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Infancy-Childhood
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Do you…Remember
anything from when you were a baby?
Did you have a good temperament, bad temperament, easy going?
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CHANGE In the years 0-18, you
change more physically, cognitively and psychologically than you ever will again
In the 3 weeks, you will learn about developmental psychology-the specialized study of how an individual matures
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Prenatal StagePrenatal defined as “before
birth”Prenatal stage begins at conception
and ends with the birth of the child.Mothers can feel strong
movements: hiccupping, kickingFetuses can suck their thumbs even
though they have never had a bottle or fed from their mother
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Zygote A fertilized eggThe first two weeks are
a period of rapid cell division.
Attaches to the mother’s uterine wall
At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo
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Embryo Developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization until the end of the eight week
Most of the major organs are formed during this time.
At the end of the eight week the fetal period begins.
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FetusDeveloping human
organism from nine weeks after conception to birth
This is where the mother can feel movement
Recognizing parents voice, music, dogs
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PlacentaA cushion of cells in
the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus
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TeratogensSubstances that cross
the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally
Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Physical and cognitive abnormalities
that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant
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First hoursAre like a baby deer; but worse!
Cannot walk, sleep, eat, or do really anything by themselves
Would you want to leave a warm, happy, protected place?
Can smell, see, hear and respond to their environment.
Have to adapt quickly; extremely stressful
There are certain AUTOMATIC responses that babies have when they are born
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Reflexes Inherited, automatic, coordinated movement
patterns that can be triggered by the right stimulus.
Many, but not all, are born with these.
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Grasping reflexIs a response to a touch on the
palm of the hand.Will be gone usually after the
first 6 months.
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Rooting ReflexBaby’s tendency, when touched on the
cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple
Is an automatic, unlearned response
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Sucking reflexSucking of a
nipple/bottle
One of the most complex reflexes
The infant is able to suck, breathe, air and swallow milk without getting confused.
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Babinski reflexWhen a person runs a
finger up the bottom of an infants foot, and the foot flares and presses against the stimulus instead of pulling away
The shift away from it= normal neurological development
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SIDSSudden Infant Death SyndromeNo known causeMay be neurological
Incidence is lower when baby is put on its back, with little blankets and animals in bed.
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Activity: Development TimelineIn the first year of life, infants are
continuously developing. 1. Using your book on pages 60-65, create
a timeline of maturation for the first year of an infant’s life.
2. Write down what the child gains developmentally at each stage.
3. Then, draw a small picture representing the skill the child should develop.
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Monday, August 19th Welcome back!Any exciting news?
Get out your timelines- we will spend the first 10 minutes finishing those up
Looking at physical development of children today
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Warm UpName two reflexes of babiesHow do they work?
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Infant, Toddler, ChildInfant: First yearToddler: From
about 1 year to 3 years of age
Child: Span between toddler and teen
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Averages of InfantsWeight:
7.3 lbs20-25
percent more by end of 1st year
Height 18-22
inches on average
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How do brain and motor skills develop??Good NewsWhile in the womb,
you produce almost ¼ million brain cells per minute.
Bad NewsThat is basically all
you are ever going to develop.
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The Brain and InfancyAlthough the brain does not develop many new cells, the existing cells begin to work more efficiently- forming more complex neural networks.
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MaturationBiological growth processes that enable orderly
changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.To a certain extent we all maturate similarly, but the time
can vary depending on the person
Will most likely develop according to scheduleMake sure they are maturational ready (readiness)- you
cannot coach a kid to crawl or walk before it is “their time”
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Motor DevelopmentIncludes all physical skills and muscular coordination
Usually goes in a order3 months-lifts head4 months- smiles5 to 6 months- grasp objects8 to 10 months-crawling
Used to test if something is wrongEx. Not talking at 2 ½ years
NO TWO CHILD IS THE SAME
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Motor Development
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TemperamentPerson’s characteristic
emotional excitabilityA child might be:
An “easy” or “difficult” babyActive, quiet, cuddly, stiffCriers or non-criers
Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry through a person’s life.
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Walking- add this to notes!Walking- in US 25%
learn by 11 months, 50% within a week of 1st birthday, 90% by 15 months.
Varies by culture- if the culture emphasizes walking then babies can walk at younger ages (NURTURE).
But identical twins tend to learn to walk on the same day (NATURE).
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Nature vs. Nurture- add this to notes How much of development is the result of
inheritance (heredity) or what we have learned?
Big debate between scientists.
Why would this be such a big deal?
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Perception skills of a newbornMaturePrefer looking at human faces and patterned
materials Benefit greatly by being touched by their parents
Babies are born with some perception abilities
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Visual cliffTo study depth perception
Young infants seemed unafraid; older infants (6 months+) refused to cross over the cliff Also heart rate sped upWhy?
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Language & Thought Closely intertwined
Both abilities involve symbolsThinking occurs before language
The acquisition of language propels children into intellectual development
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Can Animals use language? YES!Chimpanzees can be
taught sign language to represent thoughts or ideas
Example: Babay Chimp Washoe was taught signsBy 3.5 years- knew
87 signsBy 5- knew 150 signs
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Grammar Animals only use one aspect of language-
symbols
Humans can arrange symbols into new combinations to produce new meaningsVery advance and well developed in the human
brain=big difference!
Grammar- rules for the organization of symbols This is what makes us surpass the mental power
of a chimp
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Steps to Learning Language 1. Learn to make signs- by hand or
mouth2. Must learn the meaning of signs3. Must learn grammar
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First YearSounds- cooing sounds, babbling Children imitate the speech of
their parents (French, Korean, English babbles)
Greeted with approval when they say something that sounds like a wordThis is how you learn your
NATIVE language
Examples: baba, mama
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Second YearLeap to using sounds as
symbols1st attempt to using words are
primitive, and sounds are incomplete“ball”- may sound like “ba”“cookie”- “doo-da”First words are often commands
“dog” or “cookie”
Two word phrases beginEnd of second year- vocabulary
of 500=1,500 words
How did you say your first words?
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Telegraphic SpeechTelegraphic speech- the kind of verbal
utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear
“Where my apple?”“Daddy goed yesterday”
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Third YearMore grammatical knowledgeSays appropriate sentencesUses simple declaratives5,000 word vocabulary
Examples:“I eating”“I’m eating”Don’t Go!
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Fourth YearChild uses more grammar and future tenseAsks questions in adult formAverage vocabulary about 9,000 words
Example:“Will Jenny go?”I can’t go“Why is Jenny crying?”
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Fifth YearChild uses more complex clausesJoins two or more ideas in one sentenceHas problems with noun/verb agreement
“I see what you did.”