutes Lots of “free time” to pace, crib Takes 1 to 2 weeks to “adapt” Increased roughage may help
Variation in weight gains/losses? Hay/concentrate ratio Bunk Space?
Herd ManagementConsider sorting herd into 2 - 3 groups: Bred Yearlings Young and Thin cows Mature Cows in Good Condition Consider limit-feeding just one group
Watch cattle closely May not work for all cows Monitor condition of cows and adjust
accordingly
Feed Management
Work up to limit-fed diet slowly Start with 3-4 lb grain plus free choice
hay Increase grain by no more than 1 lb/day When grain level is reached, begin
removing hay
Ionophores very beneficialConsistent, accurate feeding Good management essential
Balance separately for gestation and lactationHigh Calcium (feedlot) mineralVitamin A?Whole shelled vs ground corn?
Feed Management
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Corn
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed
Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 6.0 10.0
Soybean Meal 1.5 3.0
Limestone .1 .2
DDGS
Beet PulpPrairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: DDGS
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed
Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 3.0 5.0
Soybean Meal
Limestone .15 .2
Dry DDGS 4.0 7.0
Beet PulpPrairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CP
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn 2.0 6.0
Soybean Meal 1.0 2.5
Limestone/Dical
- / .1 .05 / .1
Dry DDGS
Beet Pulp 18.0 18.0Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CPBeet Pulp - 25% Dry Matter
Example Limit-Fed Wintering Rations: Beet Pulp + DDGS
Stage of Prod., 1200 lb cow
Feed, lb as-fed Last 1/3 Preg. Early Lactation
Prairie Hay 9.0 9.0
Rolled Corn
Soybean Meal
Limestone/Dical
- / .05 .1 / -
Dry DDGS 2.5 6.5
Beet Pulp (25%DM)
19.0 24.0Prairie Hay - Meadow Brome Hay, 14% CPBeet Pulp - 17% Dry Matter
Additonal Questions
Birth weights of calves Birth weights appear to be slightly
increased, but calving difficulty is not affected
Re-breeding No reported effect on subsequent re-
breeding rates
Final thoughts
Cattle will take at least 2 wks to adjust
Work cattle up slowly
Feed extra hay when daily feeding is late/missed
Final thoughtsConsider limit-feeding only part of the herd Sort cattle into groups
Balance rations separately for late gestation
and lactation
Safety of ration: Long-stemmed vs ground hay ionophore processing and amount of grain
Choose the Feeding Program That Fits Your Operation