Infancy-Childhood

Do you…Remember

anything from when you were a baby?

Did you have a good temperament, bad temperament, easy going?

CHANGE In the years 0-18, you

change more physically, cognitively and psychologically than you ever will again

In the 3 weeks, you will learn about developmental psychology-the specialized study of how an individual matures

Prenatal StagePrenatal defined as “before

birth”Prenatal stage begins at conception

and ends with the birth of the child.Mothers can feel strong

movements: hiccupping, kickingFetuses can suck their thumbs even

though they have never had a bottle or fed from their mother

Zygote A fertilized eggThe first two weeks are

a period of rapid cell division.

Attaches to the mother’s uterine wall

At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

Embryo Developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization until the end of the eight week

Most of the major organs are formed during this time.

At the end of the eight week the fetal period begins.

FetusDeveloping human

organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

This is where the mother can feel movement

Recognizing parents voice, music, dogs

PlacentaA cushion of cells in

the mother by which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrition

Acts as a filter to screen out substances that could harm the fetus

TeratogensSubstances that cross

the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally

Includes: radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses, drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Physical and cognitive abnormalities

that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant

First hoursAre like a baby deer; but worse!

Cannot walk, sleep, eat, or do really anything by themselves

Would you want to leave a warm, happy, protected place?

Can smell, see, hear and respond to their environment.

Have to adapt quickly; extremely stressful

There are certain AUTOMATIC responses that babies have when they are born

Reflexes Inherited, automatic, coordinated movement

patterns that can be triggered by the right stimulus.

Many, but not all, are born with these.

Grasping reflexIs a response to a touch on the

palm of the hand.Will be gone usually after the

first 6 months.

Rooting ReflexBaby’s tendency, when touched on the

cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple

Is an automatic, unlearned response

Sucking reflexSucking of a

nipple/bottle

One of the most complex reflexes

The infant is able to suck, breathe, air and swallow milk without getting confused.

Babinski reflexWhen a person runs a

finger up the bottom of an infants foot, and the foot flares and presses against the stimulus instead of pulling away

The shift away from it= normal neurological development

SIDSSudden Infant Death SyndromeNo known causeMay be neurological

Incidence is lower when baby is put on its back, with little blankets and animals in bed.

Activity: Development TimelineIn the first year of life, infants are

continuously developing. 1. Using your book on pages 60-65, create

a timeline of maturation for the first year of an infant’s life.

2. Write down what the child gains developmentally at each stage.

3. Then, draw a small picture representing the skill the child should develop.

Monday, August 19th Welcome back!Any exciting news?

Get out your timelines- we will spend the first 10 minutes finishing those up

Looking at physical development of children today

Warm UpName two reflexes of babiesHow do they work?

Infant, Toddler, ChildInfant: First yearToddler: From

about 1 year to 3 years of age

Child: Span between toddler and teen

Averages of InfantsWeight:

7.3 lbs20-25

percent more by end of 1st year

Height 18-22

inches on average

How do brain and motor skills develop??Good NewsWhile in the womb,

you produce almost ¼ million brain cells per minute.

Bad NewsThat is basically all

you are ever going to develop.

The Brain and InfancyAlthough the brain does not develop many new cells, the existing cells begin to work more efficiently- forming more complex neural networks.

MaturationBiological growth processes that enable orderly

changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.To a certain extent we all maturate similarly, but the time

can vary depending on the person

Will most likely develop according to scheduleMake sure they are maturational ready (readiness)- you

cannot coach a kid to crawl or walk before it is “their time”

Motor DevelopmentIncludes all physical skills and muscular coordination

Usually goes in a order3 months-lifts head4 months- smiles5 to 6 months- grasp objects8 to 10 months-crawling

Used to test if something is wrongEx. Not talking at 2 ½ years

NO TWO CHILD IS THE SAME

Motor Development

TemperamentPerson’s characteristic

emotional excitabilityA child might be:

An “easy” or “difficult” babyActive, quiet, cuddly, stiffCriers or non-criers

Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry through a person’s life.

Walking- add this to notes!Walking- in US 25%

learn by 11 months, 50% within a week of 1st birthday, 90% by 15 months.

Varies by culture- if the culture emphasizes walking then babies can walk at younger ages (NURTURE).

But identical twins tend to learn to walk on the same day (NATURE).

Nature vs. Nurture- add this to notes How much of development is the result of

inheritance (heredity) or what we have learned?

Big debate between scientists.

Why would this be such a big deal?

Perception skills of a newbornMaturePrefer looking at human faces and patterned

materials Benefit greatly by being touched by their parents

Babies are born with some perception abilities

Visual cliffTo study depth perception

Young infants seemed unafraid; older infants (6 months+) refused to cross over the cliff Also heart rate sped upWhy?

Language & Thought Closely intertwined

Both abilities involve symbolsThinking occurs before language

The acquisition of language propels children into intellectual development

Can Animals use language? YES!Chimpanzees can be

taught sign language to represent thoughts or ideas

Example: Babay Chimp Washoe was taught signsBy 3.5 years- knew

87 signsBy 5- knew 150 signs

Grammar Animals only use one aspect of language-

symbols

Humans can arrange symbols into new combinations to produce new meaningsVery advance and well developed in the human

brain=big difference!

Grammar- rules for the organization of symbols This is what makes us surpass the mental power

of a chimp

Steps to Learning Language 1. Learn to make signs- by hand or

mouth2. Must learn the meaning of signs3. Must learn grammar

First YearSounds- cooing sounds, babbling Children imitate the speech of

their parents (French, Korean, English babbles)

Greeted with approval when they say something that sounds like a wordThis is how you learn your

NATIVE language

Examples: baba, mama

Second YearLeap to using sounds as

symbols1st attempt to using words are

primitive, and sounds are incomplete“ball”- may sound like “ba”“cookie”- “doo-da”First words are often commands

“dog” or “cookie”

Two word phrases beginEnd of second year- vocabulary

of 500=1,500 words

How did you say your first words?

Telegraphic SpeechTelegraphic speech- the kind of verbal

utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear

“Where my apple?”“Daddy goed yesterday”

Third YearMore grammatical knowledgeSays appropriate sentencesUses simple declaratives5,000 word vocabulary

Examples:“I eating”“I’m eating”Don’t Go!

Fourth YearChild uses more grammar and future tenseAsks questions in adult formAverage vocabulary about 9,000 words

Example:“Will Jenny go?”I can’t go“Why is Jenny crying?”

Fifth YearChild uses more complex clausesJoins two or more ideas in one sentenceHas problems with noun/verb agreement

“I see what you did.”