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Lecture 5c 3 Feb 2014 Atherosclerosis
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
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Functional foods are only marginally capable of modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis relative to nutraceuticals
Are functional foods of any value regardingprevention or improvement of the atherosclerotic process?
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Class activity
- Factors that limit use of nutraceuticals
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Note: none = no studies found in humans
Fish oils
-lower triglycerides-mechanism is controversial
-modest decrease or no impact on cholesterol and LDLc
-may slightly increase or decrease or have no impact on HDLc
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Evening primrose oil-
-most effective at lowering cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic persons
-rise in HDLc only in hypertriglyceridemics-
due to inverse relationship in response between triglycerides and HDLc
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
-borage oil-no impact of up to 5.4 g GLA /day
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
-blackcurrant oil-
-drops triglycerides, LDLc and total cholesterol and raises HDLc especially in hyperlipidemics
-normolipidemics there is no effect to date
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins -garlic capsules
-LDLc and cholesterol is lowered modestly by 10–15 %-allicin fingered though mechanism is not clear
-atheroma regression
-reduction of oxidation of lipids-may play a role in reduced platelet activity since oxidized LDL has been suggested to more aggressively increase platelet reactivity- Jialal at
UC-Davis disputes this
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins
Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C
-antioxidant principles
-some have suggested atheroma lessening though this is controversial
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -fish oils
-reduction of arachidonic acid in platelet membrane phospholipid
-increased EPA in platelet membrane phospholipid
-generates thromboxane A3
weakly pro-aggregatory- generates PGI3 –very antiaggregatory
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-evening primrose oil-DGLA-generates PGI1
-PGI1-antiaggregatory
evening primrose oil-some show an
increase in aggregation at higher GLA doses (300 mg/day)
-at lower doses (<300 mg GLA/day)-
decreased aggregation
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-borage oil- no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day
-5.24 g GLA/day increased aggregation
-higher doses-hyper-reactivity – possibly due to formation of
a hydroxy DGLA
-blackcurrant oil-mix of omega 3 and 6
-no impact on aggregation
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Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets
-garlic capsules-lower aggregation in vitro
-problem with in vitro (usually washed or platelet-rich plasma)-may not be physiological
-bleeding times are better- Ivy bleeding time-
this is morephysiological
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Blood pressure and nutraceuticals
- more elaboration when we get to hypertension
-fish oils-modest blood pressure
lowering -may be in part due to PGI3 (possibly -no PGI3 human studies found)
-may also be due to drops in AA- related eicosanoids
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NUTRACEUTICALS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
-evening primrose oil-modest drops (possibly due to
PGI1- no human PGI1 studies found)
-PGE1 related drops in blood pressure -borage oil-more pronounced drops than evening primrose oil observed -blackcurrant oil- most pronounced drops of the studies done
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Nutraceuticals and Blood pressure
-garlic capsules-lower blood pressure due to
increased nitric oxide-allicin fingered as
cause of increased nitric oxide
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Nutraceuticals and Obesity
-olive oil -may result in weight loss
-mechanism obscure (possibly oleic acid related) -fish oils
-none -evening primrose oil
-one study-no effect
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Nutraceuticals and Obesity
-borage oil-none
-blackcurrant oil
-none -garlic capsules
-none
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Nutraceuticals and Renal Disease
Various Pathogens-no nutraceuticals yet studied
that specifically alleviate the problems of infection that are hypothetically linked to atherosclerosis
Nitric oxide-garlic capsules- increase in nitric
oxide production that reduces blood pressure that reduces risk of renal disease and its progression