Download - Lecture 1 - Introduction to MECH 405
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Review of Syllabus
Introduction to Microcontrollers
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See Handout
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1952
ten feet long
two feet wide
eight and one-half feet high 2800 Vacuum Tubes
One tube could hold one bit of memory
Weight: 5 Tons
Less Computing Power than your cell phone
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In 1971 Intel introduced the 4004, the world's firstsingle-chip microprocessor. It contained 2300*transistors creating all the basic computingelements of a computer on a piece of silicon 3 x 4millimeters.
This was the beginning of the current age of
computers!
* Todays microprocessors contain millions.
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Early personal computers were mostly of interestonly to hobbyists and, interestingly, Radio Shackwas the early leader in personal computers with itsTRS-80 series
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In 1981, IBM introduced their first PC:
4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor
16 kilobytes of memory, expandable to 256k. One or two160k floppy disk drives
An optional color monitor.
It sold for $1500, about $4000 in today's dollars.
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What are RAM, ROM, FLASH?
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Random Access Memory Properties
Compact
Contents can be easily changed
Looses data when power turned off Types
Dynamic
Least expanse, most memory, requires refresy
Static Faster, less compact, does not require refresh
Used for cache memory
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Read-Only Memory Fabricated with contents
Maintains value when power off
Low manufacturing cost in large quantities
Expensive to change contents
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Programmable ROM
Programmed with special hardware
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Contents created with a special program Keeps contents when power off
Appropriate for low-volume applications or
applications where value may be changed My blu-ray player uses flash allowing updates
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A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit thatcontains a basic microprocessor plus specializedhardware to control an electromechanical system.
Microcontrollers could be used in a vast array ofspecialized applications.
What can you think of that uses a microcontroller?
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A basic microprocessor Several general-purpose input/output ports
Several timers
Two multi-input A/D converters Several PWM Generators for motor control
Built-in RAM and FLASH memory
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Computers use the binary number system. Abinary number consists of a sequence of 0s and
1s.
In the decimal number system: 2134 = 2 * 103 + 1 * 102+ 3 * 101+ 4 * 100
In the binary number system: 1101 = 1 * 23 + 1 * 22+ 0 * 21+ 1 * 20
= 8 + 4 + 0 +1 = 13 decimal 10112 = ?10
01112= ?10
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Numbers Instructions
ASCII Characters
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In a computer, a single one or zero is called a bit. A group of 4 bits is called a nibble
A group of 8 bits is called a byte.
A group of bits of the maximum size a particularprocessor can handle in a single operation iscalled a word.
Bits are generally numbered from right to left with
the right-most bit being bit 0.
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The physical microcontroller and memoryelements are considered hardware
Code that is loaded into RAM is consideredsoftware
Code stored in ROM or FLASH is consideredfirmware
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The ASCII character set
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What is MECH 405 in ASCII?
What is 97 decimal as an ASCII Sequence?
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History of microcomputers & microcontrollers
Microprocessors RAM, ROM, PROM, FLASH
Binary Numbers
Bits, Nibbles, Bytes & Words
Using binary numbers in computers Binary numbers in hardware
Hexadecimal Numbers
The elements of a microcomputer
The elements of a microcontroller
The ASCII code
Put it all together