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Knowledge and ideas in the life sciences
I. Great ideas in the life sciences
II. Life as chemistry
III. Medical chemistry
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The cell
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The cell
• Unit of life
• 100 trillion in a human
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Antony von Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723)
Discovery of microbes, of cells as living things
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Genes
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Gregor Mendel(1822-1884)
Genes as units of heredity
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Evolution
through natural selection
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Charles Darwin(1809-1882)
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Life as chemistry
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Louis Pasteur(1822-1895)
Germ theory of disease, fermentation
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Vitalism
• Inorganic material – component of inanimate objects
• Organic material – product of a “vital force,” present only in living things?
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Life as chemistry
• Fermentation in a yeas extract, Edouard Buchner, 1893
• Enzymes “the vital force”
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The flow of genetic information
DNA(genes)
RNA(message)
Protein
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DNA
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Transcription by RNApolymerase
The flow of genetic information
DNA(genes)
RNA(message)
Protein
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RNA
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Transcription by RNApolymerase
The flow of genetic information
DNA(genes)
RNA(message)
Protein
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Protein
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10 years, 10,000 liters, 1 grad student
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3-D RNA Polymerase Crystals
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Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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Proteins 10
Atoms 28,378
The RNA polymerase structure
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Biomedical science
• Major advances: for example X-rays, antibiotics, noninvasive imaging, genetic engineering
• The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake
• Solve problems indirectly
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Wilhelm Roentgen
X-rays
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Alexander Fleming Howard Florey Ernst Chain
Penicillin
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The nature of discovery
• The pursuit of fundamental principles
• The product of untargeted research
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