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INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
Richard Weidman
Ag Program Associate
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WHAT IS A PEST?
- Is it something that causes deadly epidemics or plagues?
- Is it an insect or small animal that harms or destroys garden plants?
- Is a small animal or insect that destroys crops or food supplies?
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Definition of Pest (FIFRA – Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act)
Any organism that interferes with the activities and desires of humans
Pests include the following categories of organisms:
Pathogens, weeds (vascular plants), nematodes, mollusks, arthropods (insects, mites, crustaceans and other joint legged invertebrates), and vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals)
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Factors Modifying Pest Status
The Pest Triangle
Time
EnvironmentPest
CropPlant
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
- The concept was presented in the 1960’s to advance the idea of integrated control
- Population monitoring, utilization of thresholds, use of biological agents, cultural practices, and judicious use of pesticides
- Ecological and economic consequences of plant-pest interactions
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
A decision support system for the selection and use of pest control tactics singly or harmoniously coordinated into a management strategy based on cost-benefit analysis that take into account the interests of and impacts on producers, society and the environment
(Concepts in Integrated Pest Management – Norris, Caswell-Chen, Kogan)
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Good or Bad?
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Components of IPM
Knowledge of key Pests, Plants, and Locations
Monitoring/Recordkeeping
Decision Making
Management/Control Tactics
Evaluation
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Good Horticultural Techniques
Plant Selection
Watering
Fertilization
Pruning
Planting
Amending Soil
Mowing
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Key Plants (landscape)Problem Prone Plants
Arborvitae
Andromeda
White Birch
Boxwood
Austrian Pine
Azalea
Flowering Cherry
Cotoneaster
Crabapple
Dwarf Alberta Spruce
Flowering Dogwood
Japanese Euonymus
Hawthorn
Hemlock
Honeylocust
Juniper
Lilac
Pyracantha
Rhododendron
Rose
Sycamore
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Cornus x ‘KN30-8’ Venus Dogwood
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Azaleas
Dave Smela
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Roses
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Key Pests (landscape)Most Common Pests
Anthracnose
Aphids
Bagworm
Birch Leafminer
Black Vine Weevil
Bronze Birch Borer
Crabapple Scab
Cytospora Canker
Elongate Hemlock Scale
Euonymus Scale
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Lacebug
Sphaeropsis (=Diplodia) tip blight
Spruce gall adelgids
Spider Mites
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Bronze Birch Borer
Courtesy of USDA Forest Service
Adult laying eggs
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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
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Bagworm
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Lacebug on Andromeda
Univ. of Massachusetts
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Pine Sawfly on Mugho Pine
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Key Locations (landscape)Plants and Prominence
Southern slopes
Low, wet areas
Foundation plantings
Hot, droughty sites
Monoculture plantings
Parking Lots
Wet, shady areas
Plants in planter boxes
Pedestrian traffic routes
Compacted soils
Raised beds, berms
Very shady areas
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Components of IPM
Knowledge of key Pests, Plants, and Locations
Monitoring/Recordkeeping
Decision Making
Management/Control Tactics
Evaluation
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Monitor Plants Regularly
•Scouting
•No longer calendar or cover sprays
•SAS (See It and Spray It)
•Knowledge of plants and good references available
•Detect, Appraise and Predict Outbreaks
•Regular inspections of plants (2-4 weeks during the season)
•Look for pests and beneficials
•RECORD KEEPING
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Monitoring – Know the Conditions
Current Plant Health
Key Locations, Plants, and Pests
Watering Schedule
Drainage
Fertilizers, Pesticides, etc. Used
Soil pH
Mulching status
Signs or symptoms of damage
“Hot Spots”
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Monitoring – Equipment/Tools
10x Hand Lens
Sharp Pocket Knife
White clipboard/paper
Pruning Shears/Pruning Saw
Sample Bags
Marking tape
Trowel and bucket
Notebook and Pencil
Vials
Camera
Flashlight
Guide Books
Can – Floatation sampling
Traps
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Monitoring Techniques
Beating Trays – good for monitoring small insects. Clipboard can be used
Turfgrass Sampling – Irritant, Floatation, and Soil Sampling
– Irritant – Mild solution of soap or pyrethrin (1 tbsp./gal water). Chinch bug, sod webworm, mole crickets, billbugs
– Floatation – primarily for chinch bug
– Traps – Pitfall trap, shake cloth or blacklight trap can be used to determine pest. Pheromone or sticky traps are used to determine earliest presence of pest
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Floatation
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Soil Sampling
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Monitoring Traps
Shake cloth – shaking plant for beetles or Black Vine Weevils
Sticky Traps – Colored paper, cardstock, or plastic coated with a sticky substance– Yellow sticky traps are used to monitor and trap
whiteflies, aphids, leafminer adults
– Blue sticky cards are used to monitor aphids, adelgids, beneficial insects, potato leafhoppers, scale crawlers, thrips, and other small flying insects
– Sticky bands are used for gypsy moth, cankerworms, elm leaf beetle, and flatheaded borers. Plastic strips around 18” wide are wrapped around trunk at shoulder height
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Monitoring Traps (cont.)
Insect Refugia – hiding sites – Bulap skirt and corrugated cardboard
– Used for Gypsy Moth and Black Vine Weevil
Pitfall Traps – monitor pests that crawl on the ground– Insects include billbugs, chinch bugs, and mole crickets
– 16 ounce plastic cup with a hole in the bottom for drainage sunk into the ground – rim slightly below ground level. Another smaller cup is placed inside and then a funnel shaped cup
Blacklight Traps – night flying moths. Good for discovering first appearance and depicting the range of pest distribution over a large area– i.e. Eastern Tent Caterpillar, fall webworm, sod
webworm
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Monitoring Traps (cont.)
Pheromone – chemical emitted by an insect for communication with another insect of the same species
– Different types of pheromones include sex, aggregation and alarm
– Sex pheromones – female to attract male
– Aggregation pheromones – attract other insects of the same species like bark beetles
– Alarm pheromones – warning of invaders used by aphids, wasps and bees
– Cause mating disruption – over 20 have been synthesized for insect pests
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pheromone
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Guides to Pest ID
Not all insects, diseases, weeds, etc. are found in or around all plants (references to specific plant pests)
Organisms within the same genus or species may be selective or specific to one plant– Phytophthora cinnamomi (woody
plants), P. infestans (potato & tomato)
Insects – Insect:Host Plant relationship
– i.e. Hemlock – bagworms, elongate hemlock scale, hemlock woolly adelgid, spruce spider mite
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Guides to Pest ID
Plant Disease – Symptoms and their causal agents– Leaf Spots
– Leaf Blotch
–Scorch
–Branch dieback
–Bark split, sunken depressions
–Wilt
–Root rot
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Red oak
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Turfgrass Patch Diseases
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Guide to Pest ID
Insect symptoms– Chewed leaves or blossoms – defoliation, shot
holes, notched margins, skeletonization
– Discolored leaves or blossoms – stippling, streaking, mining, yellowing
– Distorted leaves, branches or trunks – leaf cupping, leaf or twig galls, bark cracking
– Dieback of shoots, twigs, or branches – shoot dieback, branch dieback
– Products of insects – honeydew, fecal spots, silk, cases of plant parts, fluffy white wax, soft or hard wax covers, pitch or gum masses, bark cracks with frass
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Pest Appearance Timetables
Tool to support a monitoring strategy
Predict pest activity
Look at all stages of development
Consider environmental factors
Microclimates
Predict movement of pest from South to North
Growing Degree Days
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Growing Degree Days
Daily accumulation of heat units
Does not use calendar guidelines
Most insects, activity starts at 50 degrees F
GDD is a mathematical conversion of temperature units into heat units
(MAX. TEMP + MIN. TEMP) – 50 F = GDD
2
(67 + 43) - 50°F = 5 GDD (March 1)
2
CALCULATIONS BEGIN MARCH 1 AND CALCULATED EACH DAY NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIVE DURING THE GROWING SEASON
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Examples of GDD
Control - Timing
European Pine Sawfly (larvae)35-145
Birch Leafminer (larvae) 123-290
Tent Caterpillar (larvae)90-190
Dogwood Borer (adult)148-700
Bronze Birch Borer (adult) 400-880
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DD accumulation available from extension service (state and national), weather data, publications, research centers, etc.
http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/
pubs/plantandpestadvisory/index.html
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Plant Phenological Indicators
PPI Correlating the annual flowering events
of many common landscape plants to activity (Based on research)
Blooming of plants based on the must vulnerable stage of growth
Examples: – Redbud – Eastern Tent Caterpillar,
Dogwood borer, Birch Leafminer, Azalea lacebug, Holly Leafminer
– Kousa Dogwood – Black Vine Weevil, Euonymus Scale
– Mountain Laurel – Bagworm
– Birch Leafminer – Viburnum dentatum(beginning bloom stage, Weigela florida(at full blooming stage), Aesculushippocastanum (95% finished bloom stage with some blossoms brown)
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Components of IPM
Knowledge of key Pests, Plants, and Locations
Monitoring/Recordkeeping
Decision Making
Management/Control Tactics
Evaluation
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Decision-Making Guidelines
Does the problem need immediate attention?
Is damage evident?
Is the pest in large enough numbers to cause damage later?
Are beneficial organisms present?
Is it the proper time to control the pest?
What treatment options exist?
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Criteria
If – pest is present
Where – location of pest
Why – Pest attacking now
When – Most susceptible stage
Which – Control tactics most effective and least toxic
*It is estimated that only 5-10% of all insects are considered economic pests
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Damage Thresholds Threshold – level above which something
takes place. In IPM, level of pest population high enough to require intervention
Damage Threshold – lowest pest damage where measurable damage occurs. Usually the first sign of damage
Ag crops – economic injury level and action or treatment threshold
Landscape plants – aesthetic injury threshold
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Aesthetic Threshold
Dependent on:– Cost of Maintenance– Value of the plant– Damage from pest
Varies from person to person Difficult decisions – research
has shown that people view the plant as damaged or undamaged
Based on research studies, most landscape plants with 5-10% damage warrant control
New Plant = 5% Mature Plant = 10%
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Examples of Insect
DamageThresholds Requiring
Action Borers (Young Trees) – trunk/2 active
holes
Japanese Beetle Grubs – 10/sq.ft.
Aphids – 5 wingless aphids/sampling unit (10 growing shoots)
Bagworm – 1 bag/plant, 5 larvae/plant
Pine Sawflies – 1 larval cluster/infested branch
Armored Scale – 3 of 10 shoots inspected and 10 live scales/inch
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Has this plant reached an aesthetic threshold?
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Components of IPM
Knowledge of key Pests, Plants, and Locations
Monitoring/Recordkeeping
Decision Making
Management/Control Tactics
Evaluation
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Management/Control Strategies
Cultural Controls
Physical/Mechanical Controls
Biological Controls
Chemical Controls
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CULTURAL PRACTICES
•SOIL PREPARATION
•WATERING
•FERTILIZATION
•MOWING
•PRUNING
•PLANT SELECTION*
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MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL
•DIRECT CONTROL
•RELY ON EARLY RECOGNITION
•HAND PICKING
•BARRIERS
•WASHING OFF PLANTS
•SANITATION PRUNING
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COURTESY: BROWARD COUNTY FLORIDA
BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS
•PREDATORS AND
PARASITES
•BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS
•NATURAL ENEMIES
•INSECTS, SPIDERS,
MITES, FUNGI, BACTERIA
•LIMITING FACTOR IS USE
OF PESTICIDES
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COURTESY: VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
•GENERALISTS
LADYBIRD BEETLES
GREEN LACEWING
PRAYING MANTIDS
MINUTE PIRATE BUG
•SPECIALISTS
ENCARSIA (Encarsia formosa)
BEAN BEETLE PARASITE (Pediobius
foveolatus)
APHID PREDATOR (Aphidoletes
aphidimyza)Bean Beetle Parasite
Aphid Predator
Whitefly Parasite
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IMPLEMENTATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS FOR
CONTROL
•CONSERVATION – protect and
maintain beneficials, avoid harmful
activities, and enhance habitat
•AUGUMENTATION – apply to sites
where control is needed, increase
numbers, add them earlier to affected
sites
•IMPORTATION (Classical biological
control) – origin of pest, collection,
quarantine, release into new
environment
COURESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
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Predators vs. Parasites
PredatorsUsually larger than animals they eat
More active – live by hunting
More food needed for development
Attracting predators – pheromone lures, supplementary feeding, trap plants
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Maintaining Beneficial Insects
Learn to recognize them
Minimize pesticide applications
Selective use of pesticides
Grow plants to protect and attract them to the landscape
Provide supplemental food
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ATTRACTING BENEFICIAL
INSECTS
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
•ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FOOD
PREDATORS - POLLEN, NECTAR, PLANT
JUICES
NECTAR – IMPORTANT FOR EGG LAYING
PARASITOID SPECIES
FAVORITE PLANTS – QUEEN ANNE’S
LACE, YARROW, GOLDENROD,
SOYBEANS, CLOVERS, VETCHES
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ATTRACTING BENEFICIAL
INSECTS
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
•ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FOOD
•Pick plants that bloom spring to fall
•For tiny parasitic wasps – small flowered
species
•Plants most attractive to beneficials –
carrot family, mint family and daisy
family
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COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
NATIVE BENEFICIALS
•LADYBIRD BEETLES (LADYBUGS)
•LACEWINGS (GREEN & BROWN)
•GROUND BEETLES
•PRAYING MANTIDS
•DRAGONFLIES
•WASPS
•SYRPHID FLIES (FLOWER FLIES)
•LIGHTNING BUGS
•HONEYBEES
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Big-eyed bugs(Chinch bugs &
small insects, eggs)
Beneficial
turfgrass
insects
- Predators
Wolf spiders (generalists – surface)
Rove beetle(generalists - soil)
Ground beetle(generalists - soil)
Ants (generalists –
soil & surface)
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Beneficial
turfgrass insects
- Parasites
Tiphiid wasps(white grub spp.
up to 60-70% control)
Scoliid wasps (white grub spp.)
Young
Tiphia
larvae
Mature
Tiphia
larvae
Tiphia
cocoon
Chalcid wasps(eggs, larvae, pupae of
various pests)
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LADYBIRD BEETLES
•MOST POPULAR AND WIDELY USED
•MOST COMMONLY FEED ON APHIDS BUT CONSUME
SPIDER MITES, SOFT SCALES, MEALYBUGS, EGGS OF
MOTHS AND BEETLES
•SIZE AND COLOR WILL VARY AMONG SPECIES AS WELL
AS THE NUMBER OF SPOTS
•ADULTS ABOUT ¼ INCH IN SIZE
•OVERWINTER IN THE ADULT STAGE
•CAN CONSUME 50 OR MORE APHIDS DAILY AND MORE
THAN 5,000 BEETLES DURING ITS LIFETIME
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LADYBIRD BEETLES
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
LARVAE
•ALLIGATOR-LIKE LARVAE
•LARVAE ARE ACTIVE FOR THREE WEEKS
•LARVAE EAT THEIR WEIGHT IN APHIDS DAILY-
CONSUME UP TO 400 APHIDS TOTAL
APPLICATION
•SHIPPED AS BEETLES IN JAR
•REFRIGERATE UNTIL READY TO RELEASE THEM
•THOROUGHLY WATER RELEASE SITE BEFORE
APPLYING
•PLACE 14 BEETLES/CUBIC YD. ON THE PLANT
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GREEN LACEWINGS
COURTESY: BUGLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
•ADULTS ARE PALE GREEN, 3/8 –1/2 INCH
LONG
•LARGE PALE GREEN WINGS
•LAY EGGS ON SILKEN THREADS AND
ARE PALE GREEN
•ADULTS LIVE 4-6 WEEKS FEEDING ON
NECTAR, POLLEN AND HONEYDEW
•OVERWINTER AS ADULTS
•2 TO SEVERAL GENERATIONS/YEAR
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GREEN LACEWING
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
COURTESY: VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION
LARVAE
•“APHID LION” – VORACIOUS APPETITE
•ALLIGATOR-LIKE APPEARANCE
•INJECTS A PARALYZING VENOM AND DRAWS
OUT FLUIDS
•FEED 1-3 WEEKS BEFORE BECOMING ADULTS
•CAN EAT MORE THAN 100 INSECTS/DAY
•LARVAE EAT APHIDS, SPIDER MITES, THRIPS,
EGGS OF MOTHS, LEAFMINERS, BEETLE
LARVAE, ETC.
APPLICATION
•EGGS SHIPPED IN BRAN OR RICE HALLS
W/MOTH EGGS FOR FOOD
•LARVAE IN CORREGATED SHEETS
•ADULTS SHIPPED IN TUBES
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COURTESY: BUGLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
TRICHOGRAMMA SP.
•TINY PARASITIC WASPS THAT ATTACK THE
EGGS OF OVER 200 SPECIES OF MOTHS AND
CATERPILLARS
•4-5 FIT ON THE HEAD OF A PIN
•EGGS ARE LAID INSIDE THE MOTH – UP TO 5
PARASITE EGGS CAN BE LAID IN EACH MOTH
EGG
•ADULTS LIVE ABOUT 2 WEEKS
APPLICATION
•SHIPPED AS READY-TO-EMERGE WASPS
PUPAE ENCLOSED IN PRE-PARASITIZED
MOTH EGGS FIXED TO CARDS
•LOOKS LIKE A PIECE OF SANDPAPER
INOCULATED W/ APPROXIMATELY 5000 EGGS
•12,000 TRICHOGRAMMA TREAT UP TO 500 SQ.
FT. AND APPLY WEEKLY
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What is this?
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COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SYRPHID FLY
COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
•ADULTS HOVER AROUND FLOWERS
AND FEED IN POLLEN AND NECTAR
PRODUCING PLANTS
•ADULTS ARE ABOUT ½ INCH LONG
AND BEE-LIKE IN APPEARANCE
•ADULTS PREFER YARROW, QUEEN
ANNE’S LACE, COREOPSIS, AND HERBS
•MAGGOTS FEED ON APHIDS –
LEGLESS
•SEVERAL GENERATIONS/YR
•HIBERNATE AS PUPAE
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Beneficial Pathogens
Trichoderma sp. Turfgrass diseases
Gliocladium virens Root rot fungi
Beauveria bassiana Soft bodied pests
Bacillus thuringiensis Immature caterpillars, beetles, etc.
Bacillus popilliae Japanese Beetle grubs
Organism Pest(s) Controlled
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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)
• Obligate lethal parasites of insects
• Mutualistic association with bacteria
• > 44 Heterorhabditis & Steinernema species
• Broad host range
• Host searching capacity
•Cruiser vs. ambusher
• Ease of production
• Recycling capacity
•Nutrients
http:/www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes
Infective juvenile nematodes
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Entomopathogenic nematode life cycle
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COURTESY: UNV. OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION
CHEMICAL CONTROL
•DIFFERENT THAN NORMAL
PROGRAM
•SPOT TREATMENT
•TARGET LIFESTAGE OF PEST
•MINIMIZE HARMFUL EFFECTS
TO BENEFICIALS – SHORT
RESIDUAL
•FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES,
HERBICIDES, ETC.
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Chemical Control
Potential Problems
Pest Resistance – hundreds of insect species are now resistant to one or more pesticides
Pesticide-induced outbreaks
Effects on non-target organisms
Environmental issues
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Synthetic Organic Pesticides
Four Major Classes
Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Pyrethroids
*Many of these have been or are being phased out through the Food Quality Protection Act. Some have limited use in commerical situations
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Reduced-Risk Pesticides
Microbials -Beneficial fungi, bacteria, etc.
IGRs
Botanicals- Neem, Cinnamaldehyde
Biorational – Horticultural Oils, soaps (potassium salts of fatty acids)
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– 4-phased Implementation1.NJ School IPM Act of 2002: 12/12/022.Model Policy: 6/12/043.Model Plan: 6/12/044.New Regulations: 12/6/04
– PCP Expertise Needed! – Get tools for NJ School IPM free!
School IPM in New Jersey
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‘Integrated Pest Management (IPM) onschool property is a long-term approach tomaintaining healthy landscapes &facilities that minimizes risks to peopleand the environment.
IPM uses site assessment, monitoring, and pestprevention in combination with a variety of pestmanagement tactics to keep pests within acceptablelimits.
Instead of routine chemical applications, IPM employshorticultural, mechanical, physical, and biologicalcontrols with selective use of pesticides when needed.’
Consensus Definition of School IPM:
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Key NJ School IPM Elements
IPM procedures in schools
Development of IPM Plans
IPM CoordinatorEducation/TrainingRecord KeepingNotification/PostingRe-entryPesticide ApplicatorsEvaluation
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School IPMModel Policy & Plan
Who•Superintendent of public schools•Board of trustees for charter schools•Principal/lead administrator private
What•Grades K-12
When•Adoption & implementation 6/12/04
Template online now!:
http://www.pestmanagement.rutgers.edu/IPM/SchoolIPM/NJAct/schoolipmact.htm
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Appointment to implement the School IPM Policy& Plan adopted by each local school board, charter school, and private school.
Keeps IPM records
Keeps records of pesticide applications used on school property at each school or for each school in the school district
– for 3 years after pesticide application,
– for 5 years after termiticide application
School IPM Coordinator
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NJ School IPM Act-defined
„Low Impact Pesticides‟ any gel
paste
bait
antimicrobial agent such as a disinfectant
boric acid/disodium octoborate tetrahydrate
silica gels
diatomaceous earth
microbe-based insecticides
botanical insecticides, not including pyrethroids, without toxic synergists
biological, living control agents
EPA FIFRA-exempt active ingredients &/or inerts
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“Minimum risk pesticide”
cedar oilcitronellacorn gluten mealdried bloodgarlic & garlic oillauryl sulfate malic acidsodium chloride thymewhite pepperzinc metal strips
Examples:
any pesticide or pesticidalactive ingredients alone or incombination with certain inertingredients that EPA hasdetermined are not of a characternecessary to be regulated underthe Federal Insecticide, Fungicideand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); andhave been exempted from theregistration and reportingrequirements of Section 25 (b)of FIFRA, and 40 CFR part 152of the corresponding regulations”
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Non- Low Impact:
Pyrethroids
allethrin
bioresmethrin
cypermethrin
permethrin
resmethrin
d-phenothrin
tetramethrin
cypermethrin
cyfluthrin
deltamethrin
cyfenothrin
fenvalerate
fluvalinate
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NJDEPPesticide Control Program
Mandated NJ Pesticide Control Act: by: NJAC Title 7 Chapter 30
(last fully revised 11/19/01)
Mission: ensure compliance with federal & state laws/regulations regarding the use, sale, transport, disposal, manufacture, & storage of pesticides in NJ
Website: www.state.nj.us/dep/enforcement/pcp
For general questions: (609) 984-6507To report illegal pesticide use: (609) 984-6568Recertification questions/credit status: (609) 984-6894Applicator exam sign-up & test locations: (609) 984-6613
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Pine Sawfly Adults
Hosts most susceptible are
two-needle pines
½ larvae on clustered on
branches
Eggs on needles are laid in
straight rows
Two generations/year
Control – Prune out needles
with eggs, Horticultural
oils, soaps and recommended
insecticides
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Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
•Hosts are Carolina and
Eastern Hemlock
•Adult is black with woolly
coating – all female
•Eggs laid under cottony wax
•Settle at base of the needles
of new growth
•Control – Oil in spring or fall,
soaps, avoid N fertilization,
and ladybird beetle –
Pseudoscymnus tsugae
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Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB)
The Asian LonghornedBeetle (Anoplophoraglabripennis) is a relatively new insect pest that poses a serious risk to our landscapes, forests and woodland trees.
INVASIVES…
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Garlic Mustard
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Purple Loosestrife
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Purple Loosestrife
One million acres of North American wetlands have been taken over by purple loosestrife.
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Purple Loosestrife Alternatives
Purple coneflower
Obedient plant
Blazingstar
Joe Pye
weed
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ENGLISH IVY
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Vine/Groundcover Alternatives
Wild ginger
Green-and-gold
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IPM DOES NOT MEAN ORGANIC
It is an approach which considers all control options for effective control that is economical and environmentally friendly
Organic is part of the total picture