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Germicidal lamps are
simple low pressure
mercury vapor
discharges in a fused
quartz envelope.
Gas-discharge lampFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: Gas-filled tube
Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending
an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. The character of the gas
discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as the frequency of the current: see
the entry on a frequency classification of plasmas. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas(argon, neon, krypton and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Most lamps are filled with
additionalmaterials, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides. In operation the gas is
ionized, and free electrons, accelerated by the electrical field in the tube, collide with gas
and metal atoms. Some electrons in the atomic orbitals of these atoms are excited by
these collisions to a higher energy state. When the excited atom falls back to a lower
energy state, it emits a photon of a characteristic energy, resulting in infrared, visible light,
or ultraviolet radiation. Some lamps convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light with a
fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. The fluorescent lamp is
perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp.
Compared with incandescent lamp and even with LED lighting, gas-discharge lamps
offer longer life and higher efficiency,[1][2] but are more complicated to manufacture, and
require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current flow through the
gas. Some gas-discharge lamps also have a perceivable start-up time to achieve their full
light output. Still, due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps are replacing
incandescent lights in many lighting applications.
Contents
1 History
2 Color
3 Types
3.1 Low pressure discharge lamps
3.2 High pressure discharge lamps
3.3 High-intensity discharge lamps
4 Other examples
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading8 External links
History
The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when French astronomer Jean-Felix Picard observed that the empt
space in his mercury barometer glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer.[3] Investigators,
including Francis Hauksbee, tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon. Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-
discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hauksbeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Other_exampleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High-intensity_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Low_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Colorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_classification_of_plasmashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hauksbeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Picardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Other_exampleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High-intensity_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Low_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Typeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Colorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_excitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_classification_of_plasmashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg -
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amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce a light bright enough to read by. The phenomeno
of electric arc was first described by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist, in 1802; Sir Humphry Davy demonstrated
the same year the electric arc at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been
researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.
The father of the low-pressure gas discharge tube was German glassblower Heinrich Geissler, who beginning in 1857
constructed colorful artistic cold cathode tubes with different gases in them which glowed with many different colors,
called Geissler tubes. It was found that inert gases like the noble gases neon, argon, krypton or xenon, as well as
carbon dioxide worked well in tubes. This technology was commercialized by French engineer Georges Claude in1910 and became neon lighting, used in neon signs.
The introduction of the metal vapor lamp, including various metals within the discharge tube, was a later advance. The
heat of the gas discharge vaporized some of the metal and the discharge is then produced almost exclusively by the
metal vapor. The usual metals are sodium and mercury owing to their visible spectrum emission.
One hundred years of research later led to lamps without electrodes which are instead energized by microwave or
radio frequency sources. In addition, light sources of much lower output have been created, extending the applications
of discharge lighting to home or indoor use.
Color
Each gas, depending on its atomic structure emits certain wavelengths which translates in different colors of the lamp.
As a way of evaluating the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects being lit by the source, th
International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the color rendering index. Some gas-discharge lamps have
relatively low CRI, which means colors they illuminate appear substantially different than they do under sunlight or othe
high-CRI illumination.
Gas Color Spectrum Notes Image
Helium
White toorange;
under
some
conditions
may be
gray,
blue, or
green-
blue.
Used by
artists for
special
purpose
lighting.
NeonRed-
orange
Intense
light. Used
frequently in
neon signs
and neon
lamps.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-orangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(colour)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_rendering_indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Claudehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geissler_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_cathodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Geisslerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_V._Petrov -
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Argon
Violet to
pale
lavender
blue
Often used
together
with
mercury
vapor.
Krypton
Gray off-
white to
green. Athigh peak
currents,
bright
blue-
white.
Used by
artists forspecial
purpose
lighting.
Xenon
Gray or
blue-gray
dim
white. At
high peakcurrents,
very
bright
green-
blue.
Used in
flashbulbs,
xenon HIDheadlamps,
and xenon
arc lamps.
Nitrogen
Similar to
argon but
duller,
more
pink; at
high peak
currents
bright
blue-
white.
Oxygen
Violet to
lavender,
dimmer
thanargon
Hydrogen
Lavender
at low
currents,
pink to
magenta
over 10
mA
Similar to
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogenglow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magentahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygenglow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectre.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_(color)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(color)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_HID_headlamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_photographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-grayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-whitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon -
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Water
vapor
hydrogen,
dimmer
Carbon
dioxide
Blue-
white to
pink, in
lower
currents
brighter
than
xenon
Used in
Carbon
Dioxide
Lasers.
Mercury
vapor
Light
blue,
intense
ultravioletUltraviolet not shown
In
combination
with
phosphors
used to
generate
many colorsof light.
Widely
used in
mercury-
vapor
lamps.
Sodium
vapor
(lowpressure)
Bright
orange-
yellow
Widely
used in
sodium
vapor
lamps.
Types
Lamps are divided into families based on the pressure of gas in the bulb, below. A second distinction used is whether
the cathode is heated:
Hot-cathode lamps have electrodes which operate at a high temperature, which during operation are heated b
the arc current in the lamp. The heat knocks electrons out of the electrodes by thermionic emission, which helpsmaintain the arc. In many types the electrodes consist of electrical filaments made of fine wire, which are heated
by a separate current at startup, to get the arc started.
Cold-cathode lamps have electrodes which operate at room temperature. To start conduction in the lamp a
high enough voltage (the striking voltage) must be applied to ionize the gas, so these lamps require higher voltag
to start.
Low pressure discharge lamps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_filamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampe_a_vapeur_de_sodium.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-yellowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide_Laserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water -
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A compact fluorescent lamp
Gas-discharge lamp "Candle".
Low-pressure lamps have working pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. For example common fluorescent
lamps operate at a pressure of about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.
Fluorescent lamps, a heated-cathode lamp, the most common lamp in
office lighting and many other applications, produces up to 100 lumens
per watt
Neon lighting, a widely used form of cold-cathode specialty lighting
consisting of long tubes filled with various gases at low pressure
excited by high voltages, used as advertising in neon signs.Low pressure sodium lamps, the most efficient gas-discharge lamp
type, producing up to 200 lumens per watt, but at the expense of very
poor color rendering. The almost monochromatic yellow light is only
acceptable for street lighting and similar applications.
A small discharge lamp containing a bi-metallic switch is used to start
a fluorescent lamp. In this case the heat of the discharge is used to
actuate the switch; the starter is contained in an opaque enclosure and
the small light output is not used.
High pressure discharge lamps
High-pressure lamps have a discharge that takes place in gas under slightly
less to greater than atmospheric pressure. For example, a high pressure
sodium lamp has an arc tube under 100 to 200 torr pressure, about 14% to
28% of atmospheric pressure; some automotive HID headlamps have up to
50 bar or fifty times atmospheric pressure.
Metal halide lamps. These lamps produce almost white light, and attain
100 lumen per watt light output. Applications include indoor lighting of
high buildings, parking lots, shops, sport terrains.High pressure sodium lamps, producing up to 150 lumens per watt.
These lamps produce a broader light spectrum than the low pressure
sodium lamps. Also used for street lighting, and for artificial
photoassimilation for growing plants
High pressure mercury-vapor lamps. This lamp type is the oldest high
pressure lamp type, being replaced in most applications by the metal
halide lamp and the high pressure sodium lamp. It requires a shorter
arc length.
High-intensity discharge lamps
Main article: High-intensity discharge lamp
A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc
between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
Compared to other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length. Examples of HID lamps include:
Mercury-vapor lamps
Metal halide lamps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_quartzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lamp#High_pressure_.2F_HPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp#Startinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-metallic_striphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-rendering_indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-discharge_lamp_Candle.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02_Spiral_CFL_Bulb_2010-03-08_(black_back).jpg -
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15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in
IMAX projectors
Ceramic discharge metal halide lamps
Sodium vapor lamps
Xenon arc lamps
HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are desired.
Other examples
Main article: Xenon flash lamp
The Xenon flash lamp produces a single flash of light in the millisecond-
microsecond range and is commonly used in film, photography and theatrical
lighting. Particularly robust versions of this lamp, known as strobe lights, can
produce long sequences of flashes, allowing for the stroboscopic examination
of motion. This has found use in the study of mechanical motion, in medicine
and in the lighting of dance halls.
See also
Electric arc
Electric glow discharge
Emission spectrum
Fluorescent lamp
Gas-filled tube
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp
List of light sources
Over-illumination
References
1. ^ "Types of Ligthing" (http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-lighting).Energy.gov. US Department of Energy.
Retrieved 10 June 2013.
2. ^ "LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES: A GUIDE TO ENERGY-EFFICIENT ILLUMINATION"
(http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact%20Sheet_Lighting%20Technologie
pdf). Energy Star. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
3. ^ See Wikipedia's article: Barometric light.
Further reading
Waymouth, John (1971).Electric Discharge Lamps. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0-262-
23048-8.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "Glare from headlamps and other front mounted lamps"
(http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/glare.html).Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108. US
Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2006-01-23.
http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/glare.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-23048-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-3http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact%20Sheet_Lighting%20Technologies.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-2http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_light_sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_glow_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroboscopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_discharge_metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_short-arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg -
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External links
Lamps and Indicators
(http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Components/Lamps_and_Indicators/) at the Open
Directory Project
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas-discharge_lamp&oldid=563225412"
Categories: Gas discharge lamps Light sources
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