Download - FOG4 Grammar Chart
Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus on Grammar 4Grammar Chart TransparenciesThe purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some ofthe grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology.The Focus on Grammar(FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a newgrammar point together.
Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.
� Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, forpresent and future unreal conditionals (FOG 4, Unit 23, page 338), read the statement,“If Mia had money,she would live in a palace,“ and ask the class to name the verb in the if clause. (Had.) Ask students whatform it is. (The simple past form.) Ask students if the meaning is in the past. (No.) Ask the class to name theverb in the result clause. (Live.) Ask students what form it is. (The base form.) Ask students what “base form”means. (The simple form without an ending.)
� Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the simple past and past pro-gressive unit (FOG 4, Unit 2, page 11), you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart andchange the affirmative statements to negative ones. (Marie studied at the Sorbonne. → Marie didn’t studyat the Sorbonne.)
� Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examplesthat illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts tolabel items in Grammar in Context.
� Compare charts. For example, compare the past perfect and past perfect progressive (FOG 4, Unit 4,pages 29–31). Ask, “Do you use had (not) in statements with both the past perfect and past perfect pro-gressive?” (Yes, but past perfect progressive uses been after had (not).) Ask,“Do you use the base form withwh- questions with both the past perfect and past perfect progressive?”(No.The past perfect uses the pastparticiple.The past perfect progressive uses been + base form + -ing.)
� Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All Focus on Grammarcharts are clearly labeled. (Affirmative/Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form,Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what thelabels mean.
� Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in FOG 4, Unit 15, page 228, students couldpractice the modals by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. Instead of “You should notwatch this TV show,” they could say,“I should not eat so much junk food,”“I ought to go to museums moreoften,”“I had better study for my English test.” etc.
� Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 23, page 338 of FOG 4, says,“If Mia hadmoney, she would live in a palace.” Ask students to say what they would do if they had the money to do it.(“If I had money, I would buy a new car.”)
Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Affirmative Statements
They live in Mexico.She always works here.
Short Answers
Yes, they do.Yes, she does.
No, they don’t.No, she doesn’t.
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative Statements
Now, they’re living in Mexico.She’s working here today.
Negative Statements
They aren’t living in Mexico now.She isn’t working here now.
Yes / No Questions
Are they living in Mexico now?Is she working here now?
Negative Statements
They don’t live in Mexico.She doesn’t work here.
Yes / No Questions
Do they live in Mexico?Does she work here?
Short Answers
Yes, they are.Yes, she is.
No, they aren’t.No, she isn’t.
Wh- Questions
Where are they living these days?Why is she working so hard?
Wh- Questions
Where do they live?Why does she work so hard?
Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 2
SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative Statements
Marie studied at the Sorbonne.
Negative Statements
Lois didn’t plan to marry Clark at first.
Negative Statements
She wasn’t planning to get married.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Did he teach?Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Was he doing research?Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Where did they practice?
Wh- Questions
Where were they practicing?
Past Progressive and Past Progressive
We were winning while we were skating there.
Simple Past and Past Progressive
She met him while she was studying.
Past Progressive and Simple Past
She was studying when she met him.
Affirmative Statements
She was studying at the Sorbonne in 1892.
Simple Past and Simple Past
We won when we skated there.
Wh- Questions
Where has he worked?
Where has he been working?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 3 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT PERFECTSIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Affirmative Statements
I built a website last month.
Affirmative Statements
I’ve built a website.
I’ve been building a website this month.
Negative Statements
She didn’t write last week.
Negative Statements
She hasn’t written many letters.
She hasn’t been writing lately.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Did he move?Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Has he moved? Yes, he has.
Has he been living in Perth? No, he hasn’t.
Wh- Questions
Where did he work?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 4 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PAST PERFECT
Statements
Subject Had (not) Past Participle
I
You
He
Shehad (not)
receivedawards.
It gotten
We
You
They
Yes / No Questions
Had Subject Past Participle
I
you
he
Hadshe received
awards by then?it gotten
we
you
they
Contractions
I had = I’d
you had = you’d
he had = he’d
she had = she’d
we had = we’d
they had = they’d
had not = hadn’t
Short Answers
Negative
you
I
he
No,she
hadn’t.it
we
you
they
Affirmative
you
I
he
Yes,she
had.it
we
you
they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Had Subject Past Participle
When had he received awards?
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 4 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Subject Had (not) been Base Form + -ing
I
You
He
Shehad (not) been working regularly.
It
We
You
They
Yes / No Questions
Had Subject Been + Base Form + -ing
I
you
he
Hadshe
been working regularly?it
we
you
they
Short Answers
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Had Subject Been + Base Form + -ing
How long had he been working?
Affirmative
you
I
he
Yes,she
had.it
we
you
they
Negative
you
I
he
No,she
hadn’t.it
we
you
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 5 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE
Affirmative Statements
We are going to leave
We will leavefor Mars soon.
We are leaving
We leave
Negative Statements
We are not going to leave
We will not leavefor Mars yet.
We are not leaving
We don’t leave
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Negative
she isn’t.
No,she won’t.
she isn’t.
she doesn’t.
Wh- Questions
When is she going to leave
When will she leavefor Mars?
When is she leaving
When does she leave
Affirmative
she is.
Yes,she will.
she is.
she does.
Is she going to leave
Will she leavefor Mars soon?
Is she leaving
Does she leave
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 5 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Be (not) going to / Subject Will (not) Be + Base Form + -ing
Peopleare (not) going to
be living on Mars by 2050.will (not)
Yes / No Questions
Be / Will Subject Going to Be + Base Form + -ing
Are they going tobe living on Mars by then?
Will you
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be / Will Subject Going to Be + Base Form + -ing
Whenare they going to
be living on Mars?will you
Affirmative
Yes,they are.
I will.
Negative
No,they’re not.
I won’t.
Short Answers
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 6 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE PERFECT
Statements
Subject Will (not) Have + Past Participle
I
You
He
She will (not) have earned interest by then.
It
We
They
Yes / No Questions
Will Subject Have + Past Participle
I
you
he
Will she have earned interest by then?
it
we
they
Short Answers
Negative
you
I
he
No, she won’t (have).
it
we
they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Will Subject Have + Past Participle
How much will she have earned by then?
Affirmative
you
I
he
Yes, she will (have).
it
we
they
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 6 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Subject Will (not) Have been + Base Form + -ing
I
You
He
She will (not) have been earning interest for a month.
It
We
They
Yes / No Questions
Will Subject Have been + Base Form + -ing
I
you
he
Will she have been earning interest for a month?
it
we
they
Short Answers
Negative
you
I
he
No, she won’t (have).
it
we
they
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Will Subject Have been + Base Form + -ing
How long will she have been earning interest?
Affirmative
you
I
he
Yes, she will (have).
it
we
they
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 7 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NEGATIVE YES / NO QUESTIONS
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
Questions
Be + Not + Subject
Aren’t you from Rio de Janeiro?
Affirmative
Yes, I am.
Negative
No, I’m not.
Questions
Auxiliary + Not + Subject + Verb
Aren’t you moving?
Hasn’t he been here before?
Can’t they move tomorrow?
Affirmative
I am.
Yes, he has.
they can.
Negative
I’m not.
No, he hasn’t.
they can’t.
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
WITH DO AS THE AUXILIARY VERB
Questions
Do + Not + Subject + Verb
Doesn’t he live here?
Didn’t they move last year?
Affirmative
Yes,he does.
they did.
Negative
No,he doesn’t.
they didn’t.
Short Answers
Short Answers
Short Answers
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 7 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Affirmative Statement Negative Tag
Subject + Verb Do + Not + Subject
He lives here, doesn’t he?
They moved last year, didn’t they?
Negative Statement Affirmative Tag
Subject + Do + Not + Verb Do + Subject
He doesn’t live here, does he?
They didn’t move, did they?
TAG QUESTIONS
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
Affirmative Statement Negative Tag
Subject + Be Be + Not + Subject
You’re from Rio, aren’t you?
Negative Statement Affirmative Tag
Subject + Be + Not Be + Subject
You’re not from Rio, are you?
Affirmative Statement Negative Tag
Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Not + Subject
You’re moving, aren’t you?
He’s been here before, hasn’t he?
They can move tomorrow, can’t they?
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB
Negative Statement Affirmative Tag
Subject + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Subject
You’re not moving, are you?
He hasn’t been here before, has he?
They can’t move tomorrow, can they?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 8 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
SIMILARITY: AND + SO, TOO, NEITHER, NOT EITHER
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
Affirmative
And + So + Subject + Be Be + Subject
Amy is a twin, and so is Sue.
Negative
And + Neither + Subject + Be + Not Be + Subject
Amy isn’t very tall, and neither is Sue.
Affirmative
And + Subject + Subject + Be Be + Too
Amy is a twin, and Sue is too.
Negative
And + Subject + Subject + Be + Not Be + Not either
Amy isn’t very tall, and Sue isn’t either.
Affirmative
And + So + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Subject
Amy has had two sons, and so has Sue.
Negative
Subject + And + Neither + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Subject
Amy can’t ski, and neither can Sue.
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
Affirmative
And + Subject + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Too
Amy has had two sons, and Sue has too.
Affirmative
And + So + Subject + Verb Do + Subject
Amy likes dogs, and so does Sue.
Negative
Subject + And + Neither + Do + Not + Verb Do + Subject
Amy doesn’t like cats, and neither does Sue.
WITH DO AS THE AUXILIARY VERB
Affirmative
And + Subject + Subject + Verb Do + Too
Amy likes dogs, and Sue does too.
Negative
Subject + And + Subject + Do + Not + Verb Do + Not + Either
Amy doesn’t like cats, and Sue doesn’t either.
Negative
Subject + And + Subject +Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Not either
Amy can’t ski, and Sue can’t either.
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 8 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
CONTRAST: BUT
WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB
Affirmative Negative
Subject + Be But + Subject + Be + Not
Amy is outgoing, but Sue isn’t.
Negative Affirmative
Subject + Be + Not But + Subject + Be
Amy isn’t quiet, but Sue is.
WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO
WITH DO AS THE AUXILIARY VERB
Affirmative Negative
But + Subject + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Not
Amy has traveled, but Sue hasn’t.
Negative Affirmative
Subject + But + Subject + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary
Amy couldn’t swim, but Sue could.
Affirmative Negative
Subject + Verb But + Subject + Do + Not
Amy lives here, but Sue doesn’t.
Negative Affirmative
Subject + Do + Not But + Subject + Do
Amy doesn’t drive, but Sue does.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 9 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Gerunds
Eating fast foods is convenient.
They recommend reducing fats in the food.
She started buying McBreakfast every day.
We’re tired of reading calorie counts.
I didn’t like his ordering fries.
Infinitives
It’s convenient to eat fast foods.
They plan to reduce fats in the food.
She started to buy McBreakfast every day.
We were surprised to read the number of calories.
I urged him to order fries.
It’s time to eat.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 10 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Get
Subject Get Object Infinitive
They (don’t) getthem
to learn tricks.animals
MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET
* Help can also be followed by the infinitive.
Make, Have, Let, Help
Subject Make / Have / Let / Help Object Base Form
make
They (don’t)have them
learn tricks.let animals
help*
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 11 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PHRASAL VERBS: REVIEW
TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
Not Separated
Subject Verb Particle Direct Object
She called in a consultant.
He figured out the problem.
Separated
Subject Verb Direct Object Particle
calleda consultant
in.She him
Hefigured
the problemout.
it
Not Separated
Subject Verb Particle
They came back quickly.
It caught on everywhere.
INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 12 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PHRASAL VERBS: SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE
Separable Transitive
Subject Verb Particle Direct Object
She picked up the phone.
Separable Transitive
Subject Verb Direct Object Particle
She pickedthe phone
up.it
Inseparable Transitive
Subject Verb Particle Direct Object
He counts onyour calls.
them.
Intransitive
Subject Verb Particle
They sat down.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 13 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Main Clause Adjective Clause
Predicate Subject Noun/ Relative
Subject Verb Pronoun Pronoun Verb
I read a book that discusses friends.
A friend is someone who knows you well.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE
Whose + Noun
I have a friend whose home is in Boston.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
Main Clause Adjective Clause Main Clause (cont.)
Subject Subject Noun/ Relative Pronoun Pronoun Verb Verb
The book that discusses friends is by Ruben.
Someone who knows you can give you advice.
Whose + Noun
My friend whose sister writes books lives in Boston.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 14 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS OR WHEN AND WHERE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE
Whose + Noun
That is the author whose book I read.
Main Clause Adjective Clause Main Clause (cont.)
(Object Relative Subject Pronoun) Subject Verb Verb
The book (that) I read is great.
Someone (who[m]) you know was there.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE
Main Clause Adjective Clause
Predicate (Object Subject Verb Noun / Pronoun Relative Pronoun) Subject Verb
He read the book (that) she wrote.
She is someone (who[m]) I respect.
Where / (When)
She loves the city where she grew up.
They cried the day (when) they left.
Whose + Noun
The man whose sister you know writes books.
Main Clause Adjective Clause Main Clause (cont.)
Subject Where / (When) Subject Verb Verb
The library where I work has videos.
The summer (when) she left passed slowly.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 15 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS: REVIEW
Ability: Can and Could
Base Form Subject Modal of Verb
Shecan (not) act.
could (not) act last year.
Necessity: Must and Can’t
Base Form Subject Modal of Verb
Youmust (not)
go.can’t
Necessity: Have (got) to*
Base Form Subject Have (got) to of Verb
They (don’t) have togo.
He has (got) to
*Unlike modals, which have one form, be in be able to and have in have (got) to change for different subjects.
Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better
Base Form Subject Modal of Verb
should (not)
You ought to watch this TV show.
had better (not)
**Unlike modals, which have one form, have in have (got) to changes for different subjects.
Assumptions: May, Might, Could, Must, Can’t
Base Form Subject Modal of Verb
may (not)
might (not)
They could (not) be actors.
must (not)
can’t
Assumptions: Have (got) to**
Have Base Form Subject (got) to of Verb
They have (got) tobe
actors.
He has (got) to an actor.
Future Possibility: May, Might, Could
Base Form Subject Modal of Verb
may (not)
It might (not) start at 8:00.
could
Ability: Be able to*
Base Form Subject Be able to of Verb
Sheis (not)
able toact.
was (not) act last year.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 16 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
*Should, ought to, could, and might are modals. Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
Statements
Past Subject Modal* Have Participle
should (not)
Heought (not) to
have told her.could
might
ADVISABILITY IN THE PAST:SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE, COULD HAVE, MIGHT HAVE
Yes / No Questions
Past Should Subject Have Participle
Should he have told her?
Short Answers
Negative
No, he shouldn’t have.
Wh- Questions
Past Wh- Word Should Subject Have Participle
When should he have told her?
Affirmative
Yes, he should have.
Contractions
should have = should’ve
could have = could’ve
might have = might’ve
should not have = shouldn’t have
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 17 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
SPECULATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE PAST:MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, COULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, HAD TO HAVE
Statements
Past Subject Modal* / Had to Have Participle
may (not)
might (not)
They could (not) have seen the statues.
must (not)
had to
*May, might, could, and must are modals. Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
Questions
Do / Be Subject Verb
Didthey
carve these statues?
Were aliens?
Short Answers
Subject Modal / Had to Have Been
may (not)
might (not) have.
They could (not)
must (not)have been.
had to
Yes / No Questions: Could
Past Could Subject Have Participle
Could he haveseen aliens?
been an alien?
Short Answers
Subject Modal / Had to Have Been
may (not)
might (not) have.
He could (not)
must (not)have been.
had to
Wh- Questions
Past Wh- Word Could Have Participle
Whocould have
built the statues?
What happened to these people?
Contractions
may have = may’ve
might have = might’ve
could have = could’ve
must have = must’ve
could not = couldn’t
NOTE: We usually do notcontract may not have, mightnot have, and must not have.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 18 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
THE PASSIVE
Active
Millions of people buy it.
Someone published it in 1888.
They have reached their goal.
Passive
It is bought by millions of people.
It was published in 1888.
Their goal has been reached.
Passive Statements
Past Subject Be (not) Participle (By + Object)
It is (not) bought by millions of people.
It was (not) published in 1888.
Their goal has (not) been reached.
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
is. isn’t.
Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
has (been). hasn’t (been).
Yes / No Questions
(Been +) Be / Have Subject Past Participle
Is
Was itsold
in Japan?
Has been sold
Wh- Questions
(Been +) Wh- Word Be / Have Subject Past Participle
is
Where was itsold?
has been sold?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 19 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
THE PASSIVE WITH MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
*Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third personsingular.
Statements
Have (got) to / PastSubject Be going to** Be Participle
has (got) to
The crew doesn’t have to be replaced next month.
is (not) going to
Yes / No Questions
Modal Subject Be Past Participle
Will
Shouldit be replaced?
Must
Can
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
will. won’t.
should. shouldn’t.Yes, it
must.No, it
doesn’t have to be.
can. can’t.
Yes / No Questions
Auxiliary Have to / PastVerb Subject Going to Be Participle
Doesit
have tobe replaced?
Is going to
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes, itdoes.
No, itdoesn’t.
is. isn’t.
**Unlike modals, have in have (got) to and be in be going to changefor different subjects. Questions and negatives with have (got) to needa form of do.
Statements
Past Subject Modal* Be Participle
will (not)
should (not)
The crew must (not) be replaced next month.
can (not)
had better (not)
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 20 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
Statements
Past Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)
She has her hair cut by André every month.
He has had his beard trimmed before.
I get my nails done at André’s.
They are going to get their ears pierced.
Yes / No Questions
Auxiliary Past Verb Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)
Does she have her hair cut by André?
Has he had his beard trimmed before?
Do you get your nails done at André’s?
Are they going to get their ears pierced?
Wh- Questions
Auxiliary Past Wh- Word Verb Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)
How often does she have her hair cut by André?
Where did he get his beard trimmed before?
When do you get your nails done at André’s?
Why are they going to get their ears pierced?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 21 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Wh- Questions
Result Clause If Clause
What happens if I don’t like it?
PRESENT REAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause Result Clause
If I shop online, I save time.
If the mall is closed, I can shop online.
Statements
Result Clause If Clause
I save time if I shop online.
I can shop online if the mall is closed.
Yes / No Questions
Result Clause If Clause
Do you save time if you shop online?
Can you shop online if the mall is closed?
Short Answers
Negative
No,I don’t.
I can’t.
Affirmative
Yes,I do.
I can.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 22 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause: Present Result Clause: Future
If she studies,she won’t fail the test.
she’s going to pass the test.
If she doesn’t study,she’ll fail the test.
she isn’t going to pass the test.
Yes / No Questions
Result Clause: Future If Clause: Present
Will she pass the testif she studies?
Is she going to pass the test
Negative
No,she won’t.
she isn’t.
Short Answers
Wh- Questions
Result Clause: Future If Clause: Present
What will she doif she passes the test?
What is she going to do
Affirmative
Yes,she will.
she is.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 23 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PRESENT AND FUTURE UNREAL CONDITIONALS
*With the verb be, use were for all subjects.
Contractions
I would = I’d
you would = you’d
he would = he’d
she would = she’d
we would = we’d
they would = they’d
would not = wouldn’t
Yes / No Questions
Result Clause If Clause
Would she live hereif she had money?
if she were rich?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes, she would. No, she wouldn’t.
Wh- Questions
Result Clause If Clause
What would she doif she had money?
if she were rich?
Statements
If Clause: Simple Past Result Clause: Would (not) + Base Form
If Mia had money, she would live in a palace.
If she were* rich, she wouldn’t live in a cottage.
If Mia didn’t have money, she wouldn’t live in a palace.
If she weren’t rich, she would live in a cottage.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 24 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS
Statements
If Clause: Past Perfect Result Clause: Would (not) have + Past Participle
If George had had money,he would have moved away.
he wouldn’t have stayed home.
If he had not stayed home,his father’s business would have failed.
he wouldn’t have married Mary.
Yes / No Questions
Result Clause If Clause
Would he have left if he had had money?
Short Answers
Affirmative Negative
Yes, he would have. No, he wouldn’t have.
Contractions
would have = would’ve
would not have = wouldn’t have
Wh- Questions
Result Clause If Clause
What would he have done if he had had money?
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 25 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Indirect Speech
Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Statement
the bank
Heher
told(that)
Ann
said
the haircut looked great.
the traffic had been bad.
the check was in the mail.
Direct Speech
Direct Statement Subject Reporting Verb
“The check is in the mail,”
“The haircut looks great,” he said.
“The traffic was bad,”
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 26 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
He said,
“I live in Dresden.”
“I moved here inJune.”
“I’m looking foran apartment.”
“I’ve started anew job.”
“I’m going tostay here.”
“I’ll invite you forthe holidays.”
“We can go tomuseums.”
“I may look for a roommate.”
“I should getback to work.”
“I have to finishmy report.”
“You must cometo visit.”
“We ought to see each othermore often.”
He
told
he lived in Dresden.
he had movedthere in June.
he was lookingfor an apartment.
he had started anew job.
he was going tostay there.
he would inviteme/us for theholidays.
we could go tomuseums.
he might look fora roommate.
he should getback to work.
he had to finishhis report.
I/we had to cometo visit.
we ought to see each othermore often.
Direct Speech
Reporting Subject Verb Direct Statement
Indirect Speech
Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Statement
said
Jim
me
you
him
her
us
them
(that)
INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 27 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS, REQUESTS, AND INVITATIONS
Direct Speech
Reporting Subject Verb Direct Speech
“Drink warm milk.”
“Don’t drink coffee.”
He said,“Can you turn out
the light, please?”
“Why don’t you visitthe clinic?”
Indirect Speech
Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Speech
toldto drink warm milk.advised
Connie
not to drink coffee.He askedher
to turn out the light.said
invited her to visit the clinic.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 28 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Direct Speech: Yes / No Questions
Reporting Subject Verb Direct Question
“Do you have any experience?”
He asked, “Can you create spreadsheets?”
“Will you stay for a year?”
Indirect Speech: Yes / No Questions
Reporting (Noun / Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question
(Melissa) ifshe had any experience.
He asked(her) whether (or not)
she could create spreadsheets.
she would stay for a year.
Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject
ReportingSubject Verb Direct Question
“Who told you about the job?”He asked,
“What happened on your last job?”
Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject
Reporting (Noun /Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question
He asked(Bob) who had told him about the job.
(him) what had happened on his last job.
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 28 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate
Reporting (Noun /Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question
who(m) she had worked for.
where she worked now.
how she was going to get to work.
why she had decided to change jobs.
how much she was making.
Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate
Reporting Subject Verb Direct Question
“Who(m) did you work for?”
“Where do you work now?”
He asked, “How are you going to get to work?”
“Why have you decided to change jobs?”
“How much are you making?”
(Melissa)(her)
He asked
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 29 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS
Main Clause Embedded Question
I’m not sure if I left the right tip.
He wondered whether (or not) five dollars was enough.
Can you remember how much our bill was?
Wh- Word + Infinitive
I don’t know how much to tip.
Do you know where to leave the tip?