gas-discharge lamp

7/27/2019 Gas-Discharge Lamp

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Germicidal lamps are

simple low pressure

mercury vapor

discharges in a fused

quartz envelope.

Gas-discharge lampFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Gas-filled tube

Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending

an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. The character of the gas

discharge depends on the pressure of the gas as well as the frequency of the current: see

the entry on a frequency classification of plasmas. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas(argon, neon, krypton and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Most lamps are filled with

additionalmaterials, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides. In operation the gas is

ionized, and free electrons, accelerated by the electrical field in the tube, collide with gas

and metal atoms. Some electrons in the atomic orbitals of these atoms are excited by

these collisions to a higher energy state. When the excited atom falls back to a lower

energy state, it emits a photon of a characteristic energy, resulting in infrared, visible light,

or ultraviolet radiation. Some lamps convert the ultraviolet radiation to visible light with a

fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. The fluorescent lamp is

perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp.

Compared with incandescent lamp and even with LED lighting, gas-discharge lamps

offer longer life and higher efficiency,[1][2] but are more complicated to manufacture, and

require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current flow through the

gas. Some gas-discharge lamps also have a perceivable start-up time to achieve their full

light output. Still, due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps are replacing

incandescent lights in many lighting applications.

Contents

1 History

2 Color

3 Types

3.1 Low pressure discharge lamps

3.2 High pressure discharge lamps

3.3 High-intensity discharge lamps

4 Other examples

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading8 External links

History

The history of gas-discharge lamps began in 1675 when French astronomer Jean-Felix Picard observed that the empt

space in his mercury barometer glowed as the mercury jiggled while he was carrying the barometer.[3] Investigators,

including Francis Hauksbee, tried to determine the cause of the phenomenon. Hauksbee first demonstrated a gas-

discharge lamp in 1705. He showed that an evacuated or partially evacuated glass globe, in which he placed a small
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hauksbeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Other_exampleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High-intensity_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Low_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Colorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_classification_of_plasmashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hauksbeehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Picardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Further_readinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Other_exampleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High-intensity_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#High_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Low_pressure_discharge_lampshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Typeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Colorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_(electrical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excited_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_excitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbitalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_fieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_classification_of_plasmashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germicidal_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germicidal_UV_discharge_tube_glow.jpg


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amount of mercury, while charged by static electricity could produce a light bright enough to read by. The phenomeno

of electric arc was first described by Vasily V. Petrov, a Russian scientist, in 1802; Sir Humphry Davy demonstrated

the same year the electric arc at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Since then, discharge light sources have been

researched because they create light from electricity considerably more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs.

The father of the low-pressure gas discharge tube was German glassblower Heinrich Geissler, who beginning in 1857

constructed colorful artistic cold cathode tubes with different gases in them which glowed with many different colors,

called Geissler tubes. It was found that inert gases like the noble gases neon, argon, krypton or xenon, as well as

carbon dioxide worked well in tubes. This technology was commercialized by French engineer Georges Claude in1910 and became neon lighting, used in neon signs.

The introduction of the metal vapor lamp, including various metals within the discharge tube, was a later advance. The

heat of the gas discharge vaporized some of the metal and the discharge is then produced almost exclusively by the

metal vapor. The usual metals are sodium and mercury owing to their visible spectrum emission.

One hundred years of research later led to lamps without electrodes which are instead energized by microwave or

radio frequency sources. In addition, light sources of much lower output have been created, extending the applications

of discharge lighting to home or indoor use.

Color

Each gas, depending on its atomic structure emits certain wavelengths which translates in different colors of the lamp.

As a way of evaluating the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects being lit by the source, th

International Commission on Illumination (CIE) introduced the color rendering index. Some gas-discharge lamps have

relatively low CRI, which means colors they illuminate appear substantially different than they do under sunlight or othe

high-CRI illumination.

Gas Color Spectrum Notes Image

Helium

White toorange;

under

some

conditions

may be

gray,

blue, or

green-

blue.

Used by

artists for

special

purpose

lighting.

NeonRed-

orange

Intense

light. Used

frequently in

neon signs

and neon

lamps.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-orangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(colour)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_rendering_indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Claudehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geissler_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_cathodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Geisslerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_V._Petrov


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Argon

Violet to

pale

lavender

blue

Often used

together

with

mercury

vapor.

Krypton

Gray off-

white to

green. Athigh peak

currents,

bright

blue-

white.

Used by

artists forspecial

purpose

lighting.

Xenon

Gray or

blue-gray

dim

white. At

high peakcurrents,

very

bright

green-

blue.

Used in

flashbulbs,

xenon HIDheadlamps,

and xenon

arc lamps.

Nitrogen

Similar to

argon but

duller,

more

pink; at

high peak

currents

bright

blue-

white.

Oxygen

Violet to

lavender,

dimmer

thanargon

Hydrogen

Lavender

at low

currents,

pink to

magenta

over 10

mA

Similar to
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogenglow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magentahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygenglow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectre.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_(color)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(color)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_HID_headlamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_photographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_Spectrum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-grayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krypton_Spectrum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-whitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon-glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_Spectrum.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon


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Water

vapor

hydrogen,

dimmer

Carbon

dioxide

Blue-

white to

pink, in

lower

currents

brighter

than

xenon

Used in

Carbon

Dioxide

Lasers.

Mercury

vapor

Light

blue,

intense

ultravioletUltraviolet not shown

In

combination

with

phosphors

used to

generate

many colorsof light.

Widely

used in

mercury-

vapor

lamps.

Sodium

vapor

(lowpressure)

Bright

orange-

yellow

Widely

used in

sodium

vapor

lamps.

Types

Lamps are divided into families based on the pressure of gas in the bulb, below. A second distinction used is whether

the cathode is heated:

Hot-cathode lamps have electrodes which operate at a high temperature, which during operation are heated b

the arc current in the lamp. The heat knocks electrons out of the electrodes by thermionic emission, which helpsmaintain the arc. In many types the electrodes consist of electrical filaments made of fine wire, which are heated

by a separate current at startup, to get the arc started.

Cold-cathode lamps have electrodes which operate at room temperature. To start conduction in the lamp a

high enough voltage (the striking voltage) must be applied to ionize the gas, so these lamps require higher voltag

to start.

Low pressure discharge lamps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striking_voltagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_filamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lampe_a_vapeur_de_sodium.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-yellowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MV_glow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Laser_At_The_Laser_Effects_Test_Facility.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide_Laserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


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A compact fluorescent lamp

Gas-discharge lamp "Candle".

Low-pressure lamps have working pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. For example common fluorescent

lamps operate at a pressure of about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.

Fluorescent lamps, a heated-cathode lamp, the most common lamp in

office lighting and many other applications, produces up to 100 lumens

per watt

Neon lighting, a widely used form of cold-cathode specialty lighting

consisting of long tubes filled with various gases at low pressure

excited by high voltages, used as advertising in neon signs.Low pressure sodium lamps, the most efficient gas-discharge lamp

type, producing up to 200 lumens per watt, but at the expense of very

poor color rendering. The almost monochromatic yellow light is only

acceptable for street lighting and similar applications.

A small discharge lamp containing a bi-metallic switch is used to start

a fluorescent lamp. In this case the heat of the discharge is used to

actuate the switch; the starter is contained in an opaque enclosure and

the small light output is not used.

High pressure discharge lamps

High-pressure lamps have a discharge that takes place in gas under slightly

less to greater than atmospheric pressure. For example, a high pressure

sodium lamp has an arc tube under 100 to 200 torr pressure, about 14% to

28% of atmospheric pressure; some automotive HID headlamps have up to

50 bar or fifty times atmospheric pressure.

Metal halide lamps. These lamps produce almost white light, and attain

100 lumen per watt light output. Applications include indoor lighting of

high buildings, parking lots, shops, sport terrains.High pressure sodium lamps, producing up to 150 lumens per watt.

These lamps produce a broader light spectrum than the low pressure

sodium lamps. Also used for street lighting, and for artificial

photoassimilation for growing plants

High pressure mercury-vapor lamps. This lamp type is the oldest high

pressure lamp type, being replaced in most applications by the metal

halide lamp and the high pressure sodium lamp. It requires a shorter

arc length.

High-intensity discharge lamps

Main article: High-intensity discharge lamp

A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc

between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

Compared to other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length. Examples of HID lamps include:

Mercury-vapor lamps

Metal halide lamps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_quartzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lamp#High_pressure_.2F_HPShttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp#Startinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-metallic_striphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-rendering_indexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_signhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas-discharge_lamp_Candle.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02_Spiral_CFL_Bulb_2010-03-08_(black_back).jpg


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15 kW xenon short-arc lamp used in

IMAX projectors

Ceramic discharge metal halide lamps

Sodium vapor lamps

Xenon arc lamps

HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are desired.

Other examples

Main article: Xenon flash lamp

The Xenon flash lamp produces a single flash of light in the millisecond-

microsecond range and is commonly used in film, photography and theatrical

lighting. Particularly robust versions of this lamp, known as strobe lights, can

produce long sequences of flashes, allowing for the stroboscopic examination

of motion. This has found use in the study of mechanical motion, in medicine

and in the lighting of dance halls.

See also

Electric arc

Electric glow discharge

Emission spectrum

Fluorescent lamp

Gas-filled tube

Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp

List of light sources

Over-illumination

References

1. ^ "Types of Ligthing" (http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-lighting).Energy.gov. US Department of Energy.

Retrieved 10 June 2013.

2. ^ "LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES: A GUIDE TO ENERGY-EFFICIENT ILLUMINATION"

(http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact%20Sheet_Lighting%20Technologie

pdf). Energy Star. US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 10 June 2013.

3. ^ See Wikipedia's article: Barometric light.

Further reading

Waymouth, John (1971).Electric Discharge Lamps. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press. ISBN 0-262-

23048-8.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "Glare from headlamps and other front mounted lamps"

(http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/glare.html).Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108. US

Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2006-01-23.
http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/rulings/glare.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-23048-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometric_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-3http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact%20Sheet_Lighting%20Technologies.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-2http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#cite_ref-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_light_sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-filled_tubehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_glow_dischargehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroboscopehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobe_lighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_vapor_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_discharge_metal_halide_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAXhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_short-arc_lamphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenon_short_arc_1.jpg


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External links

Lamps and Indicators

(http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Components/Lamps_and_Indicators/) at the Open

Directory Project

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Categories: Gas discharge lamps Light sources

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