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Hydrogen Fuel cells
DTC for hydrogen and fuel cell technologyIn conjunction with the LEBC
Nick McCarthy 20th July 2011
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Climate change
Sustainability in Fuels
Reversible reactions
Hydrogen / Oxygen electrolysis
Types of power generation
Wind turbines, Solar panels, Geothermal,
Hydroelectric, Nuclear, Others?
Fuel cells
PEMFCs
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Climate change
The vast majority of people accept that the
climate of our planet is changing, and man isresponsible for that change.
Human induced environmental change is
nothing new Easter islands deforestation
American prairie Dust bowl
The scale at which we are now changing theenvironment of the planet (the climate) is
bigger than ever before)
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Rivi (2006): Six of the 15 Ahu Tongariki Moais: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island ) Creative
commons: Last accessed 28/07/2011:
Rivi (date not known):Pano Anakena beach: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island )Creative commons: Last accessed 28/07/2011:
NOAA George E. Marsh Album (1935): theb1365, Historic C&GS Collection: Dust storm approachingStratford, Texas. Dust bowl surveying in Texas: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bowl ): Public domain:
Last accessed 28/07/2011
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Climate change
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Rekacewicz, Philippe (2002) (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/greenhouse-effect ) (last accessed 20/07/2011): UNEP/GRID-Arendal
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Ahlenius, Hugo (2007) (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-
dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scale ) (lastaccessed 20/07/2011): UNEP/GRID-Arendal
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UNEP/GRID-Arendal(2009) (http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/world-greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-sector1 ) (last accessed 20/07/2011): UNEP/GRID-Arendal
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Sustainability in fuels
Fossil fuels like oil, coal and natural gas are
our main energy supplies at the moment.
We are using up the easy to access and
therefore cheep fossil fuels
Oil made from tar sands are now being used
because petrol / oil has become expensive
enough to justify the price of doing so
Fossil fuels produce CO2 and (most people
agree) harm our environment
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) = 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
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0.0
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
M
illionTonnesoilequivale
nt
Year
EnergyConsumptionVsproduction:MillionTonnesoilequivalent
AsiaPacificAfrica
MiddleEastEurope&EurasiaS&CAmericaNorthAmericaTotalOilProduction^
Based on data supplied from BP Energy Outlook 2030: January 2011 (
http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037134&contentId=7068677): Last accessed 28/07/2011
: BP p.l.c.
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Fossil fuels are not sustainable in the long
term (say over the next 150 years)
Many scientists, governments and companies
are researching alternatives to fossil fuels
What alternatives can you think of?
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Solar
Wind
Tidal & wave
Geothermal
Biofuel & Ethanol
Hydrogen
Nuclear Others?
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To be sustainable, one or more these needs
to meet several key requirements
Clean No additional CO2 or methane added
to the environment, or any other types of
pollutant
Reliable Needs to work night & day, in any
weather
Global it has to be a solution for every one
every where
Safe
Cost effective Cheap!
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Alternate energy suitability
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Clean Reliable Global Safe Cheap
oilSolar
wind
Tidal & waveHydro-electric
geothermal
HydrogenNuclear
Other ? ? ? ? ?
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No single solution For those places and applications that can
use geothermal or hydro-electric power, that
is a great choice Nuclear is not likely to be a sustainable
resource in the long run, but could help
bridge the gap between the fossil fueleconomy and whatever comes next
Other forms of generation need to store the
energy they produce when the sun isn'tshining, or the wind not blowing
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Hydrogen(H2) gas is a great replacement foroil apart from the fact that it has to be
manufactured Hydrogen gas does not exist
naturally in the earth, but it is the mostabundant element in the universe
Hydrogen can also be used to store energy
generated by other means
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Hydrogen balloon experiment
What happens when a balloon full of
hydrogen is ignited?
Why do we need to start the reaction with the
blow torch?
What types of energy can we detect?
Why does the reaction give out energy?
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Is hydrogen sustainable?
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But How do we make hydrogen?
Most of the worlds hydrogen is currently
manufactured by steam reformation of methane(CH4(g)) for the Haber process (ammonia)
The steam is made by using fossil energy to heat
water
(CH4(g) + Steam (H2O(g)) H2(g) + CO(g))
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Reversible reactions
There are a wide variety of reversible
reactions used to produce ammonia for us
in fertilisers and cleaning agents
Haber process (N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g))
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But there are other ways to make
hydrogen
Bio generation by bacteria
Solar generation through solar activated materials
Electrolysis (start the electrolysis experiment)
The decomposition of a liquid using electricity
Electrolysis is used to make Aluminium form
Bauxite
Hydrogen can also be produced using electrolysis
Lets see which team can produce the most hydrogen
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Electrolysis
Ions charged particles that are hold either a
positive or negative charge
+ (ive) - (ive)
Electrolyte the liquid medium that the ions can move
through
Anode: the +(ive) electrode
Anions are (ive) ions, and are attracted to the
Anode
Cathode: the (ive) charged electrode
Cations are +(ive) ions and are attracted to the
Cathode
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Set FC to run as electrolyser
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Hydrogen and Oxygen gas
identification experiment
Glowing splint introduced to a test tube of
oxygen does what?
Lit splint introduced to a test tube of
Hydrogen does what?
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Is hydrogen clean?
What happens when we burn hydrogen in air?
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
This is a actually a reversible reversible
reaction 2H2O 2H2 + O2 endothermic (takes in
energy from the surroundings)
2H2 + O2 2H2O exothermic (transfersenergy to the surroundings)
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So is hydrogen clean?
The answer is Not yet! Hydrogen generated through non-fossil fuel
use is clean
The majority of hydrogen is produced throughsteam reformation of methane as part of the
Haber process
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Hydrogen generation using wind
turbines
Wind turbine basics
How many blades?
What shape of blade?
How much wind do you need?
How can you store the energy of the win whenyou dont need it? (H2 of course!)
How can you use the winds energy when the
wind is not blowing? (H2 of course!)
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Is Hydrogen safe?
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Dr. Michael R. Swain (2005): Fuel Leak Simulation : University of Miami
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Hydrogen's best trick
We dont have to burn it
Using a fuel cell we can combine
hydrogen and oxygen without wasting
energy as kinetic force and light
We can also capture the heat
generated from the cell
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Horizon Fuel cells animations
29Horizon Fuel cells Ltd: Educational animations
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Types of fuel cell
PEM FCs
SO FCs
DM FCs
Others (urea FCs!)
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PEM FCs
Set up PEMFC to use captured H2(g) and O2(g)to run the fan
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Fuel cell disadvantages
Fuel Cells are still more expensive than
traditional Internal combustion engines
the use expensive metals like Platinum and
Rhodium
They require very high manufacturing
standards to work well
They are heavy
Getting the fuel to them is awkward
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Fuel cell advantages
Very reliable no moving parts
Very clean exhaust = water
Quiet
Quick to refuel (Vs re-charging batteries)
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Some fuel cells are being used already
NASA space missions reliable and clean, very good when you are sealed into
a tin can a long way from any help, and generates drinking water for the
astronauts as it operates Remote systems mines and scientific outposts in hard to reach places use
FCs
Military equipment UAVs and submarines
Hospitals and critical systems some hospitals and other important building
have backup power from Fuel cell available just in case Fork lift trucks for clean environments, and FCs can be recharged more
quickly than a battery
Hybrid engines some Hybrid IC engines use FCs and/or batteries
CHP systems coming to home near you?
Cars Mercedes have said they will have a B-class powered by fuel cells for
sale to the public in 2014/15
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CHP 2015?
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mCHP 2015?
B-klass 2015?
Fuel cells in use
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Image references S400 hybrid (2010): Mercedes B-Klasse Facelift:
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_B-Class ) Creative commons: Last
accessed 28/07/2011
NASA (1965): Gemini 7 spacecraft from Gemini 6: (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini ) Creative Commons: Last accessed28/07/2011
UTC Power (2011) : Pressroom gallery: (
http://www.utcpower.com/pressroom/gallery ) last accessed 28/07/2011
MKV CHP (2011): (
http://www.fuelcellmarkets.com/dantherm_power_fuel_cell_backup_power/products_and_services/3,1,11472,17,15071.html ): Dantherm Power: Last accessed
28/07/2011
Wolfgang Greiner (2007): U 31 im Hafen Kiel (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_212_submarine ): GNU Free Documentation
License: last accessed 28/07/2011
Still International (2010): Still RX60 fork lift truck:
(http://www.forkliftaction.com/news/forklifts_news_international/Still_GmbH_383
1.aspx ): last accessed 28/07/2011
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