5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;
RbCaCnRKb;rUbkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eFVIkargarTaMgGs;. kumarRtÚv)an
dak;[eFVIkargarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkumartUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥I.
mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qñaM ¬kumarv½yCMTg;¦ RtÚvTTYlkargarF¶n;²niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;²TaMgenHRtÚv
CIkRbLay b¤GagsþúkTwk elIkTMnb; kab;eQIeFVIpÞH randIedIm,IeFVIERscmáar nigdaMRsUv. burs®sþIRbEhl
BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.
RbCaCnesÞIrRKb;rUbeFVIkareRcInCagdb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ nigR)aMBIréf¶kñúgmYys)þah_ edayminmaneBl
sRmaknigTTYlTanGahartictYcbMput. CYnkalRbCaCneFVIkartaMgBIRBlwmRsag²rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;
ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanelakEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg
kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;faCaxµaMgrbs;bdivtþn_ ehIynwg
RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTAGb;rM. GñkEdlRbRBwtþkMhusdEdl² b¤kMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. karRbRBwtþEbbenH
KWpÞúyTaMgRsugeTAnwgmaRta12énrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdlmanesckþICaGaT×fa ³
karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
46
� RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiT§iCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmÖar xagsµartI nigxagvb,Fm’ EdlRtÚv)an
EkERb[rIkceRmInkan;Etx<s;eLIgCanic©. RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbsuT§EtRtÚvFanaGHGagxagCIvPaB
TaMgGs;.
� kmµkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.
� ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.
� BlkrepSgeTotmansiT§imankargareFVITaMgGs;.
� PaBKµankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
6> visuT§kmµnigkarsmøab;rgÁal
ExµrRkhmEtgEtRsavRCavrkcab;xµaMg ehIyeCOCak;faxµaMgmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgTUTaMgRbeTs.
CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar
sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.
karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµd¾FMeFgmYy.
enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPaKbUBa’én
RbeTskm<úCa. bI-bYnExeRkaymk T½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij edayekorykRbCaCnsuIvilExµrrab;ry
nak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )ancUlédcUleCIg
KeRmagelIkTMnb; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
47
CamYyevotNam. ehtukarN_enH)annaMeTAdl;karcab;xøÜn nigsmøab;ecalmnusSCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkEdl
esµaHRtg;nwgExµrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.
visuT§kmµd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén
PUmiPaKenH)aneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifunadl;ExkBaØa enAeBl
Edlkarb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkMBugEtbnþ tMbn;PaKeRcInenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH)ankøayeTACasmrPUmirvagkgT½B
rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg
smrPUmi nigedaysarkarsmøab;rgÁal. rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbBa¢ÚnT½BBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAb®gáab
RkúmbHe)ar. RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;eTARBMEdnevotNam eKcBIkarsmøab;rgÁalEdlpÞúHeLIg bnÞab;BIkarmk
dl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.
visuT§kmµk¾ekItmaneLIgEdrenAPUmiPaK]tþrkñúgqñaM1977. visuT§kmµenHepþateTAelIbBaØvnþ nigGñkEdl
manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn EdleFVICaelxaPUmiPaK]tþrrhUtdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmµenH
GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜnrdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitþPkþiCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman
ePaK qay nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVIrdæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess
karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam¦ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü15. b:uEnþEpnkarTaMgenHsuT§EtbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI
[karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµenATUTaMgRbeTs.
kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExµrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
48
san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kGMBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam
edayExµrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkRsIpÞal;. GñkRsI)an
erobrab;fa ³
enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi
rbs; . BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;BYkeKesÞIrTaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi nigPUmiekaHpl
TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm.
cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;
TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs; eQµaH mUsa RtÚvExµrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BIkarbHe)ar ehIy
k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI
rbs; eQµaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminman mUlehtu
GVITaMgGs;.
bnÞab;mk BYkExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs; eTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;.
mundMbUg BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPñMeBj. mnusSCaeRcIn
RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVIkarmin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdYlrlMsgát;elI. bnÞab;
mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. )anRbEkkedayGHGagfa xøacRCÚkNas;. bu:Enþ
BYkvabgçM [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢Ún´eTAeronsURt RbsinebI mineFVI.
BYkExµrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa ´min
EdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[GaharGVI
TaMgGs;mk´. )ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmøsac;RCÚk
Gs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs; eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH. ´)anvil
RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.
49
CMBUkTI8
RbB½n§snþisux1> mnÞIrsnþisux
eTaHbICavisuT§kmµenAPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgqñaM1978 CaRBwtþikarN_éRBépSbMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtamtMbn;
epSg²eTotkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr
RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞIrsnþisux} CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}.
Rkúmkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
50
mnÞIrsnþisuxkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfñak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)an
eRbIR)as;CamnÞIrXuMXaMg kEnøgsYrcemøIy nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XuMkñúgKukbIfñak;dMbUg ¬fñak;tMbn;
fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;XuM¦ PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþIrdækarsuIvilrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyGñkeTas
epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTlYcrbs;rbrb¤cMNIGahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤niyay
GaRkk;BIGgÁkar. mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;PUmiPaKeFVIkarXuMXaMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHeRbIsRmab;
XuMXaMg yuT§CnExµrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.
mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;x<s;bMputKWCamnÞIrsnþisuxmCÄimenAPñMeBjEdlmaneQµaHsm¶at;fa{mnÞIrs-21}. GñkeTasenA
kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.
enAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;eRkam kareFVITNÐkmµminsUvCaF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmµ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in
mðÚbGahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XuMkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqñaM1976. b:uEnþ
cab;taMgBIqñaMenaHmk enAfñak;tMbn;nigfñak;Rsuk esÞIrEtKµanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeLIy ehIyesÞIrEt
KµanGñkeTas Namñak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.
2> xµaMgrbs;GgÁkar
ExµrRkhmcg;[bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnnigRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;manPaB
s¥ats¥M. RbCaCnTaMg Gs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥MTaMgstiGarmµN_nigRbvtþirUb.
ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput.
ExµrRkhmminTukcitþGñkepSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl
)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar
lYcmðÚbGahar RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxµaMgrbs;rdæ nigCajwkjy)ankøay
eTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an
EbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnCaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñúg} nig {sRtÚvxag
eRkA}.
sRtÚvxagkñúg KWCa{RbCaCnfµI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig
GñkEdlFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;bBa©ÚlCaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþiPUminiym.
CMBUkRbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExµrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñúgTaMgenHeFVI[
mCÄimbkS16
mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman³
Gñkrdækarrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ³ kñúgqñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar
rbbsaFarNrdæExµrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExµrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.
GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrTaMgb:unµansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt
smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;GñkrdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan
nIrsaenAmnÞIrs-21
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
51
nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUtdl;éf¶
dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExµrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExµrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg
karGnuvtþEpnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI
bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.
CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñM ³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExµrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an
rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI
CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMTaMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmancitþesµaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYycMnYn
)ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esµaHsµ½RKnig
eCOTukcitþelICnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMy:agNak¾eday k¾ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;TIlMenACnCatiPaKtickñúg
extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.
GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmeTA RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
pSús éRb CnCatiBñgrs;enAkñúgextþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BIsßanPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIRtÚvbgçM[pøas;
bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhmfa ³
eyaFaExµrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
52
kµÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExµrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;
eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVIERscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.
enAkñúgRsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVIkarTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig
mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;´EdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb
eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgá)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg.
RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar
cab;xøÜn. kñúgPUmiLaMTwk RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb
pøitXµúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.
CnCatiPaKticcam ³ ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCaticam
cakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArs;enAlayLMKña
CamYyshKmn_CnCatiExµr. CnCaticamRtÚv)anham
R)ammin[niyayPasacamb¤eKarBbUCasasnaGuIsøam.
ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaMsasnaGuIsøam¬hakwm¦
nigCnCaticamTaMgLayNa EdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa
eFVIkarRbqaMgnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;
CaeRcIn. CagenHeTAeTot ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCati
camhUbsac;RCÚk EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;
sasnaGuIsøam. eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CnCati
camrab;muWnnak;)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan
nigkareFVIkarhYskmøaMg17.
CnCatiPaKticevotNam ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg
qñaM1975. CnCatievotNammYycMnYnEdl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExµr)anrs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabnþeTA
eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImsmøab;CnCatievotNamEdlesssl;TaMgenH
y:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit. CnCatiPaKticevotNamRtÚv)ansRmaMg
ykeTAsmøab; edaysarEtxøÜnCaCnCatievotNam.
CnCatiPaKticcin ³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnYjnigCashRKinRkúmh‘unk¾RtÚv)anbgçM
[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmµEdr. CnCaticinRtÚvExµrRkhmRbRBwtþmk elIy:ageXareXA enAeBl
EdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:uEnþCnCaticin minRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,IykeTA
smøab;ecaleT.
bBaØvnþ ³ emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlmYycMnYnCabBaØvnþ)ancat;TukbBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,g rbs;
RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g
karhUbcukenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
53
rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk
GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg
cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
enAkñúgesovePA {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} visVkr Bin
y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúgrbb
ExµrRkhm. kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RKÜsarrbs;elak
EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMgCaeRcIndg
EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaFisat;. elak Bin
y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit
ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977. mUlehtumYy
EdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKWedaysarelak
Gaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)anerobrab;dUecñHfa³
éf¶mYy enAPUmivalvg;kñúgextþeBaFisat;RbFanPUmi)anerobcMRbCuMneya)ayd¾KYr[FujRTan;
mþgeTot. Kat;)anRbkasfa semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anyagnivtþcUlRbeTsvijehIy
ehIykMBugEterobcMrdæaPi)alfµImYy dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñI[GñkÉkeTs bBaØvnþ GtItnay
Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQµaHkñúgbBa¢IBiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl
Essibnak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn
taMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ GacTb;GarmµN_xøÜnÉg)anehIymin)an
elIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT.
GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExµrRkhm
smøab;Gs;eTAehIy}18.
GñkEdlExµrRkhmecaTfaCaCnk,t;Cati ³ kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_
nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVIxusbnþicbnþÜck¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_Edr. CaTUeTA
bT]Rkidæ EdlkmµaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmmanlYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúmeFVI[
Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pÞH)ay lYccMNIGahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVIkaryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVIkarmin
)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMTYjesaksþayRseNaH
bgb¥Únb¤mitþPkþiEdl)ansøab; b¤bgðajTwkcitþkñúgkareKarBCMenOsasnaCaedIm. RbCaCnmYycMnYnEdlFøak;xøÜnQW
edaysareFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b¤hUbminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVIButCaQW nigRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSx¢ilRcGUs
b¤QWstiGarmµN_. GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xøÜnedayminmandanGVITaMgGs;. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkBIeFVIkarenAvalERs
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
54
eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesµIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar
faem:c RtÚveFVIy:aghñwg¡ GgÁkardak;Tis RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitþmin)ac;téføeT¡}.
sRtÚvxageRkA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<½n§mitþdUcCaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnYn
CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExµrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg
QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg
kmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnpgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmviC¢arbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExµrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH
faCa {xµaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM
edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniymb¤RbeTsGnutþrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam
nigsm<½n§mitþdéTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasRtÚvbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday
RcLMfa)aneFVIkar[Pñak;garsm¶at;es-GuI-Garbs;shrdæGaemrik Pñak;garsm¶at;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB
sUevot nigCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. ExµrRkhmk¾)ancat;TukGñkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa
Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmµaPi)almUldæan
ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.
3> karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg
enAcugqñaM1976nigedImqñaM1977 karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúg)ankøayCakic©karcm,grbs;ExµrRkhm.
ExµrRkhm)aneFVI[GñkPUmiesuIbkarN_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BaküesøakmYy {RtÚvecHtamdanKñaeTAvij
eTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CUnGgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExµrRkhmeRbIkñúgkarEsVgrkcab;xøÜnxµaMgbgáb;
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
55
rYmmankarQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab; nigcemøIysarPaB.
enAeBlEdlxµaMgRtÚv)anrkeXIjeQµaHrbs;GñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvraykarN_eTAKN³kmµaFikarXuM b¤KN³
kmµaFikarRsuk ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn. GgÁkarkRmcab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;CasaFarN³Nas;.
RbsinebImansmaCikNamñak;enAkñúgshkrN_mYyRtÚv)ansgS½y kmµaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;GñkenaHfa
{GgÁkarGeBa¢IjGñkeTAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBa¢IjenHCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtÚv)ancab;bBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrXuMXaMg
nigsmøab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckþIb¤RsavRCav[)anhµt;ct;faetIGñkTaMgenaHBitCa)an
RbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elgxus1}.
4> karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµ
GñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelµIsRsal² b¤Cab;XuMenAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan
GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgWKµankarBüa)al nigkarRbRBwtþGMeBIyg;XñgepSg²eTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsøab;
kñúgsßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday k¾manmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmµnigkarsmøab;Edr. b:uEnþenAmnÞIrsnþisux
fñak;x<s;rbs;ExµrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµKWCaskmµPaBFmµtaRbcaMéf¶.
CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa
qñaM1977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGVITaMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BIkarcab;xøÜnnigsßan PaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñúgKuk
Rsukt,ÚgXµúMy:agdUecñHfa ³
éf¶mYykgsnþisuxbYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs; ehIy)anesñI kñúgsmþIsuPaBrabsafa[
eTACYytExSePøIg. enAeBl´ecjmkdl;eRkAsnþisuxsÞúHmkP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;rk´ehIy
kgkumar ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
56
cgéd´. ExµrRkhm)ancab; ykeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBlEssib
éf¶ ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot. kgsnþisux
)anykExSePøIgmkqk;´edIm,IsYrcemøIy. CYnkaleKvay´y:agxøaMg eFVI[´snøb;Ca
eRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmµ xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾ enAEteqøIyfamindwg. bnÞab;mk
ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´eTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIyfµImYyeTot. ´enATIenaHry³eBldb;BIréf¶. cab;BI
eBlenaHmk ExµrRkhmElgsYrcemøIyb¤eFVITaruNkmµ eTotehIy. xøÜnR)aN´cuHsÁm
y:agxøaMg. bIéf¶eRkaymk ExµrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþRcLM.
b:uEnþ RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebImanGñkNa
mñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}19.
5> karsmøab;
eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;RtÚv)ansmøab;eRkambTRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ
RbqaMgbdivtþn_nigrdæ. RbCaCnfµIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_b¤CMnajkñúgkareFVIERscmáar)an)at;xøÜn.
RbCaCnRtÚv)annaMykeTAéRBeRCAb¤TIvalq¶ayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismøab; bnÞab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþnUv
GMeBIEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCakMhusb¤)an beBa©jkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfñak;dwknaMrbs;xøÜn. CnrgeRKaHxøHRtÚv
)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.
mnusSesÞIrRKb;rUbEdlRtÚv)anrkeXIjfa CaGñkFøab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;
ecal. CaTUeTAKµanGñkNamñak;h‘anBak;Ev:ntab¤niyayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaØabgðajfaCnenaHCa
GñkecHdwg. CaBiess GñkEdlmkBITIRkúgRtÚvEtlak;RbvtþinigcMeNHviC¢arbs;xøÜnehIyeFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA.
karsmøab;RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNæan. GñkxøHRtÚvExµrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_ b¤CaxµaMg
ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIy. bnÞab;BIenATIenaH)anry³eBlBIr-bIEx GñkeTasnwgRtÚvykeTAvalBiXat
EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbgçM[lutCgÁg;enAmat;reNþA. bnÞab;mk GñkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtÚvsmøab;edayvaycMEpñk
xageRkayénk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; b¤dMbg. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;
kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kñúgreNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFVI[fb;degðImsøab;edayykfg;pøasÞikRck
k,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNþÚgCaeRcInenAkñúgéRB GñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLanFMeTAdl;mat;GNþÚg ehIybnÞab;
mkkgQøbk¾rujb¤vayTmøak;eTAkñúgenaHEtmþg.
eBlxøH smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþeday
smaCikmñak;. ExµrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xøÜnsmaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsþIfa {CIkesµARtÚvCIkTaMg
b£s}.
m:m épb‘Un RbCaBlrdærs;enAextþekaHkug )anerobrab;GMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtÚv)anykeTA
smøab;ecalfa³57
b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´mñak;GayuR)aMBIrqñaMRtÚv)anGgÁkarsmøab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatx©ImYyEpø
hUb. GgÁkarvaynwgt,ÚgcbehIykb;Ek,rcmáareBat. resolmYy eBl´kMBugedjeKa
kat;éRB ´FuMkøins¥úysaksBrlYy. ´edIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGñkFøab;sÁal;Kña. minnwk
sµanfaenaHCasaksB«Buk´esaH. Kat;RtÚvkab;nwgkaMbitCitdac;kecjBIsµa. enAEk,r
sB«Buk´ mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtÚvsmøab;edaykat;pþac;kdUcKµa. rMlgBIenaH
)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdUn´GayuCagcitsibqñaM)ansøab;. Kat;RtÚv)anecaTfalYcbbr
ekµghUb ehIyRtÚvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;RtÚv)anrMunwg)avykeTAkb;ecal.
eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CIdUn´Etb:unµanéf¶ mþay´k¾søab;eTot. Kat;søab;edaysarkargar
lM)aknigKµanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. ´»bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksþay20.
58
CMBUkTI9
mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦
KuksMxan;bMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ansÁal;faCa {mnÞIrsnþisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}
tMNag[Bakü{snþisux} ehIyelx{21} tMNag[elxsm¶at;. KukenHmanTItaMgsßitenAEb:kxagt,ÚgTIRkúg
PñMeBj ¬sgáat;TYlsVayéRB¦.
mnÞIrs-21CaKuksm¶at;sRmab;XuMXaMg sYrcemøIy eFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;GñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ancab;
bBa¢Únmkdak;enATIenH. cab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM1976mk minmanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeT. kñúgcMeNam
GñkeTasRbEhlmYymuWnbYnBan;nak; manEt12nak;b:ueNÑaHEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénrbb
brievnKukTYlEsøg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
59
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anTukCIvit eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;mnÞIrs-21.
GñkTaMgenHCaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmøak;.
1> GKarenAmnÞIrs-21
mnÞIrs-21CaGtItviTüal½yecA-
Bjay:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkñúgqñaM1962.
KukenHsßitenAelIépÞdIEdlmanbeNþay600
Em:Rt nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbg
salaenH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,ÚvBIrxñg
EdlCaGtItsalabzmsikSabwgekgkg. GKar
TaMgGs;enHbegáIt)aneTACamnÞIrs-21.
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümnÞIrs-21
ruMB½T§edayrbgs½gásIniglYsbnøaEdlmanP¢ab;
crnþGKÁisnI. enAkñúgbrievNKuk manGKarFM²
bYn. bnÞb;eronCan;eRkamRtÚv)anEbgEckeTA
CabnÞb;tUc²EdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt
EdlbnÞb;mYysRmab;dak;GñkeTasmñak;. bnÞb;eronCan;TImYyEdlmanTMhM8KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;Gñk
eTasrYm. enACan;TIBIr bnÞb;nImYy²manTMhMFMCagehIydak;GñkeTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnÞb;mYyRtÚv)aneRbI
Cakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnÞb;mYyeTotRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyal½yÉksarnig
kariyal½yrdæ)alTUeTA. pÞHmYycMnYnEdlenAEk,rKukRtÚv)aneRbI eFVICakEnøgsYrcemøIynigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmµ.
2> GñkeTas
GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSb¤k,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Føab;)aneFVIkar[
kmµaPi)alk,t;EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜnrYcehIy. mYyry³kalknøgeTA emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamankarsgS½y
nigmankarminTukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cMeBaHkmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qñaM1976
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrwtbnþwgsnþisuxCati b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;bkSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykeTA
XuMenAmnÞIrs-21. fñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmyl;fa sRtÚvmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgépÞRbeTs ehIy)aneFVIkar
cab;xøÜnsmaCikkumµúynIsþrbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;kñúgmYyEx². GñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs
RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.
kmµaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkñúgKukmYycMnYn)ankøayCaGñkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmµaPi)alTaMgenaH)an
sarPaBBIkarx¢ilRcGUskñúgkarerobcMÉksar eFVI[xUcm:asuInnig]bkrN_déTeTot b¤vayGñkeTasrhUtdl;søab;
kñúgeBlsYrcemøIyedayKµankarGnuBaØat. cemøIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21CacemøIyminBit BIeRBaH
kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAmnÞIrs-21nigRkúmRKsar
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
60
GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtþkMhusGVIF¶n;F¶reT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxøÜnBITaruNkmµb:ueNÑaH.
exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkMBg;qñaMg CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab;
BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³
enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs; BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIyRtÚv
)anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GgÁkarcab;xøÜn´eRBaH´CamitþPkþirbs;GñkTaMgBIr
ehIybBa¢Ún´eTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøIy´ERkgela´ manCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyGñkTaMgBIr
b:uEnþ eqøIyfa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøIyeQµaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas;
fa´xMeFVIkarnigesµaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkgBl
502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAétnij eTAév:CamYyevotNam.
CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIc
elgrkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday.
RKb;KñaRtÚvxitxMeFVIkar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnønigciBa©wmRCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúg
Rby½tñbMputeBleFVIkar. kMhusbnþicbnþÜcdUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢aMgGaceFVI[eyIgsøab;)an.
3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas
bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.
vin½ysnþi)al ¬nKr)alsnþisux¦ enAmnÞIrs-211¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.
2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min
)andac;xat.
3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_.
4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.
5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay
erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay.
6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat.
7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI
hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT.
8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH.
9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT.
10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.
61
bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.
4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21
enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAdl;mnÞIrs-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþirUblm¥itcab;
taMgBIkumarPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xøÜn. GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñúgmYy ehIysmÖarCab;xøÜnTaMg
b:unµanRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXuMkñúgbnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚvdak;
exñaHeCIgEdlmancgP¢ab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgb¤\dæ. cMENkGñkeTasXuMenAbnÞb;FMRtÚv)andak;exñaHeCIgeday
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GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;nwg\dæ edayKµankenÞl mug b¤PYyeT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKña.
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samsibnak;eTot. ExµrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkñúgmYyéf¶. GñkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an
rbb bbrbYnsøabRBatUc nigsmølaysøwkeQIxøH. karniyayKñaRtÚv)anhamXat;
dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam
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Tm¶n;. eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bYnéf¶mþg. eKykTuyy:Umk)aj;CHBImat;TVar. Rbsin
ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TVar eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv
)annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj
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62
enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinitü. GñkyamRtÚvBinitüemIlERkgela
exñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßúGVIEdleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIGtþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmkman
GñkeTasCaeRcIn)ansmøab;xøÜnÉg dUecñHGñkyammankarRbúgRby½tñNas;kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüemIlexñaHeCIgnigbnÞb;.
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minmanfñaMBüa)aleTenAkñúgKuk. kmµaPi)aleBTüenAmnÞIrs-21suT§Etmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtÚv ehIy
eFVIkarBüa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnüarkarsøab;rbs;GñkeTas bnÞab;BIrgrbYsF¶n;kñúgGMLúgeBlsYrcemøIyb:ueNÑaH.
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dMbg b¤EmkeQI. CYnkal GñksYrcemøIyvayGñkeTasnwgExSePøIgb¤qk;ExSePøIg. viFIsa®sþeFVITaruNkmµ
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BIelI b¤RCmuCTwk. GñkeTasmYycMnYnRtÚvsøab;kñúgGMLúgeBleFVITaruNkmµ.
kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
63
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cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
k¾eday. GñksYrcemøIyEdlRtÚvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtþGMeBIenHRtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.
enAkñúgcemøIysarPaB GñkeTasRtÚverobrab;BIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜn. RbsinebICasmaCikbkS GñkeTasRtÚv
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mnusSEdlBak;B½n§rhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;. GñkEdl
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� BYkvaBUEkxagGMnYtnigRTwsþI Etx¢ileFVIkar.
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Ca ehOg sa®sþacarüCemøóseTARsuk)arayN_ extþkMBg;FM )ansarPaBBIskmµPaBk,t;rbs; taMg
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64
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buKÁlikTUeTA edayrYmTaMgGñkdaMbEnøbgáarsRmab;beRmIesckþIRtÚvkarkñúgKukpg. eRkABIenH CakgkmøaMgeFVIkar
kñúgbrievNKuk EdleFVIkarenAkñúgGgÁPaBmYykñúgcMeNamGgÁPaBTaMgbIrbs;Kuk nigrYmTaMgbuKÁlikkariyal½ypg.
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smøab;ehIy. rUbftrab;Ban;snøwkenAesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ b:uEnþrab;Ban;snøwkepSgeTot)an)at;bg;.
kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
65
GgÁPaBkarBarKWCaGgÁPaBFMbMputenAmnÞIrs-21. kgsnþisux
kñúgGgÁPaBenHPaKeRcInCaekµgCMTg;. kgsnþisuxPaKeRcInmankarlM)ak
kñúgkareKarBbTbBa¢ad¾twgEtgrbs;GgÁPaB. kgsnþisuxminGnuBaØat[
niyayCamYyGñkeTas sYreQµaH b¤vaytb;GñkeTaseLIy. kgsnþisux
RtÚv)anhamXat;min[lYcemIlb¤lYcsþab;karsYrcemøIy ehIyRtÚv
eKarB[)anx¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvbTbBa¢asamsibcMNucEdlhamR)am min[lYc
edk GgÁúyelg b¤Ep¥kCBa¢aMgkñúgeBleFVIkargar. kgsnþisuxRtÚvedIreTA
edIrmk eFVIkaryaml,at nigBinitüBic½yGVI²RKb;y:agedayRbúgRby½tñ
bMput. kgsnþisuxNaEdl)an
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mankarP½yxøacy:agxøaMgcMeBaH
kMhusepSg²EdlGacekIteLIg
nigP½yxøaccMeBaHTaruNkmµ nig
karsmøab;.
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CaRkúmrgekþA RkúmrgRtCak; nig
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kalehA kgkac¦ GaceFVITaruN
kmµkñ úgeBlsYrcemø Iy)an.
pÞúyeTAvij RkúmRtCak; ¬CYnkal
ehA kgsøÚt¦minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat
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eFVIkarCamYykrNIF¶n;F¶rnigkrNIsMxan;².
karsYrcemøIymanry³eBlEvg. CYnkaldMeNIrkarenHbnþ
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ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagémÖqñaM.
sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦
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rbs; sun esn eQµaH yun y:at
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RbCaFibetyü. sun esn )an
eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg cenøaHqñaM
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cUlCasmaCibkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg.
qñaM1963 sun esn )anrt;cUl
éRB eKcBIkartamcab;rbs;b:Ulis.
sun esn )ankøayeTACaGKÁbBa¢a
karkgkmøaMgrMedaHCatiRbCaCnkm<úCa
kñúgqñaM1971.
kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü sun esn Ca]bnayk
rdæm®nþITIbI TTYlbnÞúkkarBarCatinig
RKb;RKgpÞal;eTAelImnÞIrs-21.
sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarRtÚv)an
smøab;tambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt enA
éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997.
Duc ¬eQµaHedIm kaMg ehÁceGov¦
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kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTüal½y
RBHsuIsuvtßi nig)anCab;cMNat;fñak;
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RbeTs. Duc eFVICaRKÚbeRgon
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extþkMBg;FM. qñaM1964 Duc eFVIkar
enAsalaKruekaslübnÞab;BI sun
esn )anrt;cUléRB. Duc cUlCa
smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaenAqñaM
1970.
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køayxøÜnCaRKisþbris½T. Duc RtÚv)an
cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk Duc RtÚvCab;XuM
kñúgKukrhUtrg;caMkarkat;kþI. kñúgEx
kumÖ³ qñaM2005 Duc RtÚv)ankat;
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kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
sßanPaB suxPaBrbs; Duc man
PaBRTúDeRTam kñúgqñaM2006.
66
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muneBlcUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa sun esn Føab;)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgnigFøab;eFVICa
RKÚbeRgón.
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s-21¦/ eb:g ¬bBa¢akarelIGñkyam¦/ can; ¬RbFanGgÁPaBsYrcemøIy¦ nig b:un ¬GñksYrcemøIy¦. b:un
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qay. emdwknaMKukTaMgenHsuT§EtCaGtItRKÚbeRgón.
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GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21Cab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHry³eBlBIreTAbIEx. eTaHCay:agenHkþI
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s;mYycMnYnCab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHrab;Ex ehIycemøIysarPaBEvgrab;ryTMB½r.
bnÞab;BIRtÚvnaMxøÜnmkdl;mnÞIrs-21)anBIr-bIéf¶ GñkeTasTaMgGs;nwgRtÚvnaMykeTAsYrcemøIyedayKµanxVl;xVay
KitKUrBIkarBitGVIeLIy. GñkeTasTaMgGs; RtÚvEtsarPaBfaxøÜnKWCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_ nigFøab;)anRbRBwtþbTelµIs
TaMgLayEdlGñksYrcemøIysURt[fatam. bnÞab;BIkarsYrcemøIycb;sBVRKb;ehIy GñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTA
{kemÞcecal} EdlCaBaküeRbIkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCMnYs[Bakü {smøab;}.
kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
67
enAqñaMTImYyénRbtibtþikarrbs;mnÞIrs-21 saksBGñkeTasRtÚv)ankb;enAEk,rmnÞIr. b:uEnþ cab;taMgBI
cugqñaM1976mk minmandITMenrsRmab;kb;exµacenAEk,rKukeToteT ehtudUecñHehIyGñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLan
enAeBlyb;eTAkan;bwgeCIgÉk ¬sßitenAcm¶ay13KILÚEm:Rt PaKnirtITIRkúgPñMeBj¦ EdlenAkEnøgenaHGñkeTas
RtÚv)anvaynwgt,Úgcb xñgBUefA b¤dMbg b¤)aj;smøab;ecalEtmþg. CaTUeTA enAeBlEdlGñkeTasRtÚv)an
smøab;ehIy kgT½BEdldwkGñkeTasBImnÞIrs-21eTA)ankb;saksBTaMgenHenAkñúgreNþAsaksBrYm Edl
reNþAtUcmanRbEhlR)aMmYynak; ehIyreNþAFMmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;.
mnÞIrs-21 nig bwgeCIgÉk RtÚv)anERbkøayeTACasarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_eday rdæaPi)alén
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaeRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;evotNamkñúgqñaM1979.
68
CMBUkTI10
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RbCaFibetyü ÉkGKÁrdæTUtTaMgGs;elIkElgEtÉkGKÁrdæTUtcinRtÚv)anbgçaMg[enAEtkñúgsßanTUterog²xøÜn.
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1977¦ nigLav. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH TMnak;TMngCamYycinnigkUer:xageCIgmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr ehIy
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69
km<úCaPaKeRcInCaGñkRbqaMgnwgevotNam
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karb:HTgÁicKñarvagkm<úCaRbCaFib
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cugqñaM1975. bnÞab;BIenaH karRbyuT§
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CaPasaevotNam¦. enABak;kNþalqñaM
1976 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anbegáInTMnak;TMngkan;EtCitsñiT§CamYyRbeTscin ehIyCemøaHrvagkm<úCaRbCa
FibetyünigevotNam)ankøayeTACaEpñkmYyénCemøaHrvagcinnigsUevot EdlenAeBlenaHrdæaPi)alRkúg
mUsÁÚKaMRTevotNam ehIyrdæaPi)alRkúgeb:kaMg
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km<úCaRbCaFibetyüTTYl)anCMnYyeyaFa
y:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;BIcin. kñúgqñaM1977
kgT½Bkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anebIkkarvay
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smøab;RbCaCnsøÚtRtg;rab;rynak;. TMnak;TMng
karTUtrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrRtÚv)ankat;pþac;TaMg
RsugenAExFñÚ qñaM1977.
kñúgqñaM1978 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)an
eGog sarI ¬smmitþv:an;¦
eGog sarI ekItqñaM1930 enAextþRtavij RbeTsevot
Namxagt,Úg. eGog sarI )anerobkarCamYy exov FIriT§.
qñaM1950 eGog sarI )anTTYlGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenA
RbeTs)araMg ehIy)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ
)araMg. eGog sarI )anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM
1957 ehIy)an cUlCasmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr.
eGog sarI beRgónenAviTüal½ykm<úCbuRtrhUt dl;qñaM1963
EdlenAeBlenaH)anrt;cUléRBts‘U. eRkaymk eGog sarI
)ankøayCaembBa¢akarkgT½BenAPUmiPaK|san.
qñaM1976 eGog sarI RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCa]bnayk
rdæm®nþITImYy TTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs. eGog sarI k¾Ca
smaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim nigKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS
pgEdr. eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
enAqñaM1996. bc©úb,nñ eGog sarI rs;enAy:agmanesrIPaB
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIykUnRbúseQµaH eGog vuF KWCa
GPi)alrgTImYyRkúgéb:lin.
emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
70
xitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xøÜn ehIyBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs enAeBlenaH)anQandl;kRmitkMBUl.
RbeTsEdlFøab;eFVITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµCamYykm<úCaRbCaFibetyüman RbeTscin kUer:xageCIg éf Cb:un
hugkug m:ada hÁasáa bg;køaEds nigsigðburI. TMnijnaMecjsMxan;²rbs;km<úCa RbCaFibetyürYmman RsUv
C½rekAs‘U eQI nigsrIrragÁstVd¾kRm ¬Es,k/ Pøúk/ sñÚk¦. cMENkTMnijnaMcUlvij rYmman eRKÓgsBVavuF
rfeRkaH kaMePøIgFM m:asuInsRmab;eFVIERscmáar plitplKImI nigRkNat;.
TMnijnaMecjPaKeRcInrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYntictYcxøaMgNas; ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarnaM
ecjenAmunqñaM1970 ehIyRtÚv)annaMykeTARbeTscin EdlCaRbeTsEtmYyKt;man\T§iBlmkelIkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyü. BIqñaM1977dl;cugqñaM1978 cin)anpþl;[km<úCaRbCaFibetyünUvrfeRkaHrab;ryeRKÓg
Lan GavuFFunF¶n; RKab;epøagnigRKab;kaMePøIgrab;Ban;etan nigynþehaHRbtikmµcMnYnR)aMmYyeRKÓg. rdæaPi)alcin
k¾)anpþl;[nUvkarCYsCulpøÚvrfePøIgmYyExSP¢ab;RkúgPñMeBjeTARkúgkMBg;esam nigRBlanynþehaHfµImYyeTotenA
extþkMBg;qñaMg. eRkABITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµ CMnYyeyaFa nigCMnYyhirBaØvtßú cin)anbBa¢ÚnGñkCMnajkarrab;Ban;nak;
[mkeFVICaGñkbec©keTs nigCaTIRbwkSarbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkCMnajkarTaMgenH)anCYybgðat;beRgón
k,ÜneyaFa bec©keTseBTü nigbec©keTskñúgeragcRkdl;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anesñI[
cinbBa¢ÚnT½BmkCYyc,aMgCamYyevotNam b:uEnþcin)anbdiesF ehIyesñI[manbTQb)aj;KñanigeFVIkarcrca.
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anTat;ecalsMeNIenH.
71
CMBUkTI11
kardYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
1> mUlehtubIy:agénkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
sPaBRTúDeRTamrbs;RbCaCn ³ EpnkarbYnqñaMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübBa¢ak;fa km<úCanwgplitRsUv
[)anbIetankñúgmYyhiktaerogral;qñaM. tYelxenHmancMnYneRcInelIsTinñplmunsm½ybdivtþn_. enAeBlTinñpl
RsUvmin)anRKb;EpnkarkMNt; kmµaPi)alenATUTaMgRbeTs)aneFVIr)aykarN_Ekøgkøay. bnÞab;mkkmµaPi)al
TaMgenHnwgbBa¢ÚnRsUvy:ageRcIneTAtamcMnYnEpnkarkMNt; edayTuk[RbCaCnTTYlrgkarGt;Xøan.
kgcl½tkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
72
edaysarEtRbtibtþikarTUTaMgRbeTsCakarsm¶at;enaH eFVI[EpnkarkñúgkarRbmUlTinñplRsUv[)anbIetan
kñúgmYyhiktaminGacGnuvtþ)an. tMbn;TaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTsminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[EckrMElkB½t’manKñaeTAvij
eTAmk b¤RtÜtBinitüemIlfaetImanbBaðaGVIxøHkMBugekItmaneLIgeT. mCÄimbkSkRmcuHmkemIlsßanPaBrs;enArbs;
RbCaCn b¤erobcMEpnkar[kmµaPi)alfñak;eRkamrbs;xøÜnGnuvtþNas;. emdwknaMfñak;elIhak;dUcCaeCOTaMgRsugnUv
GVIEdlfñak;eRkam)anraykarN_ cMENkfñak;eRkamminh‘anraykarN_B½t’manminl¥NamYyeTAfñak;elIeLIy.
m®nþICan;x<s;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeCOCak;fa bkSminEdlRbRBwtþkMhusnigminEdlseRmccitþxusTal;EtesaH.
ral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIgRtÚv)anemdwknaMTaMgenaHecaTRbkan;faCakMhusrbs;CnbreTsb¤Cnk,t;. edaysar
EtlkçxNÐrs;enAkan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yuWneTA² RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;)ansøab;CabnþbnÞab; edaykareFVIkarhYs
kmøaMgnigKµanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;.
visuT§kmµ ³ enABak;kNþalqñaM1976 smaCiksMxan;²CaeRcInrUbrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RtÚv)aneFVI
visuT§kmµ. cab;BIeBlenaHmk b:ul Bt nigshkarIeCOfakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgfñak;dwknaMbkSkan;EtekItmaneRcIn
eLIg².fñak;dwknaMTaMgenHeCOfasRtÚvrbs;xøÜnmanenARKb;TIkEnøg. KN³PUmiPaK KN³tMbn; nigembBa¢akarkgT½B
CaeRcInrUbRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecal. sPaBkarN_kan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶reTA²kñúgqñaM1977 enAeBl
Edl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[eFVIkarsmøab;kmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’ nigeFVIvisuT§kmµeTAelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmiPaK
enHesÞIrKµansl;. enAeBlevotNamvaycUlPUmiPaKenHenAcugqñaM1977 RbCaCnesssl;RtÚv)anecaTfa
kgkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
73
)ancUlédCamYyevotNam ehIyRtÚv)anmCÄimbkScat;TukfaCamnusS{k,alyYn xøÜnExµr}. ehtudUecñHehIy
mCÄimbkS)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BCaeRcInmkvayRbharPUmiPaKbUBa’ Edl)ansmøab;RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;. RbCaCnrab;Ban;
nak;)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAevotNam EdlenATIenaH rdæaPi)alevotNam)anCYybegáItkgkmøaMgeyaFamYy.
karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNam ³ enHKWCa
mUlehtuFMbMputénkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib
etyü. enAqñaM1975 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
cab;epþImbgábBaðaenAtamRBMEdnbeNþIr²CamYy
evotNam. karRbyuT§Kñad¾xøaMgkøa)anpÞúHeLIgenA
Bak;kNþalqñaM1977 KWenAeBlEdlExµrRkhm
)an)aj;epøageTAelITIrYmextþcUvduk RsukhaeTog
nigextþmYycMnYneTotrbs;evotNamEdlbNþal
[eRKaHfñak;dl;RbCaCnsuIvil nigkgT½Bevot
NamCaeRcInnak; Edlmin)aneRtómxøÜnCamun.
RbCaCnevotNamrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;cUleTAkñúgépÞ
RbeTs. kñúgGMLúgeBlEtBIr-bIéf¶énkarvay
Rbhar RbCaCnsuIvilevotNamRbEhlmYYy
Ban;nak;)anrgrbYsnigsøab;.
enAExFñÚ qñaM1977 evotNam)aneRbI
ynþehaHnigkaMePøIgFMebIkkarvayRbharRTg;RTay
FMmYymkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edaydeNþIm
kan;kab;)antMbn;cMBuHeskkñúgextþsVayerog.
kgT½BevotNam)anvaysRmúkcUlCagémÖKILÚEm:Rt
mkkñúgTwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehIykan;kab;)an
TIrYmextþsVayerog. eqøIytbeTAvij km<úCa
RbCaFibetyü)ankat;pþac;cMNgkarTUtCamYy
RbeTsevotNam ehIy)anbBa¢a[GñkkarTUtevotNamTaMgGs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjcakecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.
ExµrRkhmyl;RBmeFVIkarcrca luHRtaNaEtkgT½BevotNamTaMgGs; dkecjBITwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
Camunsin. mYyry³kaleRkaymkeTot evotNam)andkT½BecjBIRbeTskm<úCa edayekorGñkeTasnig
RbCaCnsuIvilrab;Ban;nak;ykeTACamYypg. KµankarcrcaNamYyRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeT.
evotNam)anecaTExµrRkhmfa )aneFIVkarvayRbhareTAelIextþTaMgR)aMbIrbs;xøÜnEdlsßitenAtam
beNþayRBMEdnCab;km<úCa. evotNam)anCMruj[mankarbegáItkmøaMgbdibkç mYyedIm,IeFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwg
ExµrRkhm. evotNamk¾)ancab;epþImhVwkhVWnCnkm<úCaEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam [cUlrYmkñúgRbtibtþikar
rUbftkmµaPi)alCnCaticamBIrrUbEdlRtÚv)anftenAkñúgbnÞb;ftrUbmYy
enAkñúgtMbn;rMedaH/ extþRkecH
¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
74
eyaFa nigbegáItkmøaMgsñÚlsRmab;rbbfµImYy. RbeTsTaMgBIr
)anRbyuT§KñaeBjmYyry³kalénqñaM 1978.
enAéf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUyEdl
pSayCaPasaExµr)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;eRkak
QreLIgRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. evotNam)an
eRCIserIsRbCaCnExµrmYycMnYnEdl)anePosxøÜneTAevotNam
[cUlbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½BdwknaMedayevotNam. PaKeRcInén
CnCatiExµrTaMgenHKWCakmµaPi)al kgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPUmiPaK
bUBa’. mkRtwmeBlenHmYyEpñkénPUmiPaKbUBa’sßitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIymYyEpñkeTotsßitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgbHe)arEdlRbqaMgnwgExµrRkhm.
enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUy)anpSBV
pSayBIkarbegáIteLIgnUvrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa25.
rNsirSenHdwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin Edl)anePosxøÜn
eTAevotNamenAcugqñaM1978.
embBa¢akarT½BevotNam v:an; eTonyug )andwknaMeFVIkar
vayRbhary:agxøaMgkøamkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶TI25
ExFñÚ qñaM1978. T½Brbs; v:an; eTonyug )anvaykan;kab;
extþRkecH kñúgry³eBlR)aMéf¶ nigextþkMBg;camkñúgry³eBl
mYys)þah_. bnÞab;mkenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgT½B
evotNamnigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCavay
deNþIm)anrdæFanIPñMeBj nigesÞIrEtépÞRbeTsTaMgmUlkñúg
eBlbnþbnÞab;mkeTot. kgT½BTaMgBIr)anerobcMmhasnñi)atmYy edIm,IbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa[
eFVICardæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñeRkamkardwknaMrbs;smmitþ ehg sMrin.
2> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeRkayqñaM1979
edImqñaM1979 evotNam)anCYyerobcMbegáItrbbfµImYyenATIRkúgPñMeBjEdlmaneQµaHfa {saFarNrdæ
RbCamanitkm<úCa}. rbbenHRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCarhUtdl;evotNam dkT½BecjmYyTsvtSr_eRkaymkeTot
KWenAqñaM1990. emdwknaMnigkgT½Brbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anrt;ePosxøÜnBITIRkúgPñMeBjeTAPaKBay½BüRbeTs
edayefµIreCIg Lan nigreTHePøIg. ExµrRkhm)anekorRbCaCnrab;muWnnak;edaybgçM[eTACamYyxøÜn. kñúgGMLúg
eBlénkarCemøósCaelIkTIBIrenH RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;edaysarGt;Gahar CMgW nigrbYs.
tam:uk ¬eQµaHedIm Qit eCOn¦
tam:ukekItqñaM1926 enAextþtaEkv.
tam:uk )anbYseronGs;CaeRcInqñaM ehIy
)anerobkarCamYyb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyeQµaH G‘uk
Xwm ehIymankUnbYnnak;. qñaM1949
tam:uk eFVICaRbFan\sSr³Rsuk kñúgextþ
taEkv. tam:uk )ancUlCasmaCikRkúm
kumµúynIsþenA qñaM1963. BIqñaM1968
eTAqñaM1978 tam:uk CaelxaPUmiPaK
nirtI.
enAExvicäika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv
)anEtgtaMgCaGnuelxaTIBIrbkSkumµúynIsþ
km<úCa. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCa
RbCaFibetyü tam:uk minEdlesñIsuMkar
elIkElgeTas ehIyminEdlmanbMNg
cuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)aleT. tam:uk RtÚv)an
cab;xøÜn edaykgT½BraCrdæaPi)alenAEk,r
RBMEdnéf enAExmIna qñaM1999 ehIy
dak;kñúgmnÞIrXuM XaMg. tam:uk søab;eday
sarCMgWenAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda qñaM2006.
75
RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansVHEsVgrkpøÚvRtLb;mkPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜnvij. semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu nig
RBHjativgSanuvgSRtÚv)anCemøóstamynþehaHeTARbeTscin.
ExµrRkhm)anerobcMGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf edaymanCMnYyeyaFa
BIbreTs rYmmanmkBIRbeTscinnigRbeTséf. rhUtdl;qñaM1990 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)an
GnuBaØat[tMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübnþkan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati ebIeTaHbICa
mankarCMTas;BIsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCanigsm<½n§mitþsgÁmniymrbs;xøÜnmYYycMnYnk¾eday.
qñaM1979 ExµrRkhm)anRbkasBIkarbegáIt {rNsirSmhasamKÁICati esñhaCati nigRbCaFibetyü}
b:uEnþmin)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbCaCneLIy. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr clnats‘UminEmnkumµúynIsþdMbUgmYy
{rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgdwknaMedaysemþc sWn san EdlCaGtItnaykrdæm®nþI
kñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym¬1955-1970¦26.
RkúmGñkts‘UraCaniymmYy EdlmaneQµaHfarNsirSrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<úCamYyÉkraCü GBüaRkwt
snþi nigshRbtibtþi ehAkat;fa {hVúnsuInbuic} k¾RtÚv)anbegáItEdr kñúgeBlbnþbnÞab;KñaenaH eRkamRBHraCkic©
dwknaMrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. enAqñaM1982 RkúmraCaniymhVúnsuInbuic RkúmrNsirSCatirMedaH
karvilRtLb;rbs;GñkEdlenArs;ranmanCIvitbnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;ExµrRkhmenAExmkra qñaM1979
¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦
76
RbCaBlrdæExµr nigRkúmExµrRkhm)anrYbrYmKñabegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKI EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu
CaRbFan exov sMpn CaGnuRbFan nig semþc sWn san Canaykrdæm®nþI. eKalbMNgrYmrbs;rdæaPi)alenH
KWedIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgeFVIkarts‘UrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaBIkareRCótERCkrbs;evotNam. rdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKIEdl
manRkúmExµrRkhmCaRkúmFMCageKenaH )ankan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
bnÞab;BIkarcrcaGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM PaKICemøaHkm<úCaTaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaelIkic©
RBmeRBógsnþiPaBenATIRkúg)a:rIsenAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ehIyyl;RBm[mankarerobcMkare)aHeqñat
CatimYy eRkamkarRtÜtBinitürbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa ehAkat;fa{G‘untak;}.
RkúmExµrRkhm)aneFVIBhikarmincUlrYmkare)aHeqñatCatiEdlerobcMeLIgedayG‘untak; ehIybdiesFminRBm
rMsaykgT½Brbs;xøÜneLIy. eRkaykare)aHeqñatCasklqñaM1993 kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbnþRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg
kgkmøaMgrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEdldwknaMedayRBHGgÁm©as; neratþm rNb£T§i Canaykrdæm®nþITImYy nigsemþc
h‘un Esn Canaykrdæm®nþITIBIr Gs;CaeRcInqñaMbnþeTot.
enAExsIha qñaM1996 eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edaynaMTaMgkgT½BmYycMnYn
mkCamYypg. emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmmYycMnYneTotdUcCa Ek Bk nYn Ca nig exov sMpn )ancuHcUl
CamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgqñaM1998. bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt TTYlmrNPaB enAqñaM1998 tam:uk CaemExµrRkhm
Etmñak;Kt;EdlbdiesFminRBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ehIyRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAExmIna qñaM1999.
RtwwmdMNak;kalenH emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlenArs;TaMgGs;)ansarPaBcuHcaj; b¤RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIyclna
ExµrRkhmTaMgmUl)andYlrlMCasßaBr. RbCaBlrdæExµrEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;RtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhmTaMgGs;
)aneFVImatuPUminivtþn_ nigrYbrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCavij.
77
ÉksarmYyenH nigÉksarEdlenAesssl;déTeTotbgðajGMBIB½t’manCaeRcInGMBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. Éksar
TaMgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgy:agc,as;GMBIrebob nigmUlehtuEdlRbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvit. enAkñúgn½yenH Éksar
nImYy²tMNag[CIvitrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCamñak;Edlsøab;enAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. manÉksarrebobenHrab;lansnøwk.
¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
78
esckþIbBa©b;
]Rkidækmµkñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWCaesaknadkmµrbs;mnusSCatid¾GaRkk;bMputmYykñúg
cMeNamesaknadkmµTaMgLaynastvtSr_TI20. rbbenH)ansmøab;CIvitmnusS Gs;RbmaNBIrlannak;ehIy
bnSl;TuknUv®sþIemm:aynigkumarkMRBarab;ryrab;Ban;nak;. RbCaCnExµrrab;Esnnak;)anrt;ecjBIRbeTs ehIy
)ankøayCaCnePosxøÜn. RKab;mInrab;lanRKab;RtÚv)anbgáb;edaykgT½BExµrRkhmnigkgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al
Edl)anbNþal[RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;søab;nigBikar cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1980rhUtmk. RbCaBlrdæExµr
CaeRcInmanbBaðaCMgWpøÚvcitþ edaysarEtkar)at;bg;smaCikRKÜsar EdleFVI[b:HTgÁicdl;pøÚvcitþy:agxøaMg. ktþa
TaMgGs;enHehIyCamUlehtucm,gmYyEdlnaM[manPaBRkIRkkñúgRbeTskm<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñ.
emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgGs;manKMnitRCúlniymhYsehtu EdlxøÜnTTYlykBImenaKmviC¢akumµúynIsþ
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sUm,IEtbnþicbnþÜck¾eday. ExµrRkhm)ancat;TukGñkecHdwg Gñkrdækarrbs;rbbcas; nigGñkEdlRbqaMgnwg
neya)ayrbs;xøÜnfaCasRtÚvrbs;rdæ b¤CaCnk,t;bdivtþn_EdlRtÚvEtkemÞcecal. minmankarelIkElgeTas
ehIyk¾minmankarpSHpSaCatiEdrenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. ExµrRkhm)anERbkøayRbeTs[eTACaCMrM
XuMXaMgd¾FMmYy EdleRkaymk)ankøayeTApñÚrrbs;RbCaCnExµrCitBIrlannak; EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkmµaPi)alnig
fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;xøÜnmYycMnYnpg.
79
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� eBlyam min[GgÁúyb¤Ep¥k nigmin[sresrGVITaMgGs; RtÚvedIrcuHeLIgtammuxsBaØarbs;xøÜn.
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bkSRbKl;[.
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EqkbYndgCakMhitKW ³ RBwkeBlem:ag6mþg em:ag11éf¶Rtg;mþgeTot l¶acem:ag6mþg nigyb;em:ag11
mþgeTot.
� eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy RtÚv[vaesøókBak;vij eTIbGñkEqkecjBIbnÞb;.
� cMeBaHexaGavxµaMg RtÚv[vaesøókBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxøÜneLIy.
� eBlyaml,at kmµaPi)alRtÚvkan;kUnesaedayxøÜnÉg minbENþtbeNþaytamcitþxøÜn x¢il. dac;xat
min[)at;kUnesa ebI)at;kUnesaminRtÚvGareT RtÚvrkkUn[eXIj ehIyRtÚvraykarN_ GñkeTasrt;rYc
kEnøg)at;kUnesa RtÚvTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHsmUhPaB.
� eBlyam RtÚvesøókBak;CaÉksNæaneyaFa minGnuBaØat[esøókexaxøIb¤edaHGav.
2> GMBIesaexñaH
� cak;esaxµaMgRtÚvBinitüesa kg rng [)anl¥it eTIbedaHexñaHéd Rsaymux.
� eBlcak;esaxµaMg kg rng RtÚvykecjBIkñúgbnÞb;mkTukxageRkA minRtÚv[TukxagkñúgeT.
� cak;esaxµaMgykmkcak;Gacm_ RtÚvdak;Rcvak;édmçagnigeCIgmçageTot eyIgminRtÚvedIrq¶ayBIxµaMgeT.
� xµaMgEdlykmkBIkEnøgsYrcemøIyvij RtÚvEqkeqrxøÜnva[)anmFü½tnigenAeBlbþÚryam TaMgkgrng.
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80
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� cMeBaHGñkEdlmanParkic©xagkñúg KWdac;xatminGnuBaØat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rby½tñxµaMg vaTak;TgKña
)anb¤xµaMgvamanRbtikmµepSg².
� enAtampÞHnImYy² RtÚvmanbBa¢IeQµaHxµaMgnigelxbnÞb;.
� cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtÚvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;nwgkaEstRtÚv
manRKab;eBj.
� GñkyamCab;CamYyxµaMgxagkñúg min[kan;GavuF GnuBaØat[kan;dMbg.
� GavuFRtÚvmanGñkkan;c,as;las;.
� minRtÚvTukGavuFecal RtÚvkan;Cab;nwgxøÜn.
� minRtÚvTukGavuFenAEk,rxµaMgb¤s<ayGavuFeTAQrCitxµaMg.
� bþÚryamRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©c,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GñkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg²
eTot[eTAGñkyamfµI.
� eBlbþÚryam eTIbGnuBaØat[ykFugGacm_nigFugenam nigEqkeqr. Parkic©enH GñkbþÚryambMeBj
ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.
81
KnßnieTÞs
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ÉksarPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)anykmkeRbIkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH KWykecjBIbNÑsardæannigbNÑal½y
rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EdlCaXøaMgtmál;ÉksaredImBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüFMCageKbg¥s;enAelI
BiPBelak. ÉksarEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaÉksareyag rYmman ³
� RbvtþirUbrbs;GtItkmµaPi)alExµrRkhm
� cemøIysarPaBnigbBa¢IraynamGñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21
� rdæFmµnuBaØnigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
� esovePATg;bdivtþn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtþn_ ¬TsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦
� kMNt;ehtusþIBIkic©RbCuMKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa
� BaküesøaknigceRmógrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü
� EpnTIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
� rUbftedImrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig
� esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².
bEnßmBIelIenH B½t’manmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIRbcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa {TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü sarB½t’man nigGtßbTEtgesckþIEdl)an
cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmµviFI {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exµr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_.
esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtßbT
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km<úCa¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;sßititamRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<úCaCag3lan3Esnnak;)an
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søab;rbs;RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn500nak; kñúgqñaM1980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxøÜn
enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúgRbeTs. eRkaymk RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa
eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GñkRbCasa®sþ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsøab;KWmankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gares-GuI-Ga
enAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<úCa³ kar)at;bg;cMnYnRbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qñaM1980¦ )an
snñidæanfaRbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbvtþiviTU ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGag
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Rsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij edayeRbóbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqñaM1975nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979 ehIydkcMnYn
mnusSsøab;tamFmµCatiBIcMnYnmnusSsøab;srub. ¬km<úCaBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum<
qñaM1984.¦
2]bTVIb\NÐÚcinKWCaeQµaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxøÜnRtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav nigRbeTs
km<úCa. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy)ancab;epþImBIqñaM1946dl;qñaM1954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘UevotNam¬evotmij¦dwknaM
eday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsLav.
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4edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAqñaM1951 evotNam
)anbMEbkbkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcinCabIbkS EdltMNag[RbeTsTaMgbIkñúg]bTVIb\NÐÚcin³ bkSBlkrevotNam bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_
Exµr nigbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Lav. eTaHCay:agenHkþI clnats‘UkñúgRbeTsTaMgbIsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamdEdl.
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BIGaNaniKm)araMg.
6kic©RBmeRBógenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAÉsnñisITTIRkúghSWENvqñaM1954 kñúgkarbBa©b;CemøaHnignaMmkvijnUvsnþiPaBkñúg]bTVIb
\NÐÚcin.
85
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tulakar¦/ Kat Qn; ¬rdæm®nþITIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI¦/ CYn RbsiT§ ¬rdæm®nþI TTYlbnÞúksRmbsRmÜlkarxitxMRbwgERbgts‘UedIm,IrMedaHCati¦/
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breTs¦/ v:an; BInI ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs¦/ suk FYk ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgmhaépÞTTYlbnÞúkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_¦/ TIv
Gul ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’mannigeXasnakar¦/ eGog FIriT§ ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn¦/ CU eCt ¬Gnurdæm®nþIRksYg
suxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦/ nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþI RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦. esÞIrEtRKb;smaCikKN³rdæm®nþI
TaMgenHmanEteQµaHb:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlmansiT§iseRmckic©karRKb; Ebby:agKWKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul
Bt Ca elxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. Éksarelx D24008 kñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
9ExµrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExµrEdlFøab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1950. GñkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij
kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁam¬1970-1975¦ edIm,ICYyExµrRkhmRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr.
10munTTYl)anC½yCmñH ExµrRkhm)anRbkasfaxøÜnnwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;rbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elak
esnaRbmux ln; nl; EtR)aMBIrrUbb:ueNÑaH EdlExµrRkhmehAfa {mhaCnk,t;}. GñkTaMgenHrYmmanRbFanaFibtI ln; nl;/
RBHGgÁm©as; suIsuvtiß sirimt³/ naykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guin taM/ sUEsþn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ukfaj;.
11Éksar D01266 enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {esckþIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBaküGgÁkarnigBakübkS}.
esckþIENnaMenHecjpSayBIKN³870 EdlCakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; b:ul Bt enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1977 Edlman
esckþIfa {BaküGgÁkarb¤BakübkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg minRtÚveRbIsRmab;buKÁleLIy. cMeBaHbuKÁlRtÚveRbIBaküsmmitþ
eQµaHenH b¤smmitþtMENgenH b¤smmitþtMNagGgÁkarfñak;enH. ]TahrN_ smmitþ etg smmitþelxa smmitþtMNagGgÁkar .l.}
12Nay:an; can;da/ {bgb¥ÚnEdlCasRtÚv³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayeragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.
13Nay:an; can;da )anGHGagfaenAéf¶TI2 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgkum:µg;dUevotNam)anqøgkat;TenøctumuxEk,rRBHbrmraCvaMg
edIm,Icab;BRgt;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkñúgeKalbMNg[RBHGgÁdwknaMclnats‘UmYyeRkamkarCYyTMnuk
bRmúgrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü b:uEnþEpnkarenHRtÚvbraC½y. enAéf¶enaHEdr edaysarsPaBkarN_
86
EdlevotNamvaycUlkm<úCakan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶renaH exov sMpn )anCemøósRBHGgÁeTAkan;RsuksuIsupunEk,rRBMEdnExµr-
éf. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgÁcUlmkTIRkúgPñMeBjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvijehIy.
éf¶TI5 Exmkra b:ul Bt )anyagRBHGgÁeTACYbRbCuMkñúgeKalbMNgesñIsuM[RBHGgÁeFVICatMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüenA
GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam.
CafñÚrnwgkic©kard¾mansarsMxan;enH b:ul Bt yl;RBmGnuBaØat[RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;cakecjBIkm<úCaCamYyRBHGgÁEdr
eTaHbICamankarCMTas;BI eGog sarI Edlcg;TukRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsCacMNab;xµaMgk¾eday. RBHGgÁnig
RBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynþehaHcinmYyeRKÓg enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra. Nay:an; can;da/
{sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.
14KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_énsPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCarYmman nYn Ca ¬RbFan¦/ gYn kg ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦/ eBA s‘U ¬GunRbFan
TI2¦ nig rs; nwm/ s s‘an/ muI qaM/ exg sux/ m:at; lI/ fg suI/ nig rs; RBab ¬CasmaCik¦. KN³RbFanrdækm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
rYmman³ exov sMpn ¬RbFan¦/ esa Pwm ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦ nig jwm rs; ¬GnuRbFanTI2¦. smasPaBsmaCikrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyürYmman b:ul Bt ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦/ eGog sarI ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI1nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs¦/ vn ev:t
¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI2nigCardæm®nþIRksYgesdækic©¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþI TI3nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati¦/ h‘U nwm
¬rdæm®nþIRksYgeXasnakarnigB½t’man¦/ CYn eCOn ¬rdæm®nþI RksYgsuxaPi)al¦/ eGog FIriT§ ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsgÁmkic©¦/ tUc ePOn
¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsaFarNkar¦/ yun y:at ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgvb,Fm’Gb;rM nigsikSaFikar¦. eRkABIenHkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümancat;taMg
KN³kmµaFikarmYycMnYndUcCaKN³kmµaFikarksikmµdwknaMeday C½y sYn/ KN³kmµaFikar]sSahkmµdwknaMeday ecg Gn/
KN³kmµaFikarBaNiCkmµdwknaMeday kuy FYn/ KN³kmµaFikarcmáarekAs‘U dwknaMedaysmmitþ PYg/ KN³kmµaFikarKmnaKmn_dwknaM
eday muI R)ag nigKN³kmµaFikarfamBl. KN³kmµaFikarTaMgR)aMmYyenHsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúk
xagesdækic© ehIyRbFanKN³kmµaFikarnImYy²manzan³esµInwgrdæm®nþI. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßab½nxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkar
eBjeljc,as;las;eT. ¬dkRsg;ecjBIÉksarelx D21227enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa sþIGMBI{GgÁRbCuM
snñi)atelIkTI1 kñúgsm½ykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa éf¶11-13 emsa 1976}.
15GuIsa ]sµan {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa qñaM2006.
16mCÄimbkSKWCaBaküEdlbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeRbIsMedAeTAelIfñak;dwknaMkMBUlrbs;rdæaPi)al nigRksYgEdlmanGMNacTaMgLay.
sßab½nTaMgenHGacCaKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_b¤kgT½B.
17GñkRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa GuIsa ]sµan )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn
BI4EsneTA5Esnnak;. GuIsa ]sµan )anGHGagfa tYelxenH)anmkBIbTsmÖasn_rbs;elakCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;
GuIsøamCaeRcInrUb EdlFøab;dwgnig)anRbmUlsßitiCnCaticamenAkm<úCa. fñak;dwknaMGuIsøamTaMgenaH)anniyayfa CnCaticammun
qñaM1975mancMnYnRbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqñaM1979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak;
b:ueNÑaH. ¬{G‘UKUbH³ yutþiFm’rbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} GtßbTe)aHBum<elIkTI2rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/
87
PñMeBj/ e)aHBum<qñaM2002.¦ RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an[tYrelxTab;CagenH. eXonin )anGHGagfa cMnYnCnCaticamkñúg
qñaM1975man2Esn5muWnnak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnYnenHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1979.
eXonin )anTajesckþIsnñidæanfa cMnYnCnCaticameRkayqñaM1979manRbEhl1Esn7muWn3Ban;nak; mann½yfaCnCaticam
Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFiibetyümancMnYnRbEhl8muWn7Ban;nak;. ¬Eb‘n eXonin {etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday
rebobNa³ RbvtþiclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCa1930-1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum<
qñaM1996.¦
18Bin y:aéf/ {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;³ esaknadkmµd¾Cak;EsþgkñúgrbbExµrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;
RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003.
19CU sUPa {maneTaseRBaHGVI?} dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTEtgesckþIcMNat;fñak;C½ylaPIelxBIr enAkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmµviFI
EfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlerobcMeLIgeRkamkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCanigsmaKm
GñkniBn§Exµr enAExemsa qñaM2004.
20m:m épb‘Un/ {sMNl;CIvitnigRsemalGtItkal} C½ylaPITIbYnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgsMeNrEtgesckþIEdl]btßmÖeday
smaKmGñkniBn§ExµrnigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAExemsa qñaM2004.
21v:an; Nat {rUbKMnUrGñkeTasmñak;enAkñúgKuk³ mYyqñaMkñúgmnÞIrs-21rbs;ExµrRkhm} e)aHBum<enATIRkúg)agkk edayRkúmh‘un
White Lotus enAqñaM1998.
22mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {GMBIeQµaH tun kmµkrCYsCulreTHePøIg} Éksarelx D02831.
23mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {taMg Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIr \LÚveFVIkar
enAPUmiCIeGak Rsuk)arayN_} Éksarelx D02845.
24km<úCaeRkamCaTwkdIPaKxagt,Úgrbs;GaNacRkExµr Edl\LÚv)ankøayeTACaTIRkúghUCImij ¬EdlExµrehAfaéRBnKr¦. TwkdI
enHRtÚv)andak;eQµaHfa kUsaMgsuIn enAkñúgCMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg. rdæaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRbKl;km<úCaeRkameTA[
evotNamkñúgqñaM1949. RbCaCnExµrCaeRcInmanrs;enAEpñkxøHénTwkdIenH b:uEnþRbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.
25enAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 clnats‘URbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anR)arB§mITÞIg enARsuksñÜl extþRkecH edIm,I
begáIt {rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa} EdleRkaymkkøayeTACa{rNsirSsamKÁIksagkarBarmatuPUmikm<úCa}.smaCikBIrry
nak;)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁmiTÞIgenH edIm,ITTYlsÁal;KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimrbs;rNsirSdb;bYnrYb Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin Ca
RbFan smmitþ Ca suIm CaGnuRbFan nigsmmitþ rs; sm½y CaGKÁelxaFikar. 88
26semþcbvresdæa sWn san ekItenAqñaM1911 enAkm<úCaeRkam. semþcCanaykrdæm®nþIkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym BIEx
]sPa qñaM1967 dl;Exmkra qñaM1968. kñúgTsvtSr_ qñaM1980 semþc sWn san )andwknaM {rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæ
Exµr}. bnÞab;BIkarcrcasnþiPaBRkúg):arIs semþc sWn san )anbegáItnigdwknaM {KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIniymRBHBuT§sasna}
cUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM1993. semþc sWn san )anTTYlmrNPaBedayeraKaBaFenARbeTs)araMg enAéf¶TI19
ExFñÚ qñaM2000 kñúgCnµayu89qñaM.
89
GñkniBn§
DI xaMbUlI ekItenAqñaM1981 enAextþRkecH. DI xaMbUlI cab;epþImbMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksar
taMgBIqñaM2003. bUlI )ansresrGtßbTCaeRcInEdl)ancuHpSayenAkñúgTMB½rTsSnavdþI{EsVgrkkarBit} nig
CaGñksRmbsRmÜlKeRmagénkarsikSaBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. bUlI TTYl
)ansBaØab½RtbriBaØab½RtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj nigbriBaØab½RtBaNiC¢kmµBIviTüasßan
CatiRKb;RKg. bUlI Føab;)aneTAsikSamuxviC¢aBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAsaklviTüal½ykugxdedorRbeTs
kaNada nigFøab;)aneTAeFVIkmµsikSaenAsarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúsMeLgshrdæGaemrik enATIRkúgv:asuIn
etanDIsuI shrdæGaemrik.
90
karraMkmSanþrbs;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦