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Feeding Strategies in Teleost FishesBIOE 127
Summer 2015
Vikram B. BaligaEcology & Evolutionary Biology
UC Santa Cruz
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Environment
Characteristic Air Water
Density 1.21 kg m-3 1.024 x 103 kg m-3
Dynamic Viscosity 18.08 x 10 -6 Pa*s 1.07 x 10 -3 Pa*s
O2-Carrying Capacity 95% less than air
Thermal Conductivity 23 x air
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Human Skull Fish Skull
44 bony elements at birth22 bones as an adult
Very little kinesis
# of bones varies widely among speciesTypically 30 to 60 bones
Highly kinetic
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suction
ram
manipulation(biting)
Aquatic prey capture
Liem, 1980
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Steven Day Tim Higham
Roi Holzmann Kristen Bishop
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Lepomis macrochirus
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DPIV Experiments
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DPIV: Flow Velocity
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Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding(Day et al. 2005)
I. Flow = symmetrical
II. Velocity decreases drastically away from the mouth
III. Fluid speed is only significant within 1 mouth diameter
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PolypterusHow Conserved?
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Morphological Diversity
Seahorses
Mastacembalus
Anguilla
Catfishes
Cichlids
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1) Inertial suction
2) Ram Feeding
3) Manipulation
Three Major Feeding Categories in the Aquatic Environment
NotMutuallyExclusive
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Feeding Mechanisms
Suction
Body Ram
JawRam
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Jaw Ram Necessitates Jaw Protrusion
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Jaw Protrusion Extremes
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Why might jaw protrusion have evolved?
1. Sneak up on your prey
2. Increase forces exerted on your prey
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Research on Jaw Protrusion
• Accelerates the water around the prey
• Increase by up to 35% the total force exerted on attached, escaping and free-floating passive prey
• the strike.
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Feeding Mechanisms
Suction
Body Ram
JawRam
Pure Ram
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Pure Ram Strategy
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Feeding Mechanisms
Suction
Body Ram
JawRam
Pure Ram
Biting
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Extending the Strike
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Ram Biters
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Biting Diversity
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Model Jaw Closing
3rd order lever
Speed Force
0 1
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MA jaw –closing
Needlefish 0.04(Strongylura incisa)
Gar 0.051(Lepisosteus osseus)
Barracuda 0.27 (Sphyraena barracuda)
Queen trigger 0.43(Balistes vetula)
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Summary
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Functional Roles of Suction
1. Respiration
2. Prey Capture
3. Prey Transport
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Gill Filaments 4,5
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Prey Transport
Mouth -> -> -> Branchial Arches -> oesophagus
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Sciaenops ocellatus -Red Drum
Grubich and Westneat. 2006. Journal of Anatomy 1: 79-92
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Pharyngeal Musculature
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Pharyngeal Jaw
Epibranchial
Pharyngobranchial
ceratobranchial
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Pharyngeal Diversity
(a) Papilliform –plant shredding (b) Molariform- crushing snails
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Cundall &Greene, 2000
Mehta & Burghardt, 2008; Mehta 2009
Snakes
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Elongate Limb-reduced Forms
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Teleost Phylogeny
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Anguilliforms
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Morays
• ~ 200 species
• Complete limb loss
• Coral reefs
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Snakes Morays
• Elongate & limbless
• Can attain large sizes
• Obligate predators/ Consume large prey whole
• Affect local prey densities
How do morays consume large prey whole in the aquatic environment?
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Moray Skull
What consequences do these features have on feeding behavior?
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Can morays generate suction?
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Pressure Data
• Muraena retifera
kPa = -1• Micropterus salmoides
kPa = -8
Mehta, unpubl data.
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Biters use suction to transport prey
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Inertial Feeding
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Pharyngeal Jaws
Halichoeres bivittatus
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Morphological & Functional Innovation
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Thank you
UCLA
HARVARD LABORATORIES
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Feeding Mechanisms
Suction
Body Ram
JawRam
Pure Ram
Biting