fog4 grammar chart

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Focus on Grammar 4Grammar Chart TransparenciesThe purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some ofthe grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology.The Focus on Grammar(FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a newgrammar point together.

Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.

� Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, forpresent and future unreal conditionals (FOG 4, Unit 23, page 338), read the statement,“If Mia had money,she would live in a palace,“ and ask the class to name the verb in the if clause. (Had.) Ask students whatform it is. (The simple past form.) Ask students if the meaning is in the past. (No.) Ask the class to name theverb in the result clause. (Live.) Ask students what form it is. (The base form.) Ask students what “base form”means. (The simple form without an ending.)

� Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the simple past and past pro-gressive unit (FOG 4, Unit 2, page 11), you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart andchange the affirmative statements to negative ones. (Marie studied at the Sorbonne. → Marie didn’t studyat the Sorbonne.)

� Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examplesthat illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts tolabel items in Grammar in Context.

� Compare charts. For example, compare the past perfect and past perfect progressive (FOG 4, Unit 4,pages 29–31). Ask, “Do you use had (not) in statements with both the past perfect and past perfect pro-gressive?” (Yes, but past perfect progressive uses been after had (not).) Ask,“Do you use the base form withwh- questions with both the past perfect and past perfect progressive?”(No.The past perfect uses the pastparticiple.The past perfect progressive uses been + base form + -ing.)

� Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All Focus on Grammarcharts are clearly labeled. (Affirmative/Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form,Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what thelabels mean.

� Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in FOG 4, Unit 15, page 228, students couldpractice the modals by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. Instead of “You should notwatch this TV show,” they could say,“I should not eat so much junk food,”“I ought to go to museums moreoften,”“I had better study for my English test.” etc.

� Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 23, page 338 of FOG 4, says,“If Mia hadmoney, she would live in a palace.” Ask students to say what they would do if they had the money to do it.(“If I had money, I would buy a new car.”)

Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Grammar Presentation

Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Affirmative Statements

They live in Mexico.She always works here.

Short Answers

Yes, they do.Yes, she does.

No, they don’t.No, she doesn’t.

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE


Now, they’re living in Mexico.She’s working here today.

Negative Statements

They aren’t living in Mexico now.She isn’t working here now.

Yes / No Questions

Are they living in Mexico now?Is she working here now?

Negative Statements

They don’t live in Mexico.She doesn’t work here.

Yes / No Questions

Do they live in Mexico?Does she work here?

Short Answers

Yes, they are.Yes, she is.

No, they aren’t.No, she isn’t.

Wh- Questions

Where are they living these days?Why is she working so hard?

Wh- Questions

Where do they live?Why does she work so hard?

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.


Focus on Grammar 4, 3e, Unit 2

SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE


Marie studied at the Sorbonne.

Negative Statements

Lois didn’t plan to marry Clark at first.

Negative Statements

She wasn’t planning to get married.

Yes / No Questions Short Answers

Did he teach?Yes, he did.

No, he didn’t.


Was he doing research?Yes, he was.

No, he wasn’t.

Wh- Questions

Where did they practice?

Wh- Questions

Where were they practicing?

Past Progressive and Past Progressive

We were winning while we were skating there.

Simple Past and Past Progressive

She met him while she was studying.

Past Progressive and Simple Past

She was studying when she met him.


She was studying at the Sorbonne in 1892.

Simple Past and Simple Past

We won when we skated there.

Wh- Questions

Where has he worked?

Where has he been working?



PRESENT PERFECTSIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE


I built a website last month.


I’ve built a website.

I’ve been building a website this month.

Negative Statements

She didn’t write last week.

Negative Statements

She hasn’t written many letters.

She hasn’t been writing lately.


Did he move?Yes, he did.

No, he didn’t.


Has he moved? Yes, he has.

Has he been living in Perth? No, he hasn’t.

Wh- Questions

Where did he work?



PAST PERFECT

Statements

Subject Had (not) Past Participle

I

You

He

Shehad (not)

receivedawards.

It gotten

We

You

They

Yes / No Questions

Had Subject Past Participle

I

you

he

Hadshe received

awards by then?it gotten

we

you

they

Contractions

I had = I’d

you had = you’d

he had = he’d

she had = she’d

we had = we’d

they had = they’d

had not = hadn’t

Short Answers

Negative

you

I

he

No,she

hadn’t.it

we

you

they

Affirmative

you

I

he

Yes,she

had.it

we

you

they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Had Subject Past Participle

When had he received awards?

(continued)


PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Statements

Subject Had (not) been Base Form + -ing

I

You

He

Shehad (not) been working regularly.

It

We

You

They

Yes / No Questions

Had Subject Been + Base Form + -ing

I

you

he

Hadshe

been working regularly?it

we

you

they

Short Answers

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Had Subject Been + Base Form + -ing

How long had he been working?

Affirmative

you

I

he

Yes,she

had.it

we

you

they

Negative

you

I

he

No,she

hadn’t.it

we

you

they



FUTURE


We are going to leave

We will leavefor Mars soon.

We are leaving

We leave

Negative Statements

We are not going to leave

We will not leavefor Mars yet.

We are not leaving

We don’t leave


Negative

she isn’t.

No,she won’t.

she isn’t.

she doesn’t.

Wh- Questions

When is she going to leave

When will she leavefor Mars?

When is she leaving

When does she leave

Affirmative

she is.

Yes,she will.

she is.

she does.

Is she going to leave

Will she leavefor Mars soon?

Is she leaving

Does she leave

(continued)


FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Statements

Be (not) going to / Subject Will (not) Be + Base Form + -ing

Peopleare (not) going to

be living on Mars by 2050.will (not)

Yes / No Questions

Be / Will Subject Going to Be + Base Form + -ing

Are they going tobe living on Mars by then?

Will you

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Be / Will Subject Going to Be + Base Form + -ing

Whenare they going to

be living on Mars?will you

Affirmative

Yes,they are.

I will.

Negative

No,they’re not.

I won’t.

Short Answers



FUTURE PERFECT

Statements

Subject Will (not) Have + Past Participle

I

You

He

She will (not) have earned interest by then.

It

We

They

Yes / No Questions

Will Subject Have + Past Participle

I

you

he

Will she have earned interest by then?

it

we

they

Short Answers

Negative

you

I

he

No, she won’t (have).

it

we

they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Will Subject Have + Past Participle

How much will she have earned by then?

Affirmative

you

I

he

Yes, she will (have).

it

we

they

(continued)


FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Statements

Subject Will (not) Have been + Base Form + -ing

I

You

He

She will (not) have been earning interest for a month.

It

We

They

Yes / No Questions

Will Subject Have been + Base Form + -ing

I

you

he

Will she have been earning interest for a month?

it

we

they

Short Answers

Negative

you

I

he

No, she won’t (have).

it

we

they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Will Subject Have been + Base Form + -ing

How long will she have been earning interest?

Affirmative

you

I

he

Yes, she will (have).

it

we

they



NEGATIVE YES / NO QUESTIONS

WITH BE AS THE MAIN VERB

Questions

Be + Not + Subject

Aren’t you from Rio de Janeiro?

Affirmative

Yes, I am.

Negative

No, I’m not.

Questions

Auxiliary + Not + Subject + Verb

Aren’t you moving?

Hasn’t he been here before?

Can’t they move tomorrow?

Affirmative

I am.

Yes, he has.

they can.

Negative

I’m not.

No, he hasn’t.

they can’t.

WITH ALL AUXILIARY VERBS EXCEPT DO

WITH DO AS THE AUXILIARY VERB

Questions

Do + Not + Subject + Verb

Doesn’t he live here?

Didn’t they move last year?

Affirmative

Yes,he does.

they did.

Negative

No,he doesn’t.

they didn’t.

Short Answers

Short Answers

Short Answers

(continued)


Affirmative Statement Negative Tag

Subject + Verb Do + Not + Subject

He lives here, doesn’t he?

They moved last year, didn’t they?

Negative Statement Affirmative Tag

Subject + Do + Not + Verb Do + Subject

He doesn’t live here, does he?

They didn’t move, did they?

TAG QUESTIONS



Subject + Be Be + Not + Subject

You’re from Rio, aren’t you?


Subject + Be + Not Be + Subject

You’re not from Rio, are you?


Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Not + Subject

You’re moving, aren’t you?

He’s been here before, hasn’t he?

They can move tomorrow, can’t they?


WITH DO AS AN AUXILIARY VERB


Subject + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Subject

You’re not moving, are you?

He hasn’t been here before, has he?

They can’t move tomorrow, can they?



SIMILARITY: AND + SO, TOO, NEITHER, NOT EITHER


Affirmative

And + So + Subject + Be Be + Subject

Amy is a twin, and so is Sue.

Negative

And + Neither + Subject + Be + Not Be + Subject

Amy isn’t very tall, and neither is Sue.

Affirmative

And + Subject + Subject + Be Be + Too

Amy is a twin, and Sue is too.

Negative

And + Subject + Subject + Be + Not Be + Not either

Amy isn’t very tall, and Sue isn’t either.

Affirmative

And + So + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Subject

Amy has had two sons, and so has Sue.

Negative

Subject + And + Neither + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Subject

Amy can’t ski, and neither can Sue.


Affirmative

And + Subject + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Too

Amy has had two sons, and Sue has too.

Affirmative

And + So + Subject + Verb Do + Subject

Amy likes dogs, and so does Sue.

Negative

Subject + And + Neither + Do + Not + Verb Do + Subject

Amy doesn’t like cats, and neither does Sue.


Affirmative

And + Subject + Subject + Verb Do + Too

Amy likes dogs, and Sue does too.

Negative

Subject + And + Subject + Do + Not + Verb Do + Not + Either

Amy doesn’t like cats, and Sue doesn’t either.

Negative

Subject + And + Subject +Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary + Not either

Amy can’t ski, and Sue can’t either.

(continued)


CONTRAST: BUT


Affirmative Negative

Subject + Be But + Subject + Be + Not

Amy is outgoing, but Sue isn’t.

Negative Affirmative

Subject + Be + Not But + Subject + Be

Amy isn’t quiet, but Sue is.




But + Subject + Subject + Auxiliary Auxiliary + Not

Amy has traveled, but Sue hasn’t.


Subject + But + Subject + Auxiliary + Not Auxiliary

Amy couldn’t swim, but Sue could.


Subject + Verb But + Subject + Do + Not

Amy lives here, but Sue doesn’t.


Subject + Do + Not But + Subject + Do

Amy doesn’t drive, but Sue does.



GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds

Eating fast foods is convenient.

They recommend reducing fats in the food.

She started buying McBreakfast every day.

We’re tired of reading calorie counts.

I didn’t like his ordering fries.

Infinitives

It’s convenient to eat fast foods.

They plan to reduce fats in the food.

She started to buy McBreakfast every day.

We were surprised to read the number of calories.

I urged him to order fries.

It’s time to eat.



Get

Subject Get Object Infinitive

They (don’t) getthem

to learn tricks.animals

MAKE, HAVE, LET, HELP, AND GET

* Help can also be followed by the infinitive.

Make, Have, Let, Help

Subject Make / Have / Let / Help Object Base Form

make

They (don’t)have them

learn tricks.let animals

help*



PHRASAL VERBS: REVIEW

TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Not Separated

Subject Verb Particle Direct Object

She called in a consultant.

He figured out the problem.

Separated

Subject Verb Direct Object Particle

calleda consultant

in.She him

Hefigured

the problemout.

it

Not Separated

Subject Verb Particle

They came back quickly.

It caught on everywhere.

INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS



PHRASAL VERBS: SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE

Separable Transitive


She picked up the phone.

Separable Transitive

Subject Verb Direct Object Particle

She pickedthe phone

up.it

Inseparable Transitive


He counts onyour calls.

them.

Intransitive

Subject Verb Particle

They sat down.



Main Clause Adjective Clause

Predicate Subject Noun/ Relative

Subject Verb Pronoun Pronoun Verb

I read a book that discusses friends.

A friend is someone who knows you well.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

Whose + Noun

I have a friend whose home is in Boston.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause Adjective Clause Main Clause (cont.)

Subject Subject Noun/ Relative Pronoun Pronoun Verb Verb

The book that discusses friends is by Ruben.

Someone who knows you can give you advice.

Whose + Noun

My friend whose sister writes books lives in Boston.



ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS OR WHEN AND WHERE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AFTER THE MAIN CLAUSE

Whose + Noun

That is the author whose book I read.


(Object Relative Subject Pronoun) Subject Verb Verb

The book (that) I read is great.

Someone (who[m]) you know was there.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES INSIDE THE MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause Adjective Clause

Predicate (Object Subject Verb Noun / Pronoun Relative Pronoun) Subject Verb

He read the book (that) she wrote.

She is someone (who[m]) I respect.

Where / (When)

She loves the city where she grew up.

They cried the day (when) they left.

Whose + Noun

The man whose sister you know writes books.


Subject Where / (When) Subject Verb Verb

The library where I work has videos.

The summer (when) she left passed slowly.



MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS: REVIEW

Ability: Can and Could

Base Form Subject Modal of Verb

Shecan (not) act.

could (not) act last year.

Necessity: Must and Can’t


Youmust (not)

go.can’t

Necessity: Have (got) to*

Base Form Subject Have (got) to of Verb

They (don’t) have togo.

He has (got) to

*Unlike modals, which have one form, be in be able to and have in have (got) to change for different subjects.

Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better


should (not)

You ought to watch this TV show.

had better (not)

**Unlike modals, which have one form, have in have (got) to changes for different subjects.

Assumptions: May, Might, Could, Must, Can’t


may (not)

might (not)

They could (not) be actors.

must (not)

can’t

Assumptions: Have (got) to**

Have Base Form Subject (got) to of Verb

They have (got) tobe

actors.

He has (got) to an actor.

Future Possibility: May, Might, Could


may (not)

It might (not) start at 8:00.

could

Ability: Be able to*

Base Form Subject Be able to of Verb

Sheis (not)

able toact.

was (not) act last year.



*Should, ought to, could, and might are modals. Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.

Statements

Past Subject Modal* Have Participle

should (not)

Heought (not) to

have told her.could

might

ADVISABILITY IN THE PAST:SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE, COULD HAVE, MIGHT HAVE

Yes / No Questions

Past Should Subject Have Participle

Should he have told her?

Short Answers

Negative

No, he shouldn’t have.

Wh- Questions

Past Wh- Word Should Subject Have Participle

When should he have told her?

Affirmative

Yes, he should have.

Contractions

should have = should’ve

could have = could’ve

might have = might’ve

should not have = shouldn’t have



SPECULATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE PAST:MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, COULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, HAD TO HAVE

Statements

Past Subject Modal* / Had to Have Participle

may (not)

might (not)

They could (not) have seen the statues.

must (not)

had to

*May, might, could, and must are modals. Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third person singular.

Questions

Do / Be Subject Verb

Didthey

carve these statues?

Were aliens?

Short Answers

Subject Modal / Had to Have Been

may (not)

might (not) have.

They could (not)

must (not)have been.

had to

Yes / No Questions: Could

Past Could Subject Have Participle

Could he haveseen aliens?

been an alien?

Short Answers

Subject Modal / Had to Have Been

may (not)

might (not) have.

He could (not)

must (not)have been.

had to

Wh- Questions

Past Wh- Word Could Have Participle

Whocould have

built the statues?

What happened to these people?

Contractions

may have = may’ve

might have = might’ve

could have = could’ve

must have = must’ve

could not = couldn’t

NOTE: We usually do notcontract may not have, mightnot have, and must not have.



THE PASSIVE

Active

Millions of people buy it.

Someone published it in 1888.

They have reached their goal.

Passive

It is bought by millions of people.

It was published in 1888.

Their goal has been reached.

Passive Statements

Past Subject Be (not) Participle (By + Object)

It is (not) bought by millions of people.

It was (not) published in 1888.

Their goal has (not) been reached.

Short Answers


is. isn’t.

Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.

has (been). hasn’t (been).

Yes / No Questions

(Been +) Be / Have Subject Past Participle

Is

Was itsold

in Japan?

Has been sold

Wh- Questions

(Been +) Wh- Word Be / Have Subject Past Participle

is

Where was itsold?

has been sold?



THE PASSIVE WITH MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

*Modals have only one form. They do not have -s in the third personsingular.

Statements

Have (got) to / PastSubject Be going to** Be Participle

has (got) to

The crew doesn’t have to be replaced next month.

is (not) going to

Yes / No Questions

Modal Subject Be Past Participle

Will

Shouldit be replaced?

Must

Can

Short Answers


will. won’t.

should. shouldn’t.Yes, it

must.No, it

doesn’t have to be.

can. can’t.

Yes / No Questions

Auxiliary Have to / PastVerb Subject Going to Be Participle

Doesit

have tobe replaced?

Is going to

Short Answers


Yes, itdoes.

No, itdoesn’t.

is. isn’t.

**Unlike modals, have in have (got) to and be in be going to changefor different subjects. Questions and negatives with have (got) to needa form of do.

Statements

Past Subject Modal* Be Participle

will (not)

should (not)

The crew must (not) be replaced next month.

can (not)

had better (not)



THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE

Statements

Past Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)

She has her hair cut by André every month.

He has had his beard trimmed before.

I get my nails done at André’s.

They are going to get their ears pierced.

Yes / No Questions

Auxiliary Past Verb Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)

Does she have her hair cut by André?

Has he had his beard trimmed before?

Do you get your nails done at André’s?

Are they going to get their ears pierced?

Wh- Questions

Auxiliary Past Wh- Word Verb Subject Have / Get Object Participle (By + Agent)

How often does she have her hair cut by André?

Where did he get his beard trimmed before?

When do you get your nails done at André’s?

Why are they going to get their ears pierced?



Wh- Questions

Result Clause If Clause

What happens if I don’t like it?

PRESENT REAL CONDITIONALS

Statements

If Clause Result Clause

If I shop online, I save time.

If the mall is closed, I can shop online.

Statements


I save time if I shop online.

I can shop online if the mall is closed.

Yes / No Questions


Do you save time if you shop online?

Can you shop online if the mall is closed?

Short Answers

Negative

No,I don’t.

I can’t.

Affirmative

Yes,I do.

I can.



FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS

Statements

If Clause: Present Result Clause: Future

If she studies,she won’t fail the test.

she’s going to pass the test.

If she doesn’t study,she’ll fail the test.

she isn’t going to pass the test.

Yes / No Questions

Result Clause: Future If Clause: Present

Will she pass the testif she studies?

Is she going to pass the test

Negative

No,she won’t.

she isn’t.

Short Answers

Wh- Questions

Result Clause: Future If Clause: Present

What will she doif she passes the test?

What is she going to do

Affirmative

Yes,she will.

she is.



PRESENT AND FUTURE UNREAL CONDITIONALS

*With the verb be, use were for all subjects.

Contractions

I would = I’d

you would = you’d

he would = he’d

she would = she’d

we would = we’d

they would = they’d

would not = wouldn’t

Yes / No Questions


Would she live hereif she had money?

if she were rich?

Short Answers


Yes, she would. No, she wouldn’t.

Wh- Questions


What would she doif she had money?

if she were rich?

Statements

If Clause: Simple Past Result Clause: Would (not) + Base Form

If Mia had money, she would live in a palace.

If she were* rich, she wouldn’t live in a cottage.

If Mia didn’t have money, she wouldn’t live in a palace.

If she weren’t rich, she would live in a cottage.



PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS

Statements

If Clause: Past Perfect Result Clause: Would (not) have + Past Participle

If George had had money,he would have moved away.

he wouldn’t have stayed home.

If he had not stayed home,his father’s business would have failed.

he wouldn’t have married Mary.

Yes / No Questions


Would he have left if he had had money?

Short Answers


Yes, he would have. No, he wouldn’t have.

Contractions

would have = would’ve

would not have = wouldn’t have

Wh- Questions


What would he have done if he had had money?



Indirect Speech

Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Statement

the bank

Heher

told(that)

Ann

said

the haircut looked great.

the traffic had been bad.

the check was in the mail.

Direct Speech

Direct Statement Subject Reporting Verb

“The check is in the mail,”

“The haircut looks great,” he said.

“The traffic was bad,”

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH



He said,

“I live in Dresden.”

“I moved here inJune.”

“I’m looking foran apartment.”

“I’ve started anew job.”

“I’m going tostay here.”

“I’ll invite you forthe holidays.”

“We can go tomuseums.”

“I may look for a roommate.”

“I should getback to work.”

“I have to finishmy report.”

“You must cometo visit.”

“We ought to see each othermore often.”

He

told

he lived in Dresden.

he had movedthere in June.

he was lookingfor an apartment.

he had started anew job.

he was going tostay there.

he would inviteme/us for theholidays.

we could go tomuseums.

he might look fora roommate.

he should getback to work.

he had to finishhis report.

I/we had to cometo visit.

we ought to see each othermore often.

Direct Speech

Reporting Subject Verb Direct Statement

Indirect Speech

Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Statement

said

Jim

me

you

him

her

us

them

(that)

INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES



INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS, COMMANDS, REQUESTS, AND INVITATIONS

Direct Speech

Reporting Subject Verb Direct Speech

“Drink warm milk.”

“Don’t drink coffee.”

He said,“Can you turn out

the light, please?”

“Why don’t you visitthe clinic?”

Indirect Speech

Reporting Noun/Subject Verb Pronoun Indirect Speech

toldto drink warm milk.advised

Connie

not to drink coffee.He askedher

to turn out the light.said

invited her to visit the clinic.



INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Direct Speech: Yes / No Questions

Reporting Subject Verb Direct Question

“Do you have any experience?”

He asked, “Can you create spreadsheets?”

“Will you stay for a year?”

Indirect Speech: Yes / No Questions

Reporting (Noun / Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question

(Melissa) ifshe had any experience.

He asked(her) whether (or not)

she could create spreadsheets.

she would stay for a year.

Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject

ReportingSubject Verb Direct Question

“Who told you about the job?”He asked,

“What happened on your last job?”

Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Subject

Reporting (Noun /Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question

He asked(Bob) who had told him about the job.

(him) what had happened on his last job.

(continued)


Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate

Reporting (Noun /Subject Verb Pronoun) Indirect Question

who(m) she had worked for.

where she worked now.

how she was going to get to work.

why she had decided to change jobs.

how much she was making.

Direct Speech: Wh- Questions About the Predicate

Reporting Subject Verb Direct Question

“Who(m) did you work for?”

“Where do you work now?”

He asked, “How are you going to get to work?”

“Why have you decided to change jobs?”

“How much are you making?”

(Melissa)(her)

He asked



EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

Main Clause Embedded Question

I’m not sure if I left the right tip.

He wondered whether (or not) five dollars was enough.

Can you remember how much our bill was?

Wh- Word + Infinitive

I don’t know how much to tip.

Do you know where to leave the tip?

fog4 grammar chart

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