integrated pest management · integrated pest management-the concept was presented in the 1960’s...

INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT

Richard Weidman

Ag Program Associate

WHAT IS A PEST?

- Is it something that causes deadly epidemics or plagues?

- Is it an insect or small animal that harms or destroys garden plants?

- Is a small animal or insect that destroys crops or food supplies?

Definition of Pest (FIFRA – Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act)

Any organism that interferes with the activities and desires of humans

Pests include the following categories of organisms:

Pathogens, weeds (vascular plants), nematodes, mollusks, arthropods (insects, mites, crustaceans and other joint legged invertebrates), and vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and animals)

Factors Modifying Pest Status

The Pest Triangle

Time

EnvironmentPest

CropPlant

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

- The concept was presented in the 1960’s to advance the idea of integrated control

- Population monitoring, utilization of thresholds, use of biological agents, cultural practices, and judicious use of pesticides

- Ecological and economic consequences of plant-pest interactions

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

A decision support system for the selection and use of pest control tactics singly or harmoniously coordinated into a management strategy based on cost-benefit analysis that take into account the interests of and impacts on producers, society and the environment

(Concepts in Integrated Pest Management – Norris, Caswell-Chen, Kogan)

Good or Bad?

Components of IPM

Knowledge of key Pests, Plants, and Locations

Monitoring/Recordkeeping

Decision Making

Management/Control Tactics

Evaluation

Good Horticultural Techniques

Plant Selection

Watering

Fertilization

Pruning

Planting

Amending Soil

Mowing

Key Plants (landscape)Problem Prone Plants

Arborvitae

Andromeda

White Birch

Boxwood

Austrian Pine

Azalea

Flowering Cherry

Cotoneaster

Crabapple

Dwarf Alberta Spruce

Flowering Dogwood

Japanese Euonymus

Hawthorn

Hemlock

Honeylocust

Juniper

Lilac

Pyracantha

Rhododendron

Rose

Sycamore

Cornus x ‘KN30-8’ Venus Dogwood

Azaleas

Dave Smela

Key Pests (landscape)Most Common Pests

Anthracnose

Aphids

Bagworm

Birch Leafminer

Black Vine Weevil

Bronze Birch Borer

Crabapple Scab

Cytospora Canker

Elongate Hemlock Scale

Euonymus Scale

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Lacebug

Sphaeropsis (=Diplodia) tip blight

Spruce gall adelgids

Spider Mites

Bronze Birch Borer

Courtesy of USDA Forest Service

Adult laying eggs

Bagworm

Lacebug on Andromeda

Univ. of Massachusetts

Pine Sawfly on Mugho Pine

Key Locations (landscape)Plants and Prominence

Southern slopes

Low, wet areas

Foundation plantings

Hot, droughty sites

Monoculture plantings

Parking Lots

Wet, shady areas

Plants in planter boxes

Pedestrian traffic routes

Compacted soils

Raised beds, berms

Very shady areas

Components of IPM



Decision Making


Evaluation

Monitor Plants Regularly

•Scouting

•No longer calendar or cover sprays

•SAS (See It and Spray It)

•Knowledge of plants and good references available

•Detect, Appraise and Predict Outbreaks

•Regular inspections of plants (2-4 weeks during the season)

•Look for pests and beneficials

•RECORD KEEPING

Monitoring – Know the Conditions

Current Plant Health

Key Locations, Plants, and Pests

Watering Schedule

Drainage

Fertilizers, Pesticides, etc. Used

Soil pH

Mulching status

Signs or symptoms of damage

“Hot Spots”

Monitoring – Equipment/Tools

10x Hand Lens

Sharp Pocket Knife

White clipboard/paper

Pruning Shears/Pruning Saw

Sample Bags

Marking tape

Trowel and bucket

Notebook and Pencil

Vials

Camera

Flashlight

Guide Books

Can – Floatation sampling

Traps

Monitoring Techniques

Beating Trays – good for monitoring small insects. Clipboard can be used

Turfgrass Sampling – Irritant, Floatation, and Soil Sampling

– Irritant – Mild solution of soap or pyrethrin (1 tbsp./gal water). Chinch bug, sod webworm, mole crickets, billbugs

– Floatation – primarily for chinch bug

– Traps – Pitfall trap, shake cloth or blacklight trap can be used to determine pest. Pheromone or sticky traps are used to determine earliest presence of pest

Floatation

Soil Sampling

Monitoring Traps

Shake cloth – shaking plant for beetles or Black Vine Weevils

Sticky Traps – Colored paper, cardstock, or plastic coated with a sticky substance– Yellow sticky traps are used to monitor and trap

whiteflies, aphids, leafminer adults

– Blue sticky cards are used to monitor aphids, adelgids, beneficial insects, potato leafhoppers, scale crawlers, thrips, and other small flying insects

– Sticky bands are used for gypsy moth, cankerworms, elm leaf beetle, and flatheaded borers. Plastic strips around 18” wide are wrapped around trunk at shoulder height

Monitoring Traps (cont.)

Insect Refugia – hiding sites – Bulap skirt and corrugated cardboard

– Used for Gypsy Moth and Black Vine Weevil

Pitfall Traps – monitor pests that crawl on the ground– Insects include billbugs, chinch bugs, and mole crickets

– 16 ounce plastic cup with a hole in the bottom for drainage sunk into the ground – rim slightly below ground level. Another smaller cup is placed inside and then a funnel shaped cup

Blacklight Traps – night flying moths. Good for discovering first appearance and depicting the range of pest distribution over a large area– i.e. Eastern Tent Caterpillar, fall webworm, sod

webworm

Monitoring Traps (cont.)

Pheromone – chemical emitted by an insect for communication with another insect of the same species

– Different types of pheromones include sex, aggregation and alarm

– Sex pheromones – female to attract male

– Aggregation pheromones – attract other insects of the same species like bark beetles

– Alarm pheromones – warning of invaders used by aphids, wasps and bees

– Cause mating disruption – over 20 have been synthesized for insect pests

pheromone

Guides to Pest ID

Not all insects, diseases, weeds, etc. are found in or around all plants (references to specific plant pests)

Organisms within the same genus or species may be selective or specific to one plant– Phytophthora cinnamomi (woody

plants), P. infestans (potato & tomato)

Insects – Insect:Host Plant relationship

– i.e. Hemlock – bagworms, elongate hemlock scale, hemlock woolly adelgid, spruce spider mite

Guides to Pest ID

Plant Disease – Symptoms and their causal agents– Leaf Spots

– Leaf Blotch

–Scorch

–Branch dieback

–Bark split, sunken depressions

–Wilt

–Root rot

Red oak

Turfgrass Patch Diseases

Guide to Pest ID

Insect symptoms– Chewed leaves or blossoms – defoliation, shot

holes, notched margins, skeletonization

– Discolored leaves or blossoms – stippling, streaking, mining, yellowing

– Distorted leaves, branches or trunks – leaf cupping, leaf or twig galls, bark cracking

– Dieback of shoots, twigs, or branches – shoot dieback, branch dieback

– Products of insects – honeydew, fecal spots, silk, cases of plant parts, fluffy white wax, soft or hard wax covers, pitch or gum masses, bark cracks with frass

Pest Appearance Timetables

Tool to support a monitoring strategy

Predict pest activity

Look at all stages of development

Consider environmental factors

Microclimates

Predict movement of pest from South to North

Growing Degree Days

Growing Degree Days

Daily accumulation of heat units

Does not use calendar guidelines

Most insects, activity starts at 50 degrees F

GDD is a mathematical conversion of temperature units into heat units

(MAX. TEMP + MIN. TEMP) – 50 F = GDD

2

(67 + 43) - 50°F = 5 GDD (March 1)

2

CALCULATIONS BEGIN MARCH 1 AND CALCULATED EACH DAY NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIVE DURING THE GROWING SEASON

Examples of GDD

Control - Timing

European Pine Sawfly (larvae)35-145

Birch Leafminer (larvae) 123-290

Tent Caterpillar (larvae)90-190

Dogwood Borer (adult)148-700

Bronze Birch Borer (adult) 400-880

DD accumulation available from extension service (state and national), weather data, publications, research centers, etc.

http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/

pubs/plantandpestadvisory/index.html

Plant Phenological Indicators

PPI Correlating the annual flowering events

of many common landscape plants to activity (Based on research)

Blooming of plants based on the must vulnerable stage of growth

Examples: – Redbud – Eastern Tent Caterpillar,

Dogwood borer, Birch Leafminer, Azalea lacebug, Holly Leafminer

– Kousa Dogwood – Black Vine Weevil, Euonymus Scale

– Mountain Laurel – Bagworm

– Birch Leafminer – Viburnum dentatum(beginning bloom stage, Weigela florida(at full blooming stage), Aesculushippocastanum (95% finished bloom stage with some blossoms brown)

Components of IPM



Decision Making


Evaluation

Decision-Making Guidelines

Does the problem need immediate attention?

Is damage evident?

Is the pest in large enough numbers to cause damage later?

Are beneficial organisms present?

Is it the proper time to control the pest?

What treatment options exist?

Criteria

If – pest is present

Where – location of pest

Why – Pest attacking now

When – Most susceptible stage

Which – Control tactics most effective and least toxic

*It is estimated that only 5-10% of all insects are considered economic pests

Damage Thresholds Threshold – level above which something

takes place. In IPM, level of pest population high enough to require intervention

Damage Threshold – lowest pest damage where measurable damage occurs. Usually the first sign of damage

Ag crops – economic injury level and action or treatment threshold

Landscape plants – aesthetic injury threshold

Aesthetic Threshold

Dependent on:– Cost of Maintenance– Value of the plant– Damage from pest

Varies from person to person Difficult decisions – research

has shown that people view the plant as damaged or undamaged

Based on research studies, most landscape plants with 5-10% damage warrant control

New Plant = 5% Mature Plant = 10%

Examples of Insect

DamageThresholds Requiring

Action Borers (Young Trees) – trunk/2 active

holes

Japanese Beetle Grubs – 10/sq.ft.

Aphids – 5 wingless aphids/sampling unit (10 growing shoots)

Bagworm – 1 bag/plant, 5 larvae/plant

Pine Sawflies – 1 larval cluster/infested branch

Armored Scale – 3 of 10 shoots inspected and 10 live scales/inch

Has this plant reached an aesthetic threshold?

Components of IPM



Decision Making


Evaluation

Management/Control Strategies

Cultural Controls

Physical/Mechanical Controls

Biological Controls

Chemical Controls

CULTURAL PRACTICES

•SOIL PREPARATION

•WATERING

•FERTILIZATION

•MOWING

•PRUNING

•PLANT SELECTION*

MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL

•DIRECT CONTROL

•RELY ON EARLY RECOGNITION

•HAND PICKING

•BARRIERS

•WASHING OFF PLANTS

•SANITATION PRUNING

COURTESY: BROWARD COUNTY FLORIDA

BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS

•PREDATORS AND

PARASITES

•BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS

•NATURAL ENEMIES

•INSECTS, SPIDERS,

MITES, FUNGI, BACTERIA

•LIMITING FACTOR IS USE

OF PESTICIDES

COURTESY: VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

BENEFICIAL INSECTS

•GENERALISTS

LADYBIRD BEETLES

GREEN LACEWING

PRAYING MANTIDS

MINUTE PIRATE BUG

•SPECIALISTS

ENCARSIA (Encarsia formosa)

BEAN BEETLE PARASITE (Pediobius

foveolatus)

APHID PREDATOR (Aphidoletes

aphidimyza)Bean Beetle Parasite

Aphid Predator

Whitefly Parasite

IMPLEMENTATION OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS FOR

CONTROL

•CONSERVATION – protect and

maintain beneficials, avoid harmful

activities, and enhance habitat

•AUGUMENTATION – apply to sites

where control is needed, increase

numbers, add them earlier to affected

sites

•IMPORTATION (Classical biological

control) – origin of pest, collection,

quarantine, release into new

environment

COURESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION

Predators vs. Parasites

PredatorsUsually larger than animals they eat

More active – live by hunting

More food needed for development

Attracting predators – pheromone lures, supplementary feeding, trap plants

Maintaining Beneficial Insects

Learn to recognize them

Minimize pesticide applications

Selective use of pesticides

Grow plants to protect and attract them to the landscape

Provide supplemental food

ATTRACTING BENEFICIAL

INSECTS

COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION

•ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FOOD

PREDATORS - POLLEN, NECTAR, PLANT

JUICES

NECTAR – IMPORTANT FOR EGG LAYING

PARASITOID SPECIES

FAVORITE PLANTS – QUEEN ANNE’S

LACE, YARROW, GOLDENROD,

SOYBEANS, CLOVERS, VETCHES

ATTRACTING BENEFICIAL

INSECTS


•ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF FOOD

•Pick plants that bloom spring to fall

•For tiny parasitic wasps – small flowered

species

•Plants most attractive to beneficials –

carrot family, mint family and daisy

family


NATIVE BENEFICIALS

•LADYBIRD BEETLES (LADYBUGS)

•LACEWINGS (GREEN & BROWN)

•GROUND BEETLES

•PRAYING MANTIDS

•DRAGONFLIES

•WASPS

•SYRPHID FLIES (FLOWER FLIES)

•LIGHTNING BUGS

•HONEYBEES

Big-eyed bugs(Chinch bugs &

small insects, eggs)

Beneficial

turfgrass

insects

- Predators

Wolf spiders (generalists – surface)

Rove beetle(generalists - soil)

Ground beetle(generalists - soil)

Ants (generalists –

soil & surface)

Beneficial

turfgrass insects

- Parasites

Tiphiid wasps(white grub spp.

up to 60-70% control)

Scoliid wasps (white grub spp.)

Young

Tiphia

larvae

Mature

Tiphia

larvae

Tiphia

cocoon

Chalcid wasps(eggs, larvae, pupae of

various pests)

LADYBIRD BEETLES

•MOST POPULAR AND WIDELY USED

•MOST COMMONLY FEED ON APHIDS BUT CONSUME

SPIDER MITES, SOFT SCALES, MEALYBUGS, EGGS OF

MOTHS AND BEETLES

•SIZE AND COLOR WILL VARY AMONG SPECIES AS WELL

AS THE NUMBER OF SPOTS

•ADULTS ABOUT ¼ INCH IN SIZE

•OVERWINTER IN THE ADULT STAGE

•CAN CONSUME 50 OR MORE APHIDS DAILY AND MORE

THAN 5,000 BEETLES DURING ITS LIFETIME

LADYBIRD BEETLES

COURTESY: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

LARVAE

•ALLIGATOR-LIKE LARVAE

•LARVAE ARE ACTIVE FOR THREE WEEKS

•LARVAE EAT THEIR WEIGHT IN APHIDS DAILY-

CONSUME UP TO 400 APHIDS TOTAL

APPLICATION

•SHIPPED AS BEETLES IN JAR

•REFRIGERATE UNTIL READY TO RELEASE THEM

•THOROUGHLY WATER RELEASE SITE BEFORE

APPLYING

•PLACE 14 BEETLES/CUBIC YD. ON THE PLANT

GREEN LACEWINGS

COURTESY: BUGLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS


•ADULTS ARE PALE GREEN, 3/8 –1/2 INCH

LONG

•LARGE PALE GREEN WINGS

•LAY EGGS ON SILKEN THREADS AND

ARE PALE GREEN

•ADULTS LIVE 4-6 WEEKS FEEDING ON

NECTAR, POLLEN AND HONEYDEW

•OVERWINTER AS ADULTS

•2 TO SEVERAL GENERATIONS/YEAR

GREEN LACEWING


COURTESY: VIRGINIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION

LARVAE

•“APHID LION” – VORACIOUS APPETITE

•ALLIGATOR-LIKE APPEARANCE

•INJECTS A PARALYZING VENOM AND DRAWS

OUT FLUIDS

•FEED 1-3 WEEKS BEFORE BECOMING ADULTS

•CAN EAT MORE THAN 100 INSECTS/DAY

•LARVAE EAT APHIDS, SPIDER MITES, THRIPS,

EGGS OF MOTHS, LEAFMINERS, BEETLE

LARVAE, ETC.

APPLICATION

•EGGS SHIPPED IN BRAN OR RICE HALLS

W/MOTH EGGS FOR FOOD

•LARVAE IN CORREGATED SHEETS

•ADULTS SHIPPED IN TUBES

COURTESY: BUGLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

TRICHOGRAMMA SP.

•TINY PARASITIC WASPS THAT ATTACK THE

EGGS OF OVER 200 SPECIES OF MOTHS AND

CATERPILLARS

•4-5 FIT ON THE HEAD OF A PIN

•EGGS ARE LAID INSIDE THE MOTH – UP TO 5

PARASITE EGGS CAN BE LAID IN EACH MOTH

EGG

•ADULTS LIVE ABOUT 2 WEEKS

APPLICATION

•SHIPPED AS READY-TO-EMERGE WASPS

PUPAE ENCLOSED IN PRE-PARASITIZED

MOTH EGGS FIXED TO CARDS

•LOOKS LIKE A PIECE OF SANDPAPER

INOCULATED W/ APPROXIMATELY 5000 EGGS

•12,000 TRICHOGRAMMA TREAT UP TO 500 SQ.

FT. AND APPLY WEEKLY

What is this?


SYRPHID FLY


•ADULTS HOVER AROUND FLOWERS

AND FEED IN POLLEN AND NECTAR

PRODUCING PLANTS

•ADULTS ARE ABOUT ½ INCH LONG

AND BEE-LIKE IN APPEARANCE

•ADULTS PREFER YARROW, QUEEN

ANNE’S LACE, COREOPSIS, AND HERBS

•MAGGOTS FEED ON APHIDS –

LEGLESS

•SEVERAL GENERATIONS/YR

•HIBERNATE AS PUPAE

Beneficial Pathogens

Trichoderma sp. Turfgrass diseases

Gliocladium virens Root rot fungi

Beauveria bassiana Soft bodied pests

Bacillus thuringiensis Immature caterpillars, beetles, etc.

Bacillus popilliae Japanese Beetle grubs

Organism Pest(s) Controlled

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN)

• Obligate lethal parasites of insects

• Mutualistic association with bacteria

• > 44 Heterorhabditis & Steinernema species

• Broad host range

• Host searching capacity

•Cruiser vs. ambusher

• Ease of production

• Recycling capacity

•Nutrients

http:/www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes

Infective juvenile nematodes

Entomopathogenic nematode life cycle

COURTESY: UNV. OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION

CHEMICAL CONTROL

•DIFFERENT THAN NORMAL

PROGRAM

•SPOT TREATMENT

•TARGET LIFESTAGE OF PEST

•MINIMIZE HARMFUL EFFECTS

TO BENEFICIALS – SHORT

RESIDUAL

•FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES,

HERBICIDES, ETC.

Chemical Control

Potential Problems

Pest Resistance – hundreds of insect species are now resistant to one or more pesticides

Pesticide-induced outbreaks

Effects on non-target organisms

Environmental issues

Synthetic Organic Pesticides

Four Major Classes

Organochlorines

Organophosphates

Carbamates

Pyrethroids

*Many of these have been or are being phased out through the Food Quality Protection Act. Some have limited use in commerical situations

Reduced-Risk Pesticides

Microbials -Beneficial fungi, bacteria, etc.

IGRs

Botanicals- Neem, Cinnamaldehyde

Biorational – Horticultural Oils, soaps (potassium salts of fatty acids)

– 4-phased Implementation1.NJ School IPM Act of 2002: 12/12/022.Model Policy: 6/12/043.Model Plan: 6/12/044.New Regulations: 12/6/04

– PCP Expertise Needed! – Get tools for NJ School IPM free!

School IPM in New Jersey

‘Integrated Pest Management (IPM) onschool property is a long-term approach tomaintaining healthy landscapes &facilities that minimizes risks to peopleand the environment.

IPM uses site assessment, monitoring, and pestprevention in combination with a variety of pestmanagement tactics to keep pests within acceptablelimits.

Instead of routine chemical applications, IPM employshorticultural, mechanical, physical, and biologicalcontrols with selective use of pesticides when needed.’

Consensus Definition of School IPM:

Key NJ School IPM Elements

IPM procedures in schools

Development of IPM Plans

IPM CoordinatorEducation/TrainingRecord KeepingNotification/PostingRe-entryPesticide ApplicatorsEvaluation

School IPMModel Policy & Plan

Who•Superintendent of public schools•Board of trustees for charter schools•Principal/lead administrator private

What•Grades K-12

When•Adoption & implementation 6/12/04

Template online now!:

http://www.pestmanagement.rutgers.edu/IPM/SchoolIPM/NJAct/schoolipmact.htm

Appointment to implement the School IPM Policy& Plan adopted by each local school board, charter school, and private school.

Keeps IPM records

Keeps records of pesticide applications used on school property at each school or for each school in the school district

– for 3 years after pesticide application,

– for 5 years after termiticide application

School IPM Coordinator

NJ School IPM Act-defined

„Low Impact Pesticides‟ any gel

paste

bait

antimicrobial agent such as a disinfectant

boric acid/disodium octoborate tetrahydrate

silica gels

diatomaceous earth

microbe-based insecticides

botanical insecticides, not including pyrethroids, without toxic synergists

biological, living control agents

EPA FIFRA-exempt active ingredients &/or inerts

“Minimum risk pesticide”

cedar oilcitronellacorn gluten mealdried bloodgarlic & garlic oillauryl sulfate malic acidsodium chloride thymewhite pepperzinc metal strips

Examples:

any pesticide or pesticidalactive ingredients alone or incombination with certain inertingredients that EPA hasdetermined are not of a characternecessary to be regulated underthe Federal Insecticide, Fungicideand Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); andhave been exempted from theregistration and reportingrequirements of Section 25 (b)of FIFRA, and 40 CFR part 152of the corresponding regulations”

Non- Low Impact:

Pyrethroids

allethrin

bioresmethrin

cypermethrin

permethrin

resmethrin

d-phenothrin

tetramethrin

cypermethrin

cyfluthrin

deltamethrin

cyfenothrin

fenvalerate

fluvalinate

NJDEPPesticide Control Program

Mandated NJ Pesticide Control Act: by: NJAC Title 7 Chapter 30

(last fully revised 11/19/01)

Mission: ensure compliance with federal & state laws/regulations regarding the use, sale, transport, disposal, manufacture, & storage of pesticides in NJ

Website: www.state.nj.us/dep/enforcement/pcp

For general questions: (609) 984-6507To report illegal pesticide use: (609) 984-6568Recertification questions/credit status: (609) 984-6894Applicator exam sign-up & test locations: (609) 984-6613

Pine Sawfly Adults

Hosts most susceptible are

two-needle pines

½ larvae on clustered on

branches

Eggs on needles are laid in

straight rows

Two generations/year

Control – Prune out needles

with eggs, Horticultural

oils, soaps and recommended

insecticides


•Hosts are Carolina and

Eastern Hemlock

•Adult is black with woolly

coating – all female

•Eggs laid under cottony wax

•Settle at base of the needles

of new growth

•Control – Oil in spring or fall,

soaps, avoid N fertilization,

and ladybird beetle –

Pseudoscymnus tsugae

Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB)

The Asian LonghornedBeetle (Anoplophoraglabripennis) is a relatively new insect pest that poses a serious risk to our landscapes, forests and woodland trees.

INVASIVES…

Garlic Mustard

Purple Loosestrife

Purple Loosestrife

One million acres of North American wetlands have been taken over by purple loosestrife.

Purple Loosestrife Alternatives

Purple coneflower

Obedient plant

Blazingstar

Joe Pye

weed

ENGLISH IVY

Vine/Groundcover Alternatives

Wild ginger

Green-and-gold

IPM DOES NOT MEAN ORGANIC

It is an approach which considers all control options for effective control that is economical and environmentally friendly

Organic is part of the total picture

integrated pest management · integrated pest management-the concept was presented in the 1960’s...

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