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Interaction of viruses with Receptors and
Antibodies
Elizabeth A. Hewat
Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
Erice 10-06-06
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Interaction of small intact non-enveloped viruses with receptors and antibodies
1990 First virus/Fab reconstruction by cryo-EM
Followed by virus/antibody structures for CPMV, HRVs, Sinbis virus, Ross River virus, RHVD, HSV, Adenovirus, Rotavirus DLP, CPV…….
Rotavirus/FabPrasad et al. 1990
Nature 343, 476
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Schematic diagram of an Antibody
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Surface representation of a Fab as a function of
resolution
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Combining Cryo-EM and X-ray data gives pseudo-atomic
models
Rotavirus/Fab complexThouvenin et al. 2001 J Mol Biol.,
307, 161
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How do Antibodies neutralize a virus?
What is the role of
- aggregation (mono-valent vs bivalent attachment )
- inhibition of receptor binding - hiding receptor site
- inhibition of uncoating and delivery of the genome into the cytoplasm e.g. induced changes in the capsid or inhibition of changes?
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Cryo-EM image of FMDV / FabSD6
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Picornavirus Structure
VP1 with pocket factor
N-terminal VP1
Canyon
VP1
VP4
HRV2
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Picornaviruses HRV2, HRV14 and FMDV in complex with
neutralizing antibodies
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Antibody neutralization of picornnaviruses
• Bivalent binding neither necessary nor sufficient for strong neutralization
• No evidence of modification of the capsid
• Inhibition of the release of RNA • Strong neutralization = Strong binding to receptor site
• 1 to 6 efficient antibodies can neutralize a virus! Explain?
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Antibodies as markersFabs which bind to empty
HRV2 capsids but not native capsids
Fab 2G2 bound to HRV2 after RNA release It binds to the site predicted as the most highly modified but….
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How do picornavirus deliver their genome into the cytosol
for replication?
How and where do receptors bind?How is uncoating initiated?How and where is the RNA released?Does the receptor remain attached?How does the RNA cross the
membrane?How do viruses adapt to different receptors?
Questions addressed by cryo-EM
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Schematic representation of some of the known picornavirus
receptors
Evans & Almond 1998 Trends in Microbiology, 6, 198
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Receptor sites of Picornaviruses
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Examples of receptors bound in
the canyon
ECHO1 & 2 integrin
Xing et al. 2004, J Biol. Chem. 279,
11632
Rossmann et al. 2002, TRENDS Microbiol., 10, 324
Ig-like Integrin
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Major and minor group human rhinoviruses receptors bind on non-
over lapping sites
HRV2/V123
HRV2/
HRV2/VLDL-R
HRV16/ICAM-1Olsenet al.1993 PNAS
Kolatkar et al., (2000) EMBO J.,
18, 6249
Hewat et al. 2000, EMBO J. 19, 6317
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RNA is released from HRVs by a cooperative movement of all capsid
proteins
X-ray cryo-EMNative HRV2 Empty HRV2
5 23
5 2
3
*4% capsid expansion*Iris type movement of VP1s about the 5-fold*N-term VP1 & VP4 absent
Hewat et al. 2000, Mol. Cell. 10, 317
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Schematic diagrams of HRV2 uncoating
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Model systems of the virus-receptor-membrane
interactions
Doyen et al. 2005 Nature Struct. & Mol Biol, 12, 615
*lipid bilayer / full-length PV-R / Poliovirus
*liposome / His-tagged PV-R / Poliovirus
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How do viruses adapt to new receptors?
• In vitro eg. Some HRV’s and FMDV adapt to use heparin sulphate
• In vivo eg HRV (ICAM-1 and LDL-R)• In vivo species shift e.g. Canine Parvovirus
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Questions for the near Future
• Where do the other receptors bind? (VCAM-1, integrins, heparin sulphate …)
• Is the pocket factor expelled and when ?• How many receptors are necessary for uncoating?
• Visualise the egress of VP4, the N-terminal VP1 and the RNA (acridine orange) and "pore" formation? (exploit a model system of bi-layer / receptor / virus)
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CollaborationsInstitut de Biologie
Structurale,
Grenoble, France
Emmanuelle Neumann
Eric Thouvenin
Guy Schoehn
James F. Conway
Departamento de Biologia
Molecular de Barcelona , Spain
Nuria VerdaguerWendy OchoaIgnacio Fita
Institute of Biochemistry,
University of Vienna, Austria
Dieter Blaas
Rosita Moser
Bernhard Ronacher
Thomas C. Marlovits
Luc Snyers
Division of Structural Biology, University of
Oxford, England
Dave Stuart and colleagues
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