lecture 5c 3 feb 2014 atherosclerosis - functional foods and nutraceuticals

Lecture 5c 3 Feb 2014 Atherosclerosis

- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Functional foods are only marginally capable of modifying the factors involved in atherosclerosis relative to nutraceuticals

Are functional foods of any value regardingprevention or improvement of the atherosclerotic process?

Class activity

- Factors that limit use of nutraceuticals

Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins

Note: none = no studies found in humans

Fish oils

-lower triglycerides-mechanism is controversial

-modest decrease or no impact on cholesterol and LDLc

-may slightly increase or decrease or have no impact on HDLc


Evening primrose oil-

-most effective at lowering cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic persons

-rise in HDLc only in hypertriglyceridemics-

due to inverse relationship in response between triglycerides and HDLc


-borage oil-no impact of up to 5.4 g GLA /day


-blackcurrant oil-

-drops triglycerides, LDLc and total cholesterol and raises HDLc especially in hyperlipidemics

-normolipidemics there is no effect to date

Nutraceuticals-impacts on lipids and lipoproteins -garlic capsules

-LDLc and cholesterol is lowered modestly by 10–15 %-allicin fingered though mechanism is not clear

-atheroma regression

-reduction of oxidation of lipids-may play a role in reduced platelet activity since oxidized LDL has been suggested to more aggressively increase platelet reactivity- Jialal at

UC-Davis disputes this


Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C

-antioxidant principles

-some have suggested atheroma lessening though this is controversial

Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets -fish oils

-reduction of arachidonic acid in platelet membrane phospholipid

-increased EPA in platelet membrane phospholipid

-generates thromboxane A3

weakly pro-aggregatory- generates PGI3 –very antiaggregatory

Nutraceuticals-impacts on platelets

-evening primrose oil-DGLA-generates PGI1

-PGI1-antiaggregatory

evening primrose oil-some show an

increase in aggregation at higher GLA doses (300 mg/day)

-at lower doses (<300 mg GLA/day)-

decreased aggregation


-borage oil- no impact of up to 1.3 g GLA /day

-5.24 g GLA/day increased aggregation

-higher doses-hyper-reactivity – possibly due to formation of

a hydroxy DGLA

-blackcurrant oil-mix of omega 3 and 6

-no impact on aggregation


-garlic capsules-lower aggregation in vitro

-problem with in vitro (usually washed or platelet-rich plasma)-may not be physiological

-bleeding times are better- Ivy bleeding time-

this is morephysiological

Blood pressure and nutraceuticals

- more elaboration when we get to hypertension

-fish oils-modest blood pressure

lowering -may be in part due to PGI3 (possibly -no PGI3 human studies found)

-may also be due to drops in AA- related eicosanoids

NUTRACEUTICALS AND BLOOD PRESSURE

-evening primrose oil-modest drops (possibly due to

PGI1- no human PGI1 studies found)

-PGE1 related drops in blood pressure -borage oil-more pronounced drops than evening primrose oil observed -blackcurrant oil- most pronounced drops of the studies done

Nutraceuticals and Blood pressure

-garlic capsules-lower blood pressure due to

increased nitric oxide-allicin fingered as

cause of increased nitric oxide

Nutraceuticals and Obesity

-olive oil -may result in weight loss

-mechanism obscure (possibly oleic acid related) -fish oils

-none -evening primrose oil

-one study-no effect

Nutraceuticals and Obesity

-borage oil-none

-blackcurrant oil

-none -garlic capsules

-none

Nutraceuticals and Renal Disease

Various Pathogens-no nutraceuticals yet studied

that specifically alleviate the problems of infection that are hypothetically linked to atherosclerosis

Nitric oxide-garlic capsules- increase in nitric

oxide production that reduces blood pressure that reduces risk of renal disease and its progression

lecture 5c 3 feb 2014 atherosclerosis - functional foods and nutraceuticals

Documents