Download - Logbook chenlin691908 online
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Week1 introduction to construction 3
Week2 structural form 11
Week3 Footing and Foundation 21
Week4 Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements 33
Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems 40
Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space 45
Week 7 detailing strategies1 49
Week8 Strategies for Opening 53
Week9 Detail strategies 56
Week10 when things go wrong 60
Work shop report
Glossary
Reference list
3 / 78
Week1 introduction to construction
What is construction?
introduction to materials
construction
structral principles
material propertity
economy
4 / 78
Basic structural forces
strength
stiffness
shape
material behaviour
economy & sustainbility
materials
Strong/weak?
Stiff, flexible, stretchy, floppy
Mono-dimensional (linear)
Bi-dimensional (planer)
Tridimensional (volumetric)
Isotropic
Anisotropic
Expensive? valuable?
Transportation, efficiency
(I.e. Timber in Australia)
5 / 78
Force: change in the shape + movement
Tension forces
Compression forces
Ching: site analysis
Observation: Building ,layout
Spaces, shape
Enclosure
Relation the the landscape
Practice: draw the area &shape
Analyze &identify the ground slopes +soil
Mapping existing patterns+ climatic conditions
Landform-----solar access
Design: Solar radiation----potential energy source
Public roadways+ transit stops
Paths for pedestrians + vehicles
Access to municipal services
Views
Congestion +noise
Land uses
Culture+ historical resources
Existing neighborhood-------design
Proximity to public, commercial, medical +recreational facilities.
“Tension forces stretch and elongate the material”
“The particles of the material compact together” result in
“shortening of the material”.
6 / 78
Melbourne’s blue stone
“walking the constructed city” Dr Margaret Grose
Natural environment
Cultural environment
Every cities have different colors which means every
cities use different architectural material for building.
For example: Sydney=sandstone
Perth=clay for bricks& limestone
Melbourne=bluestone
Bluestone is product from volcanoes which are widely
distributes in Victoria from north west to the west)
Reason became the main material: huge natural
recourse
close to Melbourne
Hard enough (even to be
used for the under part of the city’s construction, and
always used as foundation material for old Victorian
style buildings.)
blue stone
basalt
7 / 78
Load paths
Tower
Draft and design:
As we all know round shape is the most stable shape as a foundation of a tower. And According to
the limitation of the rescourse and the requitement of the heigh of this tower. We left a gap
between each two MDF blocks not only in order to save the material, but also to keep the stablity
of the tower.
Keep the height
8 / 78
How to close up the door is a challenge.
The important key is to ensure there are enough weight acting down on the two side of
the door.(as show in the following) it means when the half side of the block is hanging
out, the other end should be press by the blocks from the upper level to prevent it from
falling. And that’s how the arch make.
10 / 78
Our tower is not strong enough to bear much mass on it.
Cause we only focus on the height of it. It is getting closer on
the topper part, so the vertically mass of load wouldn’t
acting down towards the ground by the wall very vertically
campare to the other group’s tower which can pressed in to
huge mass.
11 / 78
Week2: structural form
Structural joints
Structural systems and forms
Structural systems
and forms
examples description
solid
http://www.ancient-egypt.info/2012/01/an
cient-egyptian-pyramids-facts-images.html
• Arch(compression,
efficient)
• Old ancient country
like Egypt, China
Surface(Shel)l Sydney opera house
• Shell structure
Planner structure
12 / 78
(mine)
Frame Most buildings in our life
(mine)
• Efficient
• Common
• Transfer loads down to
the ground
membrane Beijing Olympic swimming cube
http://www.laticrete.com.au/NewsEvents/P
ressMedia/LATICRETESystemSelectedforBeij
ingOlympicPool/tabid/725/Default.aspx
• (hydria)
• Not common but
useful
• (always combined with
other structure
system)
• Efficient way to carry
large expends
economically and
quickly
Construction systems
Structural
system
(support and
transmit applied
gravity+lateral
loads safetly to
the ground
without
exceeding)
• superstructure
• columns, beams, load bearing wall
• underlying structure forming the
foundation of a building
13 / 78
Considerations
1.Performance
Requirements
Compatilblity, integration and safety
Fire resistance precention ,safety
Desirable thickness of construction
assemblies
Control of heat, air flow
Water vapor
Soil movement
Noise reduction, sound isolation, privacy
Resistance to corrosion and weathering
Finish cleanliness maintenance
requirements(easily replaced, repainted)
safety in use
2.Aesthetic qualities
Desired relationship
Qualities of form, massing, color, pattern, texture and detail
3.Regulatory constraints
Zoning ordinances+building codes
• Enclosure
system
(like shell, envelope and
skin(roof, exterior walls,
windows, doors)
• Roof+ exterior wall:- inclement
weather
Control moisture,
Heat
Air flow
- Dampen noise
Provide security,
privacy
• Door
• Window
• Interior walls
• Mechnical
systems
(provide essential
services)
• water supply
• sewage disposal
• heating , ventilating, air-conditioning
• electrical system(power, lighting,
security)
• vertical transportation
• fire-fighting system
• waste disposal + recycling systems
Ching 2.04
14 / 78
4.Economic considerations
• Initial cost of material
Transportation
(budget) Equipment
Labor costs
5.Environmental impact
Conservation of energy+rescources
Energy efficiency of mechanical systems
Use of resource-efficient+nontoxic materials
Rescource consumption
Protect nature
Sustainable development
Environmentally sustainable design(ESD) constructions
“decision on designing made will have an impact on the efficiency of a building”
Buildings= human skins work, play, live EFFICIENTLY+ COMFORTABLY
EXAMPLE:
• Life-cycle
costs
Maintenance
Operating
Energy consumption
Useful lifetime
Demolition
Replacemet costs
Interest on invested money
Sustainable sites
Water efficiency
Energy& atmosphere
Materials &resources
Indoor environmental quality
Innovation &design process
Summer
winter
15 / 78
EMOBODIED ENERGY: the total energy(oil,water,power
used during all stafes of material’s life)
LIFE CIRCLE:
sourcing
manufacture
disturtion use
recovery DESIGN
Is the heart of
decision making.
mining
Delivery,
selling Consuming
Collection,
sorting,
recycling
16 / 78
RECYCLABILITY: is potential for a product/material
to be re-used or transformed into a new product
Some may easily be recycled
• Some may depends on
Structural Connections
CARBON FOOTPRINT: measure of the amount of green gases generated during the
fabrication, transportation and use of particular product.
The volume of architectural material that can be produced in one tone of Co2 emission:
ESD STRATEGIES:
Local materials
Material efficiency
Thermal mass
Night air purging
Solar energy
Wind energy
Cross ventilation
Smart sun design
Insulation
Water harvesting
Location
Social education
Practices
Soft wood
Clay Sandstone Hardwood Plywood Concrete
pre-cast
Linoleum
Glass
recycled
Granite Glass Vinyl Steel
recycled
Rubber
http://naturecritical.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/the
-missing-rs-the-ideology-of-recycling-by-taryn-bernar
d/
More
positve
18 / 78
Balsa wood tower
Draft and design:
We planned to build the balsa
tower on the base of a square to
ensure the stability, and going to
build twosides individually, lying them
on the ground, glue and tape the
crosses strips on the load-bearing
strips. After that, we then combine
four sides of the tower.
Load-bearing strip
See from above
19 / 78
Progressing:
Problems and what we learned:
Problems:
• we find it is very hard to join the strip in very accurately measurement. So the foce of the
load could not transfer very stably.
• Four sides are too much work in a limited time thought we had more material. So we
changed to make the tower base on an equilateral triangle, since triangle is also a very
stable shape.
• However, the bad connection of the joins + too thin strips & too much distance between two
joints without any stronger support = failure
20 / 78
•
From our working and other groups’, we can see the middle part of the strip is under more
stress performing as banding. The efficient way for us to build a good high and stable balsa
tower is to shorten the distance of the middle part and give it more support such as using
more thick strips. More accurate measurement and a better constructing skill are also
required/need to develop/improve.
21 / 78
Week3 Footing and Foundation
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS& SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS& PROCESSES
FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATION
MATERIALS
MASS
MASONRY
BRICKS
BLOCKS
STONE
REPORT
22 / 78
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM
Strut:
• Design to carry load
parallel to its long
axis.
• The load produces
compression.
Tie:
• Carry load parallel to
its long axis.
• tension
Beam:
Carry vertical load using its
bending resistance.
Slab/Plate:
Wide horizontal element designed
to carry vertical load in bending
usually supported by beams.
Structural elements
• Loads to be
carried
• Material used
• The form& shape
chosen
Panels:
Carry vertical or horizontal
load
EQUILIBRIUM
- State of balance/ rest resulting
from the equal action of
opposing forces.
Centre of
mass Centre of
Gravity
-the point which an object is
balanced.
-where the entire weight of
the object is concentrated.
-location depends on the
object’s geometry
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FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
Foundations - Substructure of the building
- Transfer all loads ton the building to the
ground
- Must also resist the force of the soil pressing
against the foundation or retaining walls.
Deep foundations:
Shallow foundations:
-used where soil condition
are stable
-where the required soil
bearing capacity is adequate
closed to the surface of the
ground
-load is transferred vertically
from the foundation to the
ground.
Types: Pad footings:
help to spread a point load
over a wider area of ground.
Strip footings: used when
loads from a wall or a series of
columns is spread in a linear
manner.
Raft foundation:
Provides increased stability by
joining the individual strips
together as a single mat.
-soil condition are unstable
-soil bearing capacity is
inadequate
-load is transferred from the
foundations, through the
unsuitable soil and down to
levels where bed rock, stiff clay,
dense san/ gravel is located.
Settlement:
Over time, buildings compress the earth
beneath them and the buildings tend to sink
a little into the earth.
To ensure settlement occurs evenly and
the BEARING CAPACITY of the soil is not
exceeded.
Ching 3.05
24 / 78
MATERIALS
MODULAR
• clay brick
• mud brick
• concrete block
• ashlar stone
NON-MODULAR
• concrete
• rammed earth
• monolithic stone(columns& beams)
STONE
• HARD
• slabs
• ashlar blocks
• rubble stone
EARTH
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• mud bricks
CLAY
• GOOD THERMAL MASS
• bricks
• honeycomb blocks
CONCRETE
• DURABLE
• blocks
• commons
MASS STRONG IN COMPRESSON
WEAK IN TENSION
MASONRY
The units together act as
a monolithic whole.
• Bricks
• Blocks
25 / 78
Bricks
Blocks
-cement, sand ,gravel and water
through mixing, moulding, curing.
-hollow or solid
Load bearing or non-load bearing
Uses:
Walls,arches,paving
Uses:
-walls & load
bearing+non-bearing walls
-strengthened with steel
reinforcing bars and then
filed with grout
Clay bricks VS Concrete blocks
expand Shrinks over time
Absorb moisture Cement paste reduce in volume
as it hydrates and drying
shrinkage occurs as water is
lost to the atmosphere.
Movement joints required Movement joints required
26 / 78
Stone
Igneous
i.e.:
Basalt,
Bluestone
Sedimentary
i.e.:
Limestone
sandstone
Metamorphic
i.e.:
Marble
Slate
Very dense
Very dark
Very hard
Softer, damaged
by wind and water
Easily be shaped
Formed when structure of
igneous or sedimentary stone
changes subjected to
pressure, high temperature or
chemical processes.
27 / 78
Report
Car park
Art west
This car park is a surface structure and it is
right below South Lawn. Every column is
constructed below where the tree located.
So the pattern of the columns and trees
are very similar.
The way to protect the root of the tree is
to put in concrete pattern first (such like a
drawn tunnel) with reinforced steel inside
since concrete is not good at expansion.
Triangle truss constructed with glass, concrete steel and
Timber.
It is fixed joint. The load of the truss is transferred to the
ground by the connection to the wall and the support of
the rock.
28 / 78
Union House
This stair is a steel construction. The cables are connected to the stairs in pin joints, however, not
every cable are tight as they look like. Some are in tension, some are fade. The cable is use to
prevent the stair from swage and movement.
There is a discussion of whether the stair is hold by the cable with two beams above (load
transfer to the ground by through the wall) or support by the columns under the stairs.
It looks like the beam
support the truss, but
actually it is the rocks
support the truss, the
beams lie on the truss.
29 / 78
Union House South Lawn
Swimming pool
It is a membrane structural stand with steel
cable, preventing it from up lifting due to wind
force. The cables are both in tension and
compression (pushing and pulling).
The hole is for the drain system, and also for
collecting light.
The central gravity is out of the structure itself.
This building is built in brick, white-painted
steel, glass, concrete, and aluminum.
Aluminum is used to prevent water comes out
because brick is permeable.
Brick is still suitable to use for constructing a
wall for swimming pool because it has
medium to low porosity, it only soaked if
placed prolonged contact with water.
Brick wall is not carrying any other loads.
The gap between the bricks is prepared
for wetness get escape.
Window itself supporting
and carrying it own load as
enclosure system.
30 / 78
Oval pavilion
Old geology south
steel framing
Water prove blue
paper used to
prevent water get
into the building.
Outside is brick,
then it is the blue
paper, then it is
timber frame.
It is an old pavilion built in
1860s. The new pavilion
would be a combination
of new and old. Therefore
pad footing is used to not
influence the original
footing system.
The main material used
for the new structure will
be timber.
31 / 78
Asian Myer center
Fixed joints
Gravity out of the structure itself
Timber : ceiling
Roof
Floor
Wall
There is a lecture theater under the contracture. The footing has to compromise this problem.
32 / 78
Glass building between 757 Swanston and ERC
Standing on an slope.
Angle of the building will have
influence on neighbor building.
Cast-in-place concrete wall
33 / 78
Week 4 Floor Systems and Horizontal
Elements
Detailing strategies1
Structural Concepts& systems
-Arches
-domes
- shells
Construction Systems& processes
-Moisture&
-Thermal
Materials
-Rubber
-plastics
-paints
34 / 78
SPAN AND SPACING
SPACING of the supporting elements depends o the
SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements.
FLOOR SYSTEM
Span
Distance
between two
structural
supports
Spacing
Repeating distance
between a series of like
or similar elements
Measured centre-line
to centre-line
35 / 78
Floor system
Timber systems
steel systems
Concrete
System
Consideration:
Function of
building
Efficiency
costs
One way or two ways
slab
Traditional TIMBER
FLOOR FRAMING system
use a combination of
BEARERS (primary beams)
and JOISTS (secondary
beams).
Structural steel
member
Or light gauge steel
framing
36 / 78
CONCRETE
concrete
finishes
sand-blasted
ex[psed aggregate
raked finish
bush hammered. board-marked
advantages:
fluid+shapeless
formowrk
REINFORCEMENT:
CONCRETE STRONG IN COMPRESSION WEAK IN
TENSION
STEEL STRONG IN TENSION(MESH or BARS)
CONSIDERATION:
1. PERMEABLE
STEEL BARS MAY NOT BE PROTECTED FROM
MOISTURE AND OXIDATION
2.POR VIBRATION DURING POURING PROCESS
cast concrete in situ
components:
cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates water
pro-cast concrete
Placing reinforcement,
pouring, vibration,
curing
Limit time
Uses:
Footings, retaining walls
bespoke structural
elements.
Can be sprayed
(basement, swimming
pool)
1.Construction joints
2.control joints
Both potential
weak points
Water and
moisture control
Fabricated in controlled
environment and transported
to site
Improve work efficiency
More standardized
Uses:
Retaining walls, walls, columns.
1.Construction joints
2.control joints
(Clare
Newton2014)
Greater aesthetic
outcome
Size and transformation
37 / 78
REPORT
PS: ABSEN OF THIS TUTORIAL BEACAUS OF HEALTH EXAMNITION FOR STUDENT VISA.
THIS WORK BELOW IS CREDIT TO ACHINI.
40 / 78
Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems
Short and long columns
Short column:
Short and thick
-failure by
crushing
Long column:
Long and slender
-failure by buckling
Reduce slenderness ratio:
-Shorten the effective length
-maximize the radius of its
cross section
Ching 2.13
41 / 78
Frames
Frames
not capable unless braced
Hinged frame
Three-hinged frame
Fixed frame
plane two
columns beam
loadbearing wall
42 / 78
Wall system
Wall system
structural frames
load bearing wall
stud walls
Steel frames
Concrete
Masonry
Damp roof
Weep holes in the
wall
Light gauge
steel framing
Timber framing
Concrete
Timber frames
43 / 78
Timber
Timber
wood ---------timber
consideration
-exposure to hazard
-size
-strength grade
-moisture content
-species of wood
-treatment
- availability
seasoninf cdrying:
propority
-greatly differ depending on type
-high flexbility and medium palsticity
-poor to electricity and heat
-environmental sustability
cost effective
44 / 78
Report :
Pavilion house model making:
Our section has multiple levels, however we choose to use a cardboard as a base which is not a
smart decision. And we hesitate whether to make substructure first or sub flooring system first.
That the main reason that slows us down. And also we were too unfamiliar with the
construction plan drawing to get the idea in head.
What we have made is a small part of substructure with retaining wall, and a few columns.
Compare to other groups’ works:
they are more focusing on one element and
prepared well before the class. I realized that the material you chose to make model is really
important to improve quality and efficiency, let alone build houses in the real life.
45 / 78
Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space
Roofing system
Roofing system
construction of roof:
-span across space
carry own weight and snow +water forms& structure:
-flat
-pitched
-gabled
funtion compatible with type:
-shed rainwater
melting snow-----drainage system
Interior
spaces(ceiling)
influence
All illustration from Ching
6.02
46 / 78
Metal
Clare Newton (2014)
types: •ferrous(iron)
•non-ferrous
•Alloys(two or more)
Properities
•plastic when heated
•varied hardness
•high density
•good conducitivity
•high recyclability
•cost effecitve
considerations
•react with other metals
•water related damage
•reduce corrorion(avoid ,seal, chemical)
Metal
47 / 78
Spanning spaces
Mile Lewis (2014)
stone corbel
arch(brick and stone
Vault(linar arch)
space holds
columns and walls
Materials and technology pushes
the revolution
48 / 78
Report
Royal Melbourne YACHT CLUB
-Remove regional foundation away from water
-precast panel
-suspended concrete slab and beam flooring
-laminated timer
-Lateral beam of roof
-Degree of roof is about 4
-Concrete piles
-Fixed joints, no need for movement
Improvement on my own assignment:
Need more detailed information
Draw more diagrams related to structural concept and construction system
Summary and organize the information we learned in the site link back to what we have learned.
49 / 78
Week 7 detailing strategies1
Detailing strategies1
Structural Concepts& systems
-Arches
-domes
- shells
Construction Systems& processes
-Moisture&
-Thermal
Materials
-Rubber
-plastics
-paints
50 / 78
Arches, domes& shells
Domes
Arches
Shell
Rotated arch
Circumferential forces are
developed so that the
compression is near the crown
and tension in the lower portion
Meridional forces
(vertically along section
cut through the
surface(compressive))
Hoop
forces(compressive in
upper zone, tensile in
lower zone(transits at
45degree-60 degree))
Tension ring (base of
the dome)
Continuous rigid
material/short linear
elements
Support vertical load
primarily by axial
compression.(inclining
components-----abutm
ents)
Masonry
arches(individual
wedge-shaped stone
or brick)
Rigid arches(curved
rigid timber, steel ,
reinforced concrete)
Extend----vaults
Thin, curved plate (reinforced concrete)
Acting on surfaces(membrane stresses)
Little bending resistance, unsuitable for
concentrated loads
Types:
Barrel shells
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Saddle surfaces
One-sheet hyperboloid
Both use rigid materials
Forces in
Do
mes also
Actin
g on
surface, b
ut
requ
ired
mo
re d
imen
sion
al fo
rces actin
g to
com
prise
tensile fo
rces and
com
pressive fo
rces
in d
ifferent p
ositio
n.
Shell stru
cture lo
oks sim
ilar as vaults in
arch stru
cture.
Ho
wever, arch
structu
re can
uses sto
ne, b
rick rather th
an
on
ly reinfo
rced co
ncrete. A
nd
arch tru
ctuer are d
esigned
to su
pp
ort a vertical lo
ad b
y axial com
pressio
n, w
hile
shell stru
ctures are sh
aped
to tran
smit ap
plied
forced
by
mem
bran
e stresses.
Ching2.25 Ching2.26
51 / 78
Rubber PLASTIC
Paints:
oil based& water-based.
Water-based safer.
Water-based latex more flexible than oil-base.
Source:
Natural Rubber(Rubber
tree)
Synthetic Rubber
(laboratory
Natural:
-seals
-gaskets &control joints
-flooring
-insulation
-horsing& piping
Synthetic:
-EPDM
-NEOPRENE
-SILICONE
Properties:
• harder: resist
abrasion
• softer: better seals
• highly flexible
• water proved
• port conducted
• durable
• recyclable
• renewable
• cost effective
Consideration:
Damage due to
weather(sunlight
exposure)
Thermoplastic (malleable
when heated, recyclable),
thermosetting plastic(can
only be moulded once)
Won’t shatter or break,
ductile, flexible, many are
water proof, lightweight,
good insulator.
Plastic can degrade when
exposed (sunlight), avoid
exposure.
52 / 78
Moisture& Thermal protection
DETAILING FOR HEAT
CONDUCTION:
-thermal insulation
-thermal break(for highly
conducted materials)
-double glazing
HEAT GAIN AND LOSS:
-conducted through building envelopes
-radiant heat sources
-thermal mass regulate flow of heat
effective control of heat gain and loss,
save energy, save money, and increase
comforts
RADIANT HEAT:
-reflective surface
-shading systems
AIR LEAKAGE:
-reflective foil sarking
- weather stripping
THERMAL MASS:
-absorb and store heat
-heat released when surrounding
temperature drops
-suitable for large temperature
difference between day and night
-masonry/concrete/water bodies
DETAILING FOR MOISTURE
-tanking: water proof membrane made
of rubber-like material applied around
the construction
-doubled-skinned walls: brick veneer
-eaves: drain water down though pipes
protect some wall surfaces
WATER PENETRATION (when all
conditions are present):
-an opening
-water present at the opening
-a force to move water though
the opening(remove one of the
conditions, water doesn’t
penetrate)
NEUTRALISE FORCE
GRAVITY
-slopes&overelaps carry away water
SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARY ACTION
-drip& break top water surface tension and the capillary action
MOMENTUM
Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes to prevent
windblown rain, moisture, and snow entering the gaps.
NEUTRALISE PRESSURE
KEEP WATER AWAY
-gutters collect water
-downpipes discharge water
-overlapping cladding (weatherboards and roof
tiles)
-sloping sills for doors and windows
-flashing for roof and wall
-sloping ground at the base of buildings
REMOVE OPENINGS
-openings: planned(doors,
windows)&unplanned(poor
construction, deterioration of material)
-seal openings:
Sealants(silicone)
Gasket(preformed shapes
made of rubber)
*both subject to deterioration by
weathering
53 / 78
Week8 Strategies for Opening
Strategies For Opening
Structural Concepts& systems
-moment of inertia
Construction Systems& processes
openings
-doors
-windows
Materials
-Glass
The sum of the products of
each element of an area and
the square of its distance
from a coplanar axis of
rotation.
Doors
-entrance
-boundary between interior
and exterior
Structure:
-door frame
-door leaf
Materials:
-timber doors& frames
-aluminum doors& frames
-steel doors& frames
Windows:
Materials:
-timber, aluminum & steel
Curtain walls:
-window hung off concrete
structure as the exterior wall
system
- loads should be carried around
rather than through the windows.
54 / 78
Glass
COMPONENTS
-formers: basic ingredient to
form a glass
-fluxes: help to melt formers at
lower temperature
-stabilizers: keep he finished
glass from dissolving or
crumbling
PROPERTIES
-water proof
Transmit heat and light, but
not electricity
-fragile on edges, brittle
Low ductility, highly flexible
and plastic when melted
-highly reusable
-high embodies energy
-expensive to produce and
transport
USES
-double& triple
glazing insulate
heat
TYPES
Flat glass
Shaped glass
Float glass
-clear float glass
-laminated glass
-tempered glass
-tinted glass
- wired glass
-patterned glass
-curved glass
-glass fibers
HISTORY
blown glass>sheet glass>lead crystal>plate
glass> lamination> float glass
Glass
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Studio activity
This week’s studio we learned how to draw a
1:5 detail of the oval pavilion to 1:1 size.
This is the drawing of my section.
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Week 9 Detail strategies
Detail strategies
Structural Concepts& systems
-MOVEMENT JOINTS
-JOINTS& CONNECTIONS
Construction Systems& processes
-CONSTRUCTION DETAILING
Materials
-COMPOSITE MATERIALS
MOVEMENT JOINTS
-EXPANSION JOINTS
-CONTROL JOINTS
-ISOLATION JOINTS
-SEALANTS
MOVEMENT:
CONSTRUCTABILITY:
REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE
TO DAMAGE:
AGING:
HEALTH& SAFETY:
-two or more materials combined
-individually distinguishable
-remain banded together
-retain individual identities and
properties
-provide specific characteristics
-4 Main types:
- Fibrous
reinforced fibre cement
fiberglass
fibre reinforced polymers
- Laminar
Aluminum sheet composite
- Particulate
Gravel and resins
- Hybrid
timber
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JOINTS& CONNECTIONS
- How forces are transferred through structural elements depend greatly on the types of joints
and connections used.
3 ways of Joints:
Butt joints
Interlocking or overlapping joints
Molded or shaped joints
Connectors:
Point connector:
Linear connector:
Surface connector:
Bolted connections
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Precast concrete connections
Welded steel connections
Reinforced concrete
Joints:
Pin joint
Allow rotation, resist translation in any
direction.
Fixed joints
Resist rotation and translation in any
direction
Roller joints
Allow rotation but resist translation in a
direction perpendicular into /away from
their faces.
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• CONSTRUCTION
DETAILING
MOVEMENT:
CONSTRUCTABILITY:
REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE
TO DAMAGE:
AGING:
HEALTH& SAFETY:
-compresses/ as
installed/
elongated
movements of
structure
-harsh environments
-surface aged quickly
-copper improved
appearance as ageing
-balustrade
beside stairs
-fire isolation
-disability access
-plasterboard:
• Repaintable, repairable easily
• Skirting at bottom to prevent
from damage
• Coved skirting avoid
contraction of dirt
• Corner protected by metal
-kitchen cupboard, furniture:
• Hide dirt and waste
• Clean surface
-cleanable surfaces:
• Curved element to avoid
contraction of dirt
• Easily cleaned surface
• Solid, shiny materials in
bathroom to cope with wet
-accessibility of
materials & services
-detailing to suit
construction expertise
-good connection
-tolerance
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Week 10 when things go wrong
Detail strategies
Structural Concepts& systems
LATERAL SUPPORTS
DYNAMIC LOADS
Construction Systems& processes
COLLAPSES&FAILURES
Materials
HEROS&CULPRITS
BUILDING MATERIALS
A TALE OF CORROSION
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DYNAMIC LOADS+ LATERAL SUPPORTS
DYNAMIC LOADS
applied suddently to a structure,
often with rapid changes in magnitude and points of
application
earthquake loads
• consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrationin duduced in the earth's crust
• act at the base of a building, can abruptly reverse direction
•base shear
wind loads
• exerted by the knetic energy of a moving mass of air,
•horizontal direction
• resist wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning
•Act on the surface, minium value at the base and a maximum value at the highest elevation
Resist systems:
1.Bracing:
Diaphragm
Braced frames
clare newton
(2014)
• truss structures
• diagonal paths for moving the
lateral loads through the
structure in the vertical planes.
• Most commonly is x bracing and
k- bracing.
2.Shear walls
rigid material that resist lateral loads
in the vertical plane
horizontal force to foundation
3.Moment joining
Clare Newton (2014)
constructed with rigidity connected joints
continuous interface between the
horizontal and vertical elements and make
the frame rigid enough to act as a
monolithic unit under the impact of lateral
loads
Ching 2.10
Ching 2.09
Ching2.10
Two general configurations:
Regular:
Provide direct path for load
transfer and have a symmetrical
geometry in plan and section, a low
height to bse ratio, short spans, and a
lack of mass concentration in any
particular location.
Irregular:
With irregular plans or sections,
non-symmetrical(对称的) overall form,
changing load paths and other
geometrical inconsistencies.
Regular configuration performs
better than irregular, more
substantially in earthquake.
Lateral forces are resisted by the
rotation of the beam and column
joints as well as the bending action
of the beams and columns.
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material selection
suitabliity of material for the application:
• -exposure
• -compatibility
• -strength and deflection
long term performace
• corrison
Maintenance
Construction&detailing
• Glue failures
Pollution life cycle
• Smog
• Ozone layer depletion
• Acid rain
• Toxicity
• Radio activity
• Eutrification and nitrification和
• Dioxins
Energy use and embodied energy
• Climate change, green house effect, global warming
• Wasteful
• Pollution form energy production
Health and IEQ
• Reduced life span
• Asthma /bronchitis Nausea
• Headaches
• Sick days
• Comfort
Waste/recycling/recycled
• Buy, replace dispose---------money!
• Limited rescourse
Minimize embodied
energy
Optimize lighting
Optimize appliances
Renewable/abundant
resources(things that grow. 7 years to
take grow for bamboo, however, a tree take
100 years)
(agricultural products/earth/timber)
Timber(recycled/plantation/RFA)
Waste
(reduce/recycle
Minimize use of composites)
Reduce VOCs( paints/sealers
/adhesives /particleboard /carpets
Reduce particles/dust
(minimize horizontal shelves/ floor
coverings/ loose fiber products)
Green cleaning
practices(vacuuming /chemicals)
Minimize waste
Natural and organic
COLLAPSES&FAILURES+ HEROS&CULPRITS
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HEROS&CULPRITS
Health and IEQ
villains heroes
timbers Carpet made of grass
Tighlying? Recycled fabric
bamboo Recycled timber
stones Recycled carpet
Energy use and embodied energy
Aluminum solid energy Australian made
Light globs timber
Down lights heat go to ceiling and
house (5%light95%heat)
Diode light(1% go to heat 99%light)
Last 5 times time
Pollution life cycle
PVC Non PVC cable
Cigarette smoke Wool
fabrics
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BUILDING MATERIALS
materials
stiffness
•measure of the force required to push or pull a material to its elastic limit.
•along with the stiffness of its cross-section shape.
•important factors------------span and deflection under loading
elasticity
ability to deform under stress(bend, stretch, compress)
•able to reture when the stress is removed.
strength
•the ability of material that undergo plastic deformation before actually breaking
Effective!!
Aesthetic aspects
Color, texture, and
scale, shapes and sizes
Economic
Functional
resistance to water and water vapor
thermal conductivity (important for
exterior envelope of a building)
Transmission,reflection, or
absorption of visible light
and radiant heat(surface
of room)
Resist combustion,
withstand exposure to
fire, no smoke and toxic
gases(structural member
or an interior finish.)
Environmental
consequences
Input
• Raw materials
• Energy
• water
Output
• Waterborne effluents
• Atmospheric
emissions
• Solid wastes
• Other environmental
releases
Life-cycle inventory
Ching 12.02
Ching 12.02
Ching 12.02
Ching 12.02
Ching 12.02
Acquisition of Raw
Materials
Processing,manufacuturing,
and packaging
Transportation and
Distribution
Construction,Use,
and Maintenan
ce
Disposal,Recycling,
and Reuse
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A TALE OF CORROSION
copper skin+iron skeleton
work not well
rap iron armture bar by shellac-impregnated cloth.
copper+ stainless steel
ongoing inspections and maintenance
PROBLEM?
Shellac-impregnated cloth became porous and actually help
the water get in to the joint between the two different
metals.
Galvanic corrosion& iron corrosion
Connection system started to fail as the buildup of
corrosion products expanded and pulled the rivets away from
the coppers kin.
Solution:
Remove iron armature, replaced with Teflon-coated
stainless steels.
Considerations:
Benefit: Teflon material wouldn’t hold water against copper
skin. However, still have possibility to have galvanic
corrosion happening.
Cast iron is more prone to
corrosion than stainless steels
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Detailing volume
3D drawing of the detail section:
DETAIL:
A long strip of foam rod is inserted into the
small gap between the glass and ,so it
occupies most of the depth of the gap.
Therefore, the sealant does not need to be
poured in as deep.
Acoustic insulation
(roof)
thermal insulation
(roof) Timber wall lining
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IN SITU:
The really length from the top of aluminium fascia
to the bottom of external timber lining is less than
80cm.
Then we know there might be some difference
between the plan and the real situ due to some
constructional consideration in the real
environment and conditions.
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APPENDIX1
WORK SHOP REPORT
OUR STRUCTURE design:
We had no time to
chop them off. And
have no influence
When the load acts on the beam, the
centre part of the beam will have
strongest affect. There will be
compression on the top and tension at
the bottom.
Pinewood is strong in compression. So
we use it on the top.
Plywood is good in tension. So we
“stick” two pieces to connect the centre
part of the beam to increase the ability
of expansion.
Plywood is good in
tension. So use it to
“stick ” two thick
pinewood
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Start to deform when the load
increased to 247kg
Still bending but haven’t crack
yet. Herd the nail sound of nail
cracks out from the pinewood.
The maximum load the structure
can withstand is bit greater than
that but close. Around 370to 350kg.
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Analysis:
The pinewood at the bottom starts to
break first.
The nail is simply pumped into the
wood. Now it came off.
The main reason that will break is because the force in the middle of the beam is neutral,
therefore the point structural failure in the centre.
And we just simply stamped in two nail in diagonal to connect the plywood to the pinewood
to save time, therefore it is not secure enough. And the tiny cracks we made when we hitting
the nails may leads to bigger cracks when the vertical load is added on.
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APPENDIX2
Glossary:
Week 1
Force
“produces a change in the shape or movement of a body.” (Ching, 2008, P2.11)
Tension force
“When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the
material move apart and undergo tension.”
https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEE
K%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf
Compression
“When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material
compact together.”
Load
applies force on a structure. (Ching, 2008, P2.08)
Load path
the way load transfers downward to the ground.
Reaction force
“for every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude
and the opposite direction along the same line of action as the original
force.” (Ching, 2008, P2.12)
Masonry
building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use
of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008, P12.06)
Point load
“acts on a very small area or particular point of asupporting structural elements, as
when a beam bears on a post or a column bears on its footing.”(Ching, 2008, P2.12)
Beam
“Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across
space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008, P2.14)
Week 2
Structural system
“is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral
loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its
members.” (Ching, 2008, P2.03)
Construction system
interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system
and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008, P2.02)
Construction system
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interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system
and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008)
Embodied energy
total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stage of a material’s life.
Life cycle
Stages: raw material acquisition → primary processing and refining → manufacturing
→ delivery → construction use and maintenance → final disposal
Recyclability
potential for a product/material to be re-used or transferred into a new product. (Ching,
2008)
Carbon footprint
“a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication,
transportation and use of a particular product.” (Ching, 2008)
Structural joints
allow force to be transferred from one structural element to the next. (Ching, 2008,
P2.30)
Roller joint
“allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from
their faces.” (Ching, 2008, P2.30)
Roller joint
“allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from their
faces.” (Ching, 2008)
Pin joint
“allows rotation but resist translation in any direction.” (Ching, 2008)
Fix joint
“restrains rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and
moment resistance.” (Ching, 2008)
Frame
“the assembly when the joints connecting the columns and beam are capable of
resisting both forces and moments.” (Ching, 2008)
Column
“rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial
compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.” (Ching, 2008)
Bracing
The elements used to stabilize the structure.
Stability
Potential to resist the change of shape and angular relationship in a structure.
Week 3
Structural element
“based on the loads to be carried, the material used and the form and shape chosen
for the elements.” (Ching, 2008)
Strut
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“a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces
compression.”(column) (Ching, 2008)
Tie
“a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces
tension.” (tie) (Ching, 2008)
Beam
“Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across
space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008)
Slab/plate
“a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually
supported by beams.” (Ching, 2008)
Panel
“any of the spaces within the web of a truss between any tweo panel points on a
chord and a corresponding point or pair of joints on an opposite chord.” (Ching,
2008)
Foundation
“the lowest division of a building constructed partly or wholly below the surface of
the ground to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads
safely into the earth.”(Ching, 2008)
Settlement
“the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates
under loading.” (Ching, 2008)
Shallow footing
“is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to
the ground surface.” (Ching, 2008)
Deep foundation
“is employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable or of inadequate
bearing capacity. (Ching, 2008)
Retaining walls and foundation walls
“provide support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space
partly or wholly below grade.” (Ching, 2008)
Masonry
building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use
of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008)
Centre of mass
the point about which an object is balanced, can also be thought of as the point
where the entire weight of the object is concentrated.
Equilibrium
“a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing
forces.” (Ching, 2008)
Free body diagrams
“a graphic representation of the complete system of applied and reactive forces
acting on a body oran isolated part of a structure.” (Ching, 2008)
Moment of forces:
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“the tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in
magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm and acting in
a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.” (Ching, 2008)
Substructure:
“the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building.” (Ching, 2008)
Week 4
Span
“the distance measured between two structural supports.” (Ching, 2008)
Spacing
“the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.” (Ching, 2008)
Girder
a main support in a structure.
Steel decking
“ corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability.” (Ching, 008)
Concrete plank
“ flooring boards that are wider than 85. End- and side-matched boards are
blind-nailed. The boards may also be face-nailed or screwed and then
plugged.” (Ching, 2008)
Week 5
Stud
joins different elements together like nail.
Axial load
the loads transferred in perpendicular directions.
Nogging
brick wall.
Buckling
similar with deflection
Lintel
“supports the load above a door or
windowopening and allow the compressive stresses to flowaround opening
to adjacent sections of the wall.”(Ching, 2008)
Seasoned timber
timber experienced seasoning (drying) process moving moisture.
Week 6
Rafter
one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof.
Eave
extended rafter.
Purlin
any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof.
Cantilever
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“a projecting beam or other rigid structural member supported at only on fixed
end.” (Ching, 2008)
Soffit
the underside of a part of a building
Portal frame
frame used to form door.
Top chord
“the upper members of a truss extending from end to end and connected by web
members.” (Ching, 2008)
Week 7
Down pipe
connects the gutter by leader to allow the drainage flow downward.
Flashing
“thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to
prevent the passage of water into a structure from and angle or joint.” (Ching, 2008)
Gutter
“along the eave to prevent ground erosion.” (Ching, 2008)
Insulation
“control the flow or transfer of heat through the exterior assemblies of a building and
thereby prevent excessive heat loss in cold seasons and heat gain in hot
weather.” (Ching, 2008)
Sealant
“provide an effective seal against the passage of water and air.” (Ching, 2008)
Week8
Window sash
“the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are
set.” (Ching, 2008)
Deflection
“The perpendicular distance a spanning memberdeviated from a true course under
transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in
the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the
material.” (Ching, 2008)
Moment of inertia
“sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of distance from a
coplanar axis of rotation. It is a geometric property that indicates how the
cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the
intrinsic physical properties of a material.” (Ching, 2008)
Shear force
The interaction force by two opposite and equal forces closed to each other (but not 0)
acting on an object.
Week 9
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Sandwich panel
a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a
non-aluminum core, frequently used for external cladding of buildings (building
facades), for insulation and for signage.
Composite beam
the beam combined by two or more types of materials.
Bending
“the result of a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross
section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value
at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.” (Ching, 2008)
Skirting
attaches on the bottom of a wall to prevent damage and moisture.
Cornice
“a molded projection that crowns a wall divides it horizontally for compositional
purpose.” (Ching, 2008)
Week 10
Shear wall
“a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in angular
relationships.” (Ching, 2008)
Defect
the weak point in a structure.
Soft storey
Soft bottom structure in a building to avoid seismic force.
Fascia
outdoor flashing.
Braced frame
“a timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members.” (Ching, 2008)
Corrosion
oxidation of metals and reduce the physical properties.
IEQ
Internal environmental quality.