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1
AERO0025 – Satellite Engineering
Valery Broun
Space Structures &
Systems Lab (S3L)
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Instructors
Former Instructor Gaëtan Kerschen
Instructor Valery Broun
Contact details :
[email protected] - [email protected]
Space Structures and Systems Lab (S3L) Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department
http://www.s3l.be
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Motivation
An introduction to spacecraft systems engineering.
Presentation of the fundamental subsystems of a satellite :
• Propulsion
• electrical power
• Structure
• thermal control
• attitude control
• Telecommunications
• ….
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The University System
A spacecraft designed by structural engineers
Natural tendency to create specialists rather than
generalists
Highly specialized courses in aerospace engineering at ULg
and main focus on mechanical/structural aspects
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The University System
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Course Objectives
1. Give you an overview of the different satellite
subsystems and expose you to the inherently
multidisciplinary aspect of satellite engineering.
2. Describe you subsystems interactions and introduce
you to systems engineering.
A well-designed satellite is a sound compromise among the requirements of
the different engineering disciplines
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Next Year
Telecommunications
Space environment
Vibrations
Space propulsion
Composites
Astrophysics
Earth observation
Optics
Bus design
Payload design
Astrodynamics
Reentry
Mission analysis
Launch vehicle design
Launch vehicle
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Course Details (http://www.s3l.be)
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Visit of the CSL (Centre Spatial Liegeois)
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Wednesday, 2nd October - 14:00 PM
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Visit of the CSL (Centre Spatial Liegeois)
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Wednesday, 2nd October - 14:00 PM
Adresse : Avenue du Pré Aily, 4031 Liège
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Examination(s)
January :
• Written examination
• Requires both a thorough knowledge and fundamental
understanding of the material presented during the lectures.
• Closed book.
• 40 questions.
August :
• Oral examination.
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References
Slides available on the website : http://www.s3l.be/en/education
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AERO0025 – Satellite Engineering
Introductory Lecture
From Dreams to Technical Challenges
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What ? Why ?
Where ? When ?
Who ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
From Dreams to Technical Challenges
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
???
???
???
???
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Space Makes Us Dream…
???
???
???
???
Space Makes Us Dream…
?
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21WHAT DO
YOU SEE ?
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Space Makes Us Dream…
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Emphasis of Some…
Technical challenges
Examples of design interaction
Failures
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Satellite #1: Sputnik, 1957
Objective: Identification of high
atmospheric layers density
First artificial satellite, Oct. 4, 1957
Several failures of the launch vehicle (May, June, July 1957) before the successful flight
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Sputnik: Technical Data
Weight 84 kgs
Dimensions 0.6 m diameter sphere
Power 1 W radio transmitting unit
Propulsion -----
ADCS -----
Communications2 antennas, 2.4 m and 2.9 m(spherical radiation pattern)
OrbitLEO, 950 x 220 kms, i= 65°,
T=96 mins
Launch vehicle R-7 Semyorka (Soyuz basis)
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Satellite #2: ISS
Objective: Perform science experiments
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ISS: Technical Data
Weight 470 tons (upon completion)
Dimensions 58m x 73m x 28m
Power 110 kW, solar panels
PropulsionZvezda (2 x 3070 N thrusters, N2H4 and N2O4) +
Progress + STS + ATV+? +Dragon
ADCSControl moment gyroscopes + thrusters (130 N) +
star trackers + infra Red horizon sensors + magnetometers + solar sensors + GPS
CommunicationsKu-band (TV, high-speed data) and S-band (audio)
antennas
Orbit LEO, 339 x 342 kms, i= 51°, T=91 mins
Launch vehicle Soyuz and Space Shuttle
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Satellite #3: HST, 1990
Objective: Astronomy
Pointing accuracy: 0.007’’
Defective mirror and solar panels, recovery thanks to servicing mission
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HST: Technical Data
Weight 11 tons
Dimensions 13.2 m high, 4.2 m diameter
Power 4.5 kW, solar panels
Propulsion -----
ADCSReaction wheels, magnetometers, star
trackers, gyroscopes, fine guidance sensor (lock onto guide stars), magnetic torquers
Communications 2 high-gain antennas (S-band)
Orbit LEO, 600 kms, i= 28°, T=96 mins
Launch vehicle Space Shuttle
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James Webb
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Satellite #4: Voyager, 1977
Objective: Space exploration
(planets and their moons)
Unique feature: farthest man-
made object from earth (100 UA)
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and their moons
23 W radio could transmit data over a distance of 109 km
Alignment every 176 years + 12 years to meet Neptune
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Voyager: Technical Data
Weight 720 kgs
Dimensions 0.6 m high, 1.8 m diameter (bus)
Power 470 W, 3 RTGs
PropulsionCentaur (LH2+LOX) + gravity assist + 16 N2H4
thrusters
ADCS 16 N2H4 thrusters + sun sensors + star tracker
Communications3.7 m high-gain antenna (S band: uplink, X-band:
downlink), low-gain antenna
Orbit Outer planets exploration
Launch vehicle Titan III + centaur upper stage
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Satellite #5: Mars Express, 2003
Objective: Mars exploration
40-m radar to map the distribution of water
Beagle 2 failed to land (problem with the parachuting device)
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Mars Express: Technical Data
Weight 1100 kgs
Dimensions1.5 x 1.8 x 1.4 m (bus)
Solar panels: 12 m tip-to-tip
Power 600 W, solar panels
PropulsionFregat + 400 N main engine with N2H4 and
N2O4 (mainly for slowing down !)
ADCS8 attitude thrusters (10 N each) + star
trackers + gyros + sun sensors + 4 reaction wheels (12 NMs)
Communications1.6 m high-gain antenna + 0.4 m low-gain antenna (X band – 7.1 GHz and S-band –2.1 GHz) + UHF antenna (for Beagle 2)
Orbit Martian orbit, 259 x 11560 kms i= 86°
Launch vehicle Soyuz + Fregat upper stage (4th stage)
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Satellite #6: SOHO, 1995
Objective: Solar exploration
and space weather prediction
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Satellite #6: SOHO, 1995
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SOHO: Technical Data
Weight 1850 kgs
Dimensions4.3 x 2.7 x 3.7m (bus)
Solar panels: 9.5m tip-to-tip
Power 1500 W, solar panels
Propulsion Centaur + 16 N2H4 thrusters (4.2 N)
ADCS
3 reaction wheels + 16 N2H4
thrusters + 3 gyroscopes + sun
sensors + star tracker
Communications0.8m high-gain and low-gain
antennas (S-band)
Orbit Halo orbit (L1)
Launch vehicle Atlas II + centaur upper stage
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SOHO’s Failure
1. All contact with SOHO was lost during a month !
2. A telescope was used to transmit an S-band signal
(580 kW !!!) towards SOHO. The radar echoes heard
from Goldstone (Deep Space Network) confirmed its
predicted location, and a spin rate of 1 rpm.
3. Telemetry showed that hydrazine in the tank, thrusters
and pipes were frozen.
4. Thawing operation using heaters SOHO was
recovered !
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Satellite #7: OUFTI-1, 2016
Objectives:
1. On-orbit validation of D-STAR
2. New solar cells
Entirely designed by students
Launched at the fourth attempt !
Unknown failure three weeks after launch.
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Satellite #7: Integration @ CSL (oct-2013)
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Satellite #7: Integration March, 2016
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Satellite #7: Launch on April 25, 2016
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OUFTI-1: Technical Data
Weight 1 kg
Dimensions 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm
Power 1 W
ADCSPassive (permanent magnets and
hysteretic materials)
Propulsion None
Communications145 MHz + 435 MHz (Ham radio
bands)
Orbit LEO, 660 x 450 kms, i= 98°
Launch vehicle Soyuz
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?
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They Are All Different !
Weight A few kgs → several tons
Dimensions A few cms → several meters
Power A few watts → several kW
ADCS Many options
Communications
High gain, low gain
UHF, X, S, Ku bands A
few cms → several meters
OrbitLEO, Halo orbit, asteroid pursuit,
Martian, space exploration
Launch vehicle Soyuz, STS, Delta II, Titan III, Atlas II
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Failures Are Common ! Well knowed Example
Due to a navigation error, Mars Climate Orbiter was lost. The error arose because Lockheed Martin used imperial units instead of metric units as specified by NASA
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The Launch Vehicle May Also Fail !
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
What ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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An Element Within a Larger System
• Telemetry for satellite data and status (TM)
• Telecommands (TC)
• Determination of satellite’s position
Ground stationLaunch vehicle
Severe constraints (size,
weight, launch site, orbit, vibrations)
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Deep space network: 3 ground stations (120° apart around the world )
ESA Redu ground station (Belgium)
Goldstone (70m) Madrid (70m) Canberra (70m)
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A Satellite Comprises Two Main Elements
Payload: motivation for the mission
Bus: necessary functions for the payload
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56UV and IR
spectrometers Cameras
PhotopolarimeterPlasma detectorCosmic ray detector
Antennas: planet radio emissions
Magnetometer PAYLOAD
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Bus: Complex Assembly of Subsystems
STRUCTURE & MECH.Withstand launch and orbit loads + properly deploy and run mechanisms
THERMAL CONTROLWithstand temperatures imposed by the harsh space environment
ATTITUDE CONTROL
ON-BOARD COMPUTER The “brain” of the satellite
Ensure correct orientation in space
PROPULSION Spacecraft maneuvers and trajectory
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
POWER Powering the subsystems and payloads
Communicate and exchange information with ground
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Low-gain antenna
High-gain antenna
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)
POWER
Sun sensor
ATTITUDE CONTROL
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Decagon, 0.6 m high 1.8 m diameter
STRUCTURE
N2H4 thrusters
PROPULSION THERMAL CONTROL
Louvers
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60Box containing a deployable truss on which the magnetometer is mounted
MECHANISMS
ATTITUDE CONTROL
Star tracker
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In Summary
STRUCTURE & MECH.
PROPULSION
POWER
ATTITUDE CONTROL
THERMAL CONTROL
ON-BOARD COMPUTER
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PAYLOAD BUS
SPACE
SEGMENT
GROUND
SEGMENT
LAUNCH
VEHICLE
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
When ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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When ?
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
Where ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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SOLAR ORBITER
BEPI COLOMBO
VENUS EXPRESS
MARS EXPRESS
EARTH ORBIT
VOYAGERULYSSES
GIOTTO
NEW HORIZONS
Severe constraints (magnetic field, temperatures, atmosphere, launch vehicle, ground
station visibility, eclipse duration)
SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT (CSL)
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GOOD FOR SUN OBSERVATION: SOHO
STABLE: ASTEROIDS
BENIGN ENVIRONMENT: PLANCK, JAMES WEBB
SPACE TELESCOPE
LAGRANGE EQUILIBRIUM POINTS
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250 kms: GOCE
400 kms: ISS
600 kms: HST
20000 kms: GPS
36000 kms: METEOSAT, GOES
1447 kms x 354 kms: OUFTI-1 (first version of the orbit)
114000 kms x 7000 kms: XMM
23000 kms: GalileoMEO
GEO
HEO
LEOCircular
Elliptic
GAP
820 kms: SPOT-5
SATELLITE ORBITS
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Gap ? Van Allen Belts
SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
Why ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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Earth Observation: Weather Satellites
Movie: GOES satellite
Weather satellites see more than clouds:
fires, pollution, sand storms
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Earth Observation: Other Satellites
http://www.space.com/news/080219
-satellite-shootdown.html
JASON (LEO, i=66°)
In-orbit configuration: 26 m x 10m x 5m (the size of a bus)
Information about the earth (land, water, ice and atmosphere)
Measurements of the surface height of the oceans to an accuracy of 3.3 cms
Military satellites (resolution: on the order of 1cm !)
KH-13
ENVISAT (SSO)
EARTH OBSERVATION
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Communications and Navigation
Eutelsat: 2500 televisions and 1000 radio stations
Iridium: a constellation of 66 satellites
Eutelsat W3A
GPS 2R
GPS (USA): 31 satellites in 6 orbital planes spaced equally in their ascending node locations
Galileo (Europe), Glonass (Russia)
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GPS Constellation
GPS 2R
GPS constellation
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Space Observation and Exploration
Too many examples !
Cassini-Huygens (Saturn), SOHO (Sun), Galileo (Jupiter), Voyager (different planets), HST (universe), Corot (asteroseismology), NEAR shoemaker (asteroid encounter), etc.
Observation using different wave lengths (XMM X rays, IRAS infrared)
A single mission has not a single instrument (e.g., more than 10 for Galileo)
ASTROPHYSICS
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Space Stations
Perform science experiments under
microgravity conditions
MIR (Russia) ISS
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Space Tourism: Inflatable Hotel !
http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/
Experimental space habitat GENESIS 1
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
Who ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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Key Players
NASA, JPL, Lockheed-Martin, Northrop-Grumman, Boeing
Roscosmos, Energia
ESA,
CNES, DLR, ASI,
EADS-Astrium, Arianespace,Thales Alenia Space
Two emerging countries
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Belgium ? A Truly Strong Expertise !
AMOS, Cegelec, CSL, Euro Heat Pipes, Gillam, Ionic Software, Lambda-X,
SABCA, SAMTECH, SONACA, Spacebel, Techspace Aero, ETCA, Verhaert,
Vitrociset, Walphot
Euro Space Center and ESA Redu ground station
ULiege: 2 unique Masters + LTAS & AGO
UCL: radiation and hyperfrequences
ULB: microgravity research center
http://www.wallonie-espace.be/membres.html
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An Example of Belgium’s Know-How
ATV Jules Verne
EHP: heat pipes
ETCA: power conditioning units
Spacebel: software
Rhea: software
Redu: backup ground station
Techspace aero: aestus engine valves
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From Dreams to Technical Challenges
What ?
Space makes us
dream…
How ?
Technical challenges !
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Satisfy Customer’s Basic Goals
1. Payload design
2. Mission analysis (orbit design and environment)
3. Bus design
But the design of a satellite is associated with a number of unique
challenges.
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Challenge #1: Multidisciplinary Design
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Challenge #1: Voyager Example
Deep space mission
POWER USING
NUCLEAR MATERIALS
BUS (ADEQUATE
CONFIGURATION)
ELECTRONICS (RADIATION)
POLITICAL
PROBLEM
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Solution: Multidisciplinary Design
Look for the optimal solution for the entire spacecraft (do not look for the
optimal solution for your subsystem)
This course is intended to give you an overview of the different subsystems, so
that you will understand the challenges faced by your colleagues who are expert
in power systems telecommunications, etc
Concurrent Design Facility, ESTEC-ESA
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Challenge #2: Each Mission is Unique
Where ? & Why ?
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Solution: Fit the Requirements
≠
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Solution: Fit the Requirements
Hubble
Roll-out
Stardust
Whipple shield
Solar Orbiter
Cruise & observation
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Challenge #3: Orders of Magnitude
Planck @ CSLWhat is Planck’s coldest T° ?
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Challenge #3: Orders of Magnitude
0.1°K (CSL) the equivalent of the
amount of energy exchanged between 2
people 400 kms from each other
0.007’’15.000.000.000 kms
10-16 W
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Challenge #3: Orders of Magnitude
171.000 km/h 1.600 km/h in 2 minutes
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Challenge #3: Not Only the Satellite…
160.000.000 HP
120 billions Watt
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Challenge #3: Not Only the Launcher…
Vehicle assembly building (KSC): 3.5 times the volume of the
Empire State building
Largest self powered land vehicle in the world(355 l/km)
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Solution: The Engineer Must Be Creative
15.000.000.000 kms
Communications: 10-16 W
Power: 15W/m2 (Saturne)
70-meter antenna
Nuclear materials
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Challenge #4: Severe Constraints
25000 €/kgWeightVolume
Power (Voyager: 470 W)
Planning (Voyager: once every 176 years)
Fuel
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Solution: The Engineer Must Be Creative
Limited volume
Deployable boom ( Voyager)
Gravity assistPropergols constraints
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Challenge #5: Harsh Environment
Magnetism
Rings
Low temperatures + unknown
Meteorites + cosmic ray +
vacuum
Hot temperatures
Voyager did visit Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus !
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Solution: Develop New Technologies
Whipple shield against comet
projections
Thermal blanket
(temperatures)
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Challenge #6: No Maintenance !
Voyager 2: backup (ultimate redundancy !)
Voyager 1
For each spacecraft:
3 RTGs2 x 8 thrusters2 transceivers2 computers
2 magnetometers
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In Summary
Be creative
Use proven technologies
Weight constraints (launch)
Redundancy
Conflict is the order of the day…
The resolution of such conflict in a
productive manner is precisely the goal of
systems engineering
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AERO0025 – Satellite Engineering
Introductory Lecture
From Dreams to Technical Challenges