Download - Lesson XXXIII
Lesson XXXIII
Perfect Passive ParticiplesPassive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect
and Future Perfect Tenses
Perfect Participles• A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an adjective.
The past participle in English usually ends in –ed:• e.g.: carried, beloved• With other verbs, it is irregular:• e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard.
• The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying.• The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful.• SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was
as good a time as any to break up.
Perfect Participles
• In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus:
• Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS• PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried”• Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS• MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent”• These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any
other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.
Participles
• Examples:• Cibus propositus:• “the offered food”• Litterae missae:• “the sent letter”
Forming perfect passive tenses• Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them
to good use!• The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal
parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses.
• Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender.
• Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.
Perfect Passive Tense• Take the perfect passive participle of a verb.• Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb.
Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb.
Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….
Singular Plural
1st person Amatus sumI was, have been loved
Amati sumusWe were, have been loved
2nd person Amatus esYou were, have been loved
Amati estisY’all were, have been loved
3rd person
*Note that sum is NOT translated “I am”. This is a PAST tense, so the regular meanings of “sum” are thrown out the window…for this chart.
Amatus estHe was, has been lovedNOT “she” or “it”: that would be amatA or amatUM, respectively
Amati suntThey were, have been lovedNote that we changed –us to the nominative plural –i. Had we been working with amata, the plural would be amatae. Amatum would change to amata.
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
sum
Singular Plural
1st person Amatus eramI had been loved
Amati eramusWe had been loved
2nd person Amatus erasYou had been loved
Amati eratisY’all had been loved
3rd person Amatus eratHe had been loved
Amati erantThey had been loved
Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern!Just use “eram” as your helping verb.amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
eram
Singular Plural
1st person Amatus eroI will have been loved
Amati erimusWe will have been loved
2nd person Amatus erisYou will have been loved
Amati eritisY’all will have been loved
3rd person Amatus eritHe will have been loved
Amati eruntThey will have been loved
Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN!Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum)amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st ductus ducti
2nd ductus ducti
3rd ductus ducti
ero
Ready to practice? • But first….
beneficium,benefici (n.)•kindness, benefit
exemplum,exempli (n.)•example
exemplify, sample, exemplary
egregius,egregiaegregium:•distinguished,•excellent egregious
propono,proponere,proposui,propositus:•put forward, offer
suscipio,suscipere,suscepi,susceptus:•undertake, take up, start
per (+ acc.):•through
perforate, permit, percolate
sub: •under, close up to+ acc.: verbs of motion+ abl.: verbs of restsuspicion, submarine
Workbook page 121(watch out for genders and plurals!)
1. missa est a. He will be sent2. missa erunt b. it will have been sent3. missum est c. They had been sent4. mittetur d. She has been sent5. missae sunt e. They were being sent6. mittebantur f. They will have been sent7. missus est g. They are sent8. mittuntur h. They have been sent9. missi erant i. It was sent10. missum erit j. He has been sent
Ready to practice more? • But once again….
beneficium,benefici (n.)•kindness, benefit
exemplum,exempli (n.)•example
exemplify, sample, exemplary
egregius,egregiaegregium:•distinguished,•excellent egregious
propono,proponere,proposui,propositus:•put forward, offer
suscipio,suscipere,suscepi,susceptus:•undertake, take up, start
per (+ acc.):•through
perforate, permit, percolate
sub: •under, close up to+ acc.: verbs of motion+ abl.: verbs of restsuspicion, submarine
Workbook page 121 Exercise “E”
• Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh!
• Pay special attention to the passive voice verbs, especially your new perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)