1 / 78

Chen Lin691908

2 / 78

Week1 introduction to construction 3

Week2 structural form 11

Week3 Footing and Foundation 21

Week4 Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements 33

Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems 40

Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space 45

Week 7 detailing strategies1 49

Week8 Strategies for Opening 53

Week9 Detail strategies 56

Week10 when things go wrong 60

Work shop report

Glossary

Reference list

3 / 78

Week1 introduction to construction

What is construction?

introduction to materials

construction

structral principles

material propertity

economy

4 / 78

Basic structural forces

strength

stiffness

shape

material behaviour

economy & sustainbility

materials

Strong/weak?

Stiff, flexible, stretchy, floppy

Mono-dimensional (linear)

Bi-dimensional (planer)

Tridimensional (volumetric)

Isotropic

Anisotropic

Expensive? valuable?

Transportation, efficiency

(I.e. Timber in Australia)

5 / 78

Force: change in the shape + movement

Tension forces

Compression forces

Ching: site analysis

Observation: Building ,layout

Spaces, shape

Enclosure

Relation the the landscape

Practice: draw the area &shape

Analyze &identify the ground slopes +soil

Mapping existing patterns+ climatic conditions

Landform-----solar access

Design: Solar radiation----potential energy source

Public roadways+ transit stops

Paths for pedestrians ＋ vehicles

Access to municipal services

Views

Congestion ＋noise

Land uses

Culture+ historical resources

Existing neighborhood-------design

Proximity to public, commercial, medical +recreational facilities.

“Tension forces stretch and elongate the material”

“The particles of the material compact together” result in

“shortening of the material”.

6 / 78

Melbourne’s blue stone

“walking the constructed city” Dr Margaret Grose

Natural environment

Cultural environment

Every cities have different colors which means every

cities use different architectural material for building.

For example: Sydney=sandstone

Perth=clay for bricks& limestone

Melbourne=bluestone

Bluestone is product from volcanoes which are widely

distributes in Victoria from north west to the west)

Reason became the main material: huge natural

recourse

close to Melbourne

Hard enough (even to be

used for the under part of the city’s construction, and

always used as foundation material for old Victorian

style buildings.)

blue stone

basalt

7 / 78

Load paths

Tower

Draft and design:

As we all know round shape is the most stable shape as a foundation of a tower. And According to

the limitation of the rescourse and the requitement of the heigh of this tower. We left a gap

between each two MDF blocks not only in order to save the material, but also to keep the stablity

of the tower.

Keep the height

8 / 78

How to close up the door is a challenge.

The important key is to ensure there are enough weight acting down on the two side of

the door.(as show in the following) it means when the half side of the block is hanging

out, the other end should be press by the blocks from the upper level to prevent it from

falling. And that’s how the arch make.

9 / 78

Progressing:

Problems and what we learned:

Problems:

10 / 78

Our tower is not strong enough to bear much mass on it.

Cause we only focus on the height of it. It is getting closer on

the topper part, so the vertically mass of load wouldn’t

acting down towards the ground by the wall very vertically

campare to the other group’s tower which can pressed in to

huge mass.

11 / 78

Week2: structural form

Structural joints

Structural systems and forms

Structural systems

and forms

examples description

solid

http://www.ancient-egypt.info/2012/01/an

cient-egyptian-pyramids-facts-images.html

• Arch(compression,

efficient)

• Old ancient country

like Egypt, China

Surface(Shel)l Sydney opera house

• Shell structure

Planner structure

12 / 78

(mine)

Frame Most buildings in our life

(mine)

• Efficient

• Common

• Transfer loads down to

the ground

membrane Beijing Olympic swimming cube

http://www.laticrete.com.au/NewsEvents/P

ressMedia/LATICRETESystemSelectedforBeij

ingOlympicPool/tabid/725/Default.aspx

• (hydria)

• Not common but

useful

• (always combined with

other structure

system)

• Efficient way to carry

large expends

economically and

quickly

Construction systems

Structural

system

(support and

transmit applied

gravity+lateral

loads safetly to

the ground

without

exceeding)

• superstructure

• columns, beams, load bearing wall

• underlying structure forming the

foundation of a building

13 / 78

Considerations

1.Performance

Requirements

Compatilblity, integration and safety

Fire resistance precention ,safety

Desirable thickness of construction

assemblies

Control of heat, air flow

Water vapor

Soil movement

Noise reduction, sound isolation, privacy

Resistance to corrosion and weathering

Finish cleanliness maintenance

requirements(easily replaced, repainted)

safety in use

2.Aesthetic qualities

Desired relationship

Qualities of form, massing, color, pattern, texture and detail

3.Regulatory constraints

Zoning ordinances+building codes

• Enclosure

system

(like shell, envelope and

skin(roof, exterior walls,

windows, doors)

• Roof+ exterior wall:- inclement

weather

Control moisture,

Heat

Air flow

- Dampen noise

Provide security,

privacy

• Door

• Window

• Interior walls

• Mechnical

systems

(provide essential

services)

• water supply

• sewage disposal

• heating , ventilating, air-conditioning

• electrical system(power, lighting,

security)

• vertical transportation

• fire-fighting system

• waste disposal + recycling systems

Ching 2.04

14 / 78

4.Economic considerations

• Initial cost of material

Transportation

(budget) Equipment

Labor costs

5.Environmental impact

Conservation of energy+rescources

Energy efficiency of mechanical systems

Use of resource-efficient+nontoxic materials

Rescource consumption

Protect nature

Sustainable development

Environmentally sustainable design(ESD) constructions

“decision on designing made will have an impact on the efficiency of a building”

Buildings= human skins work, play, live EFFICIENTLY+ COMFORTABLY

EXAMPLE:

• Life-cycle

costs

Maintenance

Operating

Energy consumption

Useful lifetime

Demolition

Replacemet costs

Interest on invested money

Sustainable sites

Water efficiency

Energy& atmosphere

Materials &resources

Indoor environmental quality

Innovation &design process

Summer

winter

15 / 78

EMOBODIED ENERGY: the total energy(oil,water,power

used during all stafes of material’s life)

LIFE CIRCLE:

sourcing

manufacture

disturtion use

recovery DESIGN

Is the heart of

decision making.

mining

Delivery,

selling Consuming

Collection,

sorting,

recycling

16 / 78

RECYCLABILITY: is potential for a product/material

to be re-used or transformed into a new product

Some may easily be recycled

• Some may depends on

Structural Connections

CARBON FOOTPRINT: measure of the amount of green gases generated during the

fabrication, transportation and use of particular product.

The volume of architectural material that can be produced in one tone of Co2 emission:

ESD STRATEGIES:

Local materials

Material efficiency

Thermal mass

Night air purging

Solar energy

Wind energy

Cross ventilation

Smart sun design

Insulation

Water harvesting

Location

Social education

Practices

Soft wood

Clay Sandstone Hardwood Plywood Concrete

pre-cast

Linoleum

Glass

recycled

Granite Glass Vinyl Steel

recycled

Rubber

http://naturecritical.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/the

-missing-rs-the-ideology-of-recycling-by-taryn-bernar

d/

More

positve

17 / 78

Structural connections

Roller joints:

Pin joints:

Fixed joints:

18 / 78

Balsa wood tower

Draft and design:

We planned to build the balsa

tower on the base of a square to

ensure the stability, and going to

build twosides individually, lying them

on the ground, glue and tape the

crosses strips on the load-bearing

strips. After that, we then combine

four sides of the tower.

Load-bearing strip

See from above

19 / 78

Progressing:

Problems and what we learned:

Problems:

• we find it is very hard to join the strip in very accurately measurement. So the foce of the

load could not transfer very stably.

• Four sides are too much work in a limited time thought we had more material. So we

changed to make the tower base on an equilateral triangle, since triangle is also a very

stable shape.

• However, the bad connection of the joins + too thin strips & too much distance between two

joints without any stronger support = failure

20 / 78

•

From our working and other groups’, we can see the middle part of the strip is under more

stress performing as banding. The efficient way for us to build a good high and stable balsa

tower is to shorten the distance of the middle part and give it more support such as using

more thick strips. More accurate measurement and a better constructing skill are also

required/need to develop/improve.

21 / 78

Week3 Footing and Foundation

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS& SYSTEMS

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS& PROCESSES

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

FOUNDATION

MATERIALS

MASS

MASONRY

BRICKS

BLOCKS

STONE

REPORT

22 / 78

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM

Strut:

• Design to carry load

parallel to its long

axis.

• The load produces

compression.

Tie:

• Carry load parallel to

its long axis.

• tension

Beam:

Carry vertical load using its

bending resistance.

Slab/Plate:

Wide horizontal element designed

to carry vertical load in bending

usually supported by beams.

Structural elements

• Loads to be

carried

• Material used

• The form& shape

chosen

Panels:

Carry vertical or horizontal

load

EQUILIBRIUM

- State of balance/ rest resulting

from the equal action of

opposing forces.

Centre of

mass Centre of

Gravity

-the point which an object is

balanced.

-where the entire weight of

the object is concentrated.

-location depends on the

object’s geometry

23 / 78

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

Foundations - Substructure of the building

- Transfer all loads ton the building to the

ground

- Must also resist the force of the soil pressing

against the foundation or retaining walls.

Deep foundations:

Shallow foundations:

-used where soil condition

are stable

-where the required soil

bearing capacity is adequate

closed to the surface of the

ground

-load is transferred vertically

from the foundation to the

ground.

Types: Pad footings:

help to spread a point load

over a wider area of ground.

Strip footings: used when

loads from a wall or a series of

columns is spread in a linear

manner.

Raft foundation:

Provides increased stability by

joining the individual strips

together as a single mat.

-soil condition are unstable

-soil bearing capacity is

inadequate

-load is transferred from the

foundations, through the

unsuitable soil and down to

levels where bed rock, stiff clay,

dense san/ gravel is located.

Settlement:

Over time, buildings compress the earth

beneath them and the buildings tend to sink

a little into the earth.

To ensure settlement occurs evenly and

the BEARING CAPACITY of the soil is not

exceeded.

Ching 3.05

24 / 78

MATERIALS

MODULAR

• clay brick

• mud brick

• concrete block

• ashlar stone

NON-MODULAR

• concrete

• rammed earth

• monolithic stone(columns& beams)

STONE

• HARD

• slabs

• ashlar blocks

• rubble stone

EARTH

• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

• mud bricks

CLAY

• GOOD THERMAL MASS

• bricks

• honeycomb blocks

CONCRETE

• DURABLE

• blocks

• commons

MASS STRONG IN COMPRESSON

WEAK IN TENSION

MASONRY

The units together act as

a monolithic whole.

• Bricks

• Blocks

25 / 78

Bricks

Blocks

-cement, sand ,gravel and water

through mixing, moulding, curing.

-hollow or solid

Load bearing or non-load bearing

Uses:

Walls,arches,paving

Uses:

-walls & load

bearing+non-bearing walls

-strengthened with steel

reinforcing bars and then

filed with grout

Clay bricks VS Concrete blocks

expand Shrinks over time

Absorb moisture Cement paste reduce in volume

as it hydrates and drying

shrinkage occurs as water is

lost to the atmosphere.

Movement joints required Movement joints required

26 / 78

Stone

Igneous

i.e.:

Basalt,

Bluestone

Sedimentary

i.e.:

Limestone

sandstone

Metamorphic

i.e.:

Marble

Slate

Very dense

Very dark

Very hard

Softer, damaged

by wind and water

Easily be shaped

Formed when structure of

igneous or sedimentary stone

changes subjected to

pressure, high temperature or

chemical processes.

27 / 78

Report

Car park

Art west

This car park is a surface structure and it is

right below South Lawn. Every column is

constructed below where the tree located.

So the pattern of the columns and trees

are very similar.

The way to protect the root of the tree is

to put in concrete pattern first (such like a

drawn tunnel) with reinforced steel inside

since concrete is not good at expansion.

Triangle truss constructed with glass, concrete steel and

Timber.

It is fixed joint. The load of the truss is transferred to the

ground by the connection to the wall and the support of

the rock.

28 / 78

Union House

This stair is a steel construction. The cables are connected to the stairs in pin joints, however, not

every cable are tight as they look like. Some are in tension, some are fade. The cable is use to

prevent the stair from swage and movement.

There is a discussion of whether the stair is hold by the cable with two beams above (load

transfer to the ground by through the wall) or support by the columns under the stairs.

It looks like the beam

support the truss, but

actually it is the rocks

support the truss, the

beams lie on the truss.

29 / 78

Union House South Lawn

Swimming pool

It is a membrane structural stand with steel

cable, preventing it from up lifting due to wind

force. The cables are both in tension and

compression (pushing and pulling).

The hole is for the drain system, and also for

collecting light.

The central gravity is out of the structure itself.

This building is built in brick, white-painted

steel, glass, concrete, and aluminum.

Aluminum is used to prevent water comes out

because brick is permeable.

Brick is still suitable to use for constructing a

wall for swimming pool because it has

medium to low porosity, it only soaked if

placed prolonged contact with water.

Brick wall is not carrying any other loads.

The gap between the bricks is prepared

for wetness get escape.

Window itself supporting

and carrying it own load as

enclosure system.

30 / 78

Oval pavilion

Old geology south

steel framing

Water prove blue

paper used to

prevent water get

into the building.

Outside is brick,

then it is the blue

paper, then it is

timber frame.

It is an old pavilion built in

1860s. The new pavilion

would be a combination

of new and old. Therefore

pad footing is used to not

influence the original

footing system.

The main material used

for the new structure will

be timber.

31 / 78

Asian Myer center

Fixed joints

Gravity out of the structure itself

Timber : ceiling

Roof

Floor

Wall

There is a lecture theater under the contracture. The footing has to compromise this problem.

32 / 78

Glass building between 757 Swanston and ERC

Standing on an slope.

Angle of the building will have

influence on neighbor building.

Cast-in-place concrete wall

33 / 78

Week 4 Floor Systems and Horizontal

Elements

Detailing strategies1

Structural Concepts& systems

-Arches

-domes

- shells

Construction Systems& processes

-Moisture&

-Thermal

Materials

-Rubber

-plastics

-paints

34 / 78

SPAN AND SPACING

SPACING of the supporting elements depends o the

SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements.

FLOOR SYSTEM

Span

Distance

between two

structural

supports

Spacing

Repeating distance

between a series of like

or similar elements

Measured centre-line

to centre-line

35 / 78

Floor system

Timber systems

steel systems

Concrete

System

Consideration:

Function of

building

Efficiency

costs

One way or two ways

slab

Traditional TIMBER

FLOOR FRAMING system

use a combination of

BEARERS (primary beams)

and JOISTS (secondary

beams).

Structural steel

member

Or light gauge steel

framing

36 / 78

CONCRETE

concrete

finishes

sand-blasted

ex[psed aggregate

raked finish

bush hammered. board-marked

advantages:

fluid+shapeless

formowrk

REINFORCEMENT:

CONCRETE STRONG IN COMPRESSION WEAK IN

TENSION

STEEL STRONG IN TENSION(MESH or BARS)

CONSIDERATION:

1. PERMEABLE

STEEL BARS MAY NOT BE PROTECTED FROM

MOISTURE AND OXIDATION

2.POR VIBRATION DURING POURING PROCESS

cast concrete in situ

components:

cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates water

pro-cast concrete

Placing reinforcement,

pouring, vibration,

curing

Limit time

Uses:

Footings, retaining walls

bespoke structural

elements.

Can be sprayed

(basement, swimming

pool)

1.Construction joints

2.control joints

Both potential

weak points

Water and

moisture control

Fabricated in controlled

environment and transported

to site

Improve work efficiency

More standardized

Uses:

Retaining walls, walls, columns.

1.Construction joints

2.control joints

(Clare

Newton2014)

Greater aesthetic

outcome

Size and transformation

37 / 78

REPORT

PS: ABSEN OF THIS TUTORIAL BEACAUS OF HEALTH EXAMNITION FOR STUDENT VISA.

THIS WORK BELOW IS CREDIT TO ACHINI.

38 / 78

39 / 78

40 / 78

Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems

Short and long columns

Short column:

Short and thick

-failure by

crushing

Long column:

Long and slender

-failure by buckling

Reduce slenderness ratio:

-Shorten the effective length

-maximize the radius of its

cross section

Ching 2.13

41 / 78

Frames

Frames

not capable unless braced

Hinged frame

Three-hinged frame

Fixed frame

plane two

columns beam

loadbearing wall

42 / 78

Wall system

Wall system

structural frames

load bearing wall

stud walls

Steel frames

Concrete

Masonry

Damp roof

Weep holes in the

wall

Light gauge

steel framing

Timber framing

Concrete

Timber frames

43 / 78

Timber

Timber

wood ---------timber

consideration

-exposure to hazard

-size

-strength grade

-moisture content

-species of wood

-treatment

- availability

seasoninf cdrying:

propority

-greatly differ depending on type

-high flexbility and medium palsticity

-poor to electricity and heat

-environmental sustability

cost effective

44 / 78

Report :

Pavilion house model making:

Our section has multiple levels, however we choose to use a cardboard as a base which is not a

smart decision. And we hesitate whether to make substructure first or sub flooring system first.

That the main reason that slows us down. And also we were too unfamiliar with the

construction plan drawing to get the idea in head.

What we have made is a small part of substructure with retaining wall, and a few columns.

Compare to other groups’ works:

they are more focusing on one element and

prepared well before the class. I realized that the material you chose to make model is really

important to improve quality and efficiency, let alone build houses in the real life.

45 / 78

Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space

Roofing system

Roofing system

construction of roof:

-span across space

carry own weight and snow +water forms& structure:

-flat

-pitched

-gabled

funtion compatible with type:

-shed rainwater

melting snow-----drainage system

Interior

spaces(ceiling)

influence

All illustration from Ching

6.02

46 / 78

Metal

Clare Newton (2014)

types: •ferrous(iron)

•non-ferrous

•Alloys(two or more)

Properities

•plastic when heated

•varied hardness

•high density

•good conducitivity

•high recyclability

•cost effecitve

considerations

•react with other metals

•water related damage

•reduce corrorion(avoid ,seal, chemical)

Metal

47 / 78

Spanning spaces

Mile Lewis (2014)

stone corbel

arch(brick and stone

Vault(linar arch)

space holds

columns and walls

Materials and technology pushes

the revolution

48 / 78

Report

Royal Melbourne YACHT CLUB

-Remove regional foundation away from water

-precast panel

-suspended concrete slab and beam flooring

-laminated timer

-Lateral beam of roof

-Degree of roof is about 4

-Concrete piles

-Fixed joints, no need for movement

Improvement on my own assignment:

Need more detailed information

Draw more diagrams related to structural concept and construction system

Summary and organize the information we learned in the site link back to what we have learned.

49 / 78

Week 7 detailing strategies1

Detailing strategies1

Structural Concepts& systems

-Arches

-domes

- shells

Construction Systems& processes

-Moisture&

-Thermal

Materials

-Rubber

-plastics

-paints

50 / 78

Arches, domes& shells

Domes

Arches

Shell

Rotated arch

Circumferential forces are

developed so that the

compression is near the crown

and tension in the lower portion

Meridional forces

(vertically along section

cut through the

surface(compressive))

Hoop

forces(compressive in

upper zone, tensile in

lower zone(transits at

45degree-60 degree))

Tension ring (base of

the dome)

Continuous rigid

material/short linear

elements

Support vertical load

primarily by axial

compression.(inclining

components-----abutm

ents)

Masonry

arches(individual

wedge-shaped stone

or brick)

Rigid arches(curved

rigid timber, steel ,

reinforced concrete)

Extend----vaults

Thin, curved plate (reinforced concrete)

Acting on surfaces(membrane stresses)

Little bending resistance, unsuitable for

concentrated loads

Types:

Barrel shells

Hyperbolic paraboloid

Saddle surfaces

One-sheet hyperboloid

Both use rigid materials

Forces in

Do

mes also

Actin

g on

surface, b

ut

requ

ired

mo

re d

imen

sion

al fo

rces actin

g to

com

prise

tensile fo

rces and

com

pressive fo

rces

in d

ifferent p

ositio

n.

Shell stru

cture lo

oks sim

ilar as vaults in

arch stru

cture.

Ho

wever, arch

structu

re can

uses sto

ne, b

rick rather th

an

on

ly reinfo

rced co

ncrete. A

nd

arch tru

ctuer are d

esigned

to su

pp

ort a vertical lo

ad b

y axial com

pressio

n, w

hile

shell stru

ctures are sh

aped

to tran

smit ap

plied

forced

by

mem

bran

e stresses.

Ching2.25 Ching2.26

51 / 78

Rubber PLASTIC

Paints:

oil based& water-based.

Water-based safer.

Water-based latex more flexible than oil-base.

Source:

Natural Rubber(Rubber

tree)

Synthetic Rubber

(laboratory

Natural:

-seals

-gaskets &control joints

-flooring

-insulation

-horsing& piping

Synthetic:

-EPDM

-NEOPRENE

-SILICONE

Properties:

• harder: resist

abrasion

• softer: better seals

• highly flexible

• water proved

• port conducted

• durable

• recyclable

• renewable

• cost effective

Consideration:

Damage due to

weather(sunlight

exposure)

Thermoplastic (malleable

when heated, recyclable),

thermosetting plastic(can

only be moulded once)

Won’t shatter or break,

ductile, flexible, many are

water proof, lightweight,

good insulator.

Plastic can degrade when

exposed (sunlight), avoid

exposure.

52 / 78

Moisture& Thermal protection

DETAILING FOR HEAT

CONDUCTION:

-thermal insulation

-thermal break(for highly

conducted materials)

-double glazing

HEAT GAIN AND LOSS:

-conducted through building envelopes

-radiant heat sources

-thermal mass regulate flow of heat

effective control of heat gain and loss,

save energy, save money, and increase

comforts

RADIANT HEAT:

-reflective surface

-shading systems

AIR LEAKAGE:

-reflective foil sarking

- weather stripping

THERMAL MASS:

-absorb and store heat

-heat released when surrounding

temperature drops

-suitable for large temperature

difference between day and night

-masonry/concrete/water bodies

DETAILING FOR MOISTURE

-tanking: water proof membrane made

of rubber-like material applied around

the construction

-doubled-skinned walls: brick veneer

-eaves: drain water down though pipes

protect some wall surfaces

WATER PENETRATION (when all

conditions are present):

-an opening

-water present at the opening

-a force to move water though

the opening(remove one of the

conditions, water doesn’t

penetrate)

NEUTRALISE FORCE

GRAVITY

-slopes&overelaps carry away water

SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARY ACTION

-drip& break top water surface tension and the capillary action

MOMENTUM

Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes to prevent

windblown rain, moisture, and snow entering the gaps.

NEUTRALISE PRESSURE

KEEP WATER AWAY

-gutters collect water

-downpipes discharge water

-overlapping cladding (weatherboards and roof

tiles)

-sloping sills for doors and windows

-flashing for roof and wall

-sloping ground at the base of buildings

REMOVE OPENINGS

-openings: planned(doors,

windows)&unplanned(poor

construction, deterioration of material)

-seal openings:

Sealants(silicone)

Gasket(preformed shapes

made of rubber)

*both subject to deterioration by

weathering

53 / 78

Week8 Strategies for Opening

Strategies For Opening

Structural Concepts& systems

-moment of inertia

Construction Systems& processes

openings

-doors

-windows

Materials

-Glass

The sum of the products of

each element of an area and

the square of its distance

from a coplanar axis of

rotation.

Doors

-entrance

-boundary between interior

and exterior

Structure:

-door frame

-door leaf

Materials:

-timber doors& frames

-aluminum doors& frames

-steel doors& frames

Windows:

Materials:

-timber, aluminum & steel

Curtain walls:

-window hung off concrete

structure as the exterior wall

system

- loads should be carried around

rather than through the windows.

54 / 78

Glass

COMPONENTS

-formers: basic ingredient to

form a glass

-fluxes: help to melt formers at

lower temperature

-stabilizers: keep he finished

glass from dissolving or

crumbling

PROPERTIES

-water proof

Transmit heat and light, but

not electricity

-fragile on edges, brittle

Low ductility, highly flexible

and plastic when melted

-highly reusable

-high embodies energy

-expensive to produce and

transport

USES

-double& triple

glazing insulate

heat

TYPES

Flat glass

Shaped glass

Float glass

-clear float glass

-laminated glass

-tempered glass

-tinted glass

- wired glass

-patterned glass

-curved glass

-glass fibers

HISTORY

blown glass>sheet glass>lead crystal>plate

glass> lamination> float glass

Glass

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Studio activity

This week’s studio we learned how to draw a

1:5 detail of the oval pavilion to 1:1 size.

This is the drawing of my section.

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Week 9 Detail strategies

Detail strategies

Structural Concepts& systems

-MOVEMENT JOINTS

-JOINTS& CONNECTIONS

Construction Systems& processes

-CONSTRUCTION DETAILING

Materials

-COMPOSITE MATERIALS

MOVEMENT JOINTS

-EXPANSION JOINTS

-CONTROL JOINTS

-ISOLATION JOINTS

-SEALANTS

MOVEMENT:

CONSTRUCTABILITY:

REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE

TO DAMAGE:

AGING:

HEALTH& SAFETY:

-two or more materials combined

-individually distinguishable

-remain banded together

-retain individual identities and

properties

-provide specific characteristics

-4 Main types:

- Fibrous

reinforced fibre cement

fiberglass

fibre reinforced polymers

- Laminar

Aluminum sheet composite

- Particulate

Gravel and resins

- Hybrid

timber

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JOINTS& CONNECTIONS

- How forces are transferred through structural elements depend greatly on the types of joints

and connections used.

3 ways of Joints:

Butt joints

Interlocking or overlapping joints

Molded or shaped joints

Connectors:

Point connector:

Linear connector:

Surface connector:

Bolted connections

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Precast concrete connections

Welded steel connections

Reinforced concrete

Joints:

Pin joint

Allow rotation, resist translation in any

direction.

Fixed joints

Resist rotation and translation in any

direction

Roller joints

Allow rotation but resist translation in a

direction perpendicular into /away from

their faces.

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• CONSTRUCTION

DETAILING

MOVEMENT:

CONSTRUCTABILITY:

REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE

TO DAMAGE:

AGING:

HEALTH& SAFETY:

-compresses/ as

installed/

elongated

movements of

structure

-harsh environments

-surface aged quickly

-copper improved

appearance as ageing

-balustrade

beside stairs

-fire isolation

-disability access

-plasterboard:

• Repaintable, repairable easily

• Skirting at bottom to prevent

from damage

• Coved skirting avoid

contraction of dirt

• Corner protected by metal

-kitchen cupboard, furniture:

• Hide dirt and waste

• Clean surface

-cleanable surfaces:

• Curved element to avoid

contraction of dirt

• Easily cleaned surface

• Solid, shiny materials in

bathroom to cope with wet

-accessibility of

materials & services

-detailing to suit

construction expertise

-good connection

-tolerance

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Week 10 when things go wrong

Detail strategies

Structural Concepts& systems

LATERAL SUPPORTS

DYNAMIC LOADS

Construction Systems& processes

COLLAPSES&FAILURES

Materials

HEROS&CULPRITS

BUILDING MATERIALS

A TALE OF CORROSION

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DYNAMIC LOADS+ LATERAL SUPPORTS

DYNAMIC LOADS

applied suddently to a structure,

often with rapid changes in magnitude and points of

application

earthquake loads

• consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrationin duduced in the earth's crust

• act at the base of a building, can abruptly reverse direction

•base shear

wind loads

• exerted by the knetic energy of a moving mass of air,

•horizontal direction

• resist wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning

•Act on the surface, minium value at the base and a maximum value at the highest elevation

Resist systems:

1.Bracing:

Diaphragm

Braced frames

clare newton

（2014）

• truss structures

• diagonal paths for moving the

lateral loads through the

structure in the vertical planes.

• Most commonly is x bracing and

k- bracing.

2.Shear walls

rigid material that resist lateral loads

in the vertical plane

horizontal force to foundation

3.Moment joining

Clare Newton （2014）

constructed with rigidity connected joints

continuous interface between the

horizontal and vertical elements and make

the frame rigid enough to act as a

monolithic unit under the impact of lateral

loads

Ching 2.10

Ching 2.09

Ching2.10

Two general configurations:

Regular:

Provide direct path for load

transfer and have a symmetrical

geometry in plan and section, a low

height to bse ratio, short spans, and a

lack of mass concentration in any

particular location.

Irregular:

With irregular plans or sections,

non-symmetrical(对称的) overall form,

changing load paths and other

geometrical inconsistencies.

Regular configuration performs

better than irregular, more

substantially in earthquake.

Lateral forces are resisted by the

rotation of the beam and column

joints as well as the bending action

of the beams and columns.

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material selection

suitabliity of material for the application:

• -exposure

• -compatibility

• -strength and deflection

long term performace

• corrison

Maintenance

Construction&detailing

• Glue failures

Pollution life cycle

• Smog

• Ozone layer depletion

• Acid rain

• Toxicity

• Radio activity

• Eutrification and nitrification和

• Dioxins

Energy use and embodied energy

• Climate change, green house effect, global warming

• Wasteful

• Pollution form energy production

Health and IEQ

• Reduced life span

• Asthma /bronchitis Nausea

• Headaches

• Sick days

• Comfort

Waste/recycling/recycled

• Buy, replace dispose---------money!

• Limited rescourse

Minimize embodied

energy

Optimize lighting

Optimize appliances

Renewable/abundant

resources（things that grow. 7 years to

take grow for bamboo, however, a tree take

100 years）

(agricultural products/earth/timber)

Timber(recycled/plantation/RFA)

Waste

(reduce/recycle

Minimize use of composites)

Reduce VOCs( paints/sealers

/adhesives /particleboard /carpets

Reduce particles/dust

（minimize horizontal shelves/ floor

coverings/ loose fiber products）

Green cleaning

practices(vacuuming /chemicals)

Minimize waste

Natural and organic

COLLAPSES&FAILURES+ HEROS&CULPRITS

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HEROS&CULPRITS

Health and IEQ

villains heroes

timbers Carpet made of grass

Tighlying? Recycled fabric

bamboo Recycled timber

stones Recycled carpet

Energy use and embodied energy

Aluminum solid energy Australian made

Light globs timber

Down lights heat go to ceiling and

house (5%light95%heat)

Diode light(1% go to heat 99%light)

Last 5 times time

Pollution life cycle

PVC Non PVC cable

Cigarette smoke Wool

fabrics

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BUILDING MATERIALS

materials

stiffness

•measure of the force required to push or pull a material to its elastic limit.

•along with the stiffness of its cross-section shape.

•important factors------------span and deflection under loading

elasticity

ability to deform under stress(bend, stretch, compress)

•able to reture when the stress is removed.

strength

•the ability of material that undergo plastic deformation before actually breaking

Effective!!

Aesthetic aspects

Color, texture, and

scale, shapes and sizes

Economic

Functional

resistance to water and water vapor

thermal conductivity (important for

exterior envelope of a building)

Transmission,reflection, or

absorption of visible light

and radiant heat(surface

of room)

Resist combustion,

withstand exposure to

fire, no smoke and toxic

gases(structural member

or an interior finish.)

Environmental

consequences

Input

• Raw materials

• Energy

• water

Output

• Waterborne effluents

• Atmospheric

emissions

• Solid wastes

• Other environmental

releases

Life-cycle inventory

Ching 12.02

Ching 12.02

Ching 12.02

Ching 12.02

Ching 12.02

Acquisition of Raw

Materials

Processing,manufacuturing,

and packaging

Transportation and

Distribution

Construction,Use,

and Maintenan

ce

Disposal,Recycling,

and Reuse

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A TALE OF CORROSION

copper skin+iron skeleton

work not well

rap iron armture bar by shellac-impregnated cloth.

copper+ stainless steel

ongoing inspections and maintenance

PROBLEM?

Shellac-impregnated cloth became porous and actually help

the water get in to the joint between the two different

metals.

Galvanic corrosion& iron corrosion

Connection system started to fail as the buildup of

corrosion products expanded and pulled the rivets away from

the coppers kin.

Solution:

Remove iron armature, replaced with Teflon-coated

stainless steels.

Considerations:

Benefit: Teflon material wouldn’t hold water against copper

skin. However, still have possibility to have galvanic

corrosion happening.

Cast iron is more prone to

corrosion than stainless steels

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Detailing volume

3D drawing of the detail section:

DETAIL:

A long strip of foam rod is inserted into the

small gap between the glass and ,so it

occupies most of the depth of the gap.

Therefore, the sealant does not need to be

poured in as deep.

Acoustic insulation

(roof)

thermal insulation

(roof) Timber wall lining

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IN SITU:

The really length from the top of aluminium fascia

to the bottom of external timber lining is less than

80cm.

Then we know there might be some difference

between the plan and the real situ due to some

constructional consideration in the real

environment and conditions.

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APPENDIX1

WORK SHOP REPORT

OUR STRUCTURE design:

We had no time to

chop them off. And

have no influence

When the load acts on the beam, the

centre part of the beam will have

strongest affect. There will be

compression on the top and tension at

the bottom.

Pinewood is strong in compression. So

we use it on the top.

Plywood is good in tension. So we

“stick” two pieces to connect the centre

part of the beam to increase the ability

of expansion.

Plywood is good in

tension. So use it to

“stick ” two thick

pinewood

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Performance:

Greater than 1 meter in length, and shorter than 0.5 in

height

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Start to deform when the load

increased to 247kg

Still bending but haven’t crack

yet. Herd the nail sound of nail

cracks out from the pinewood.

The maximum load the structure

can withstand is bit greater than

that but close. Around 370to 350kg.

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Analysis:

The pinewood at the bottom starts to

break first.

The nail is simply pumped into the

wood. Now it came off.

The main reason that will break is because the force in the middle of the beam is neutral,

therefore the point structural failure in the centre.

And we just simply stamped in two nail in diagonal to connect the plywood to the pinewood

to save time, therefore it is not secure enough. And the tiny cracks we made when we hitting

the nails may leads to bigger cracks when the vertical load is added on.

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APPENDIX2

Glossary:

Week 1

Force

“produces a change in the shape or movement of a body.” (Ching, 2008, P2.11)

Tension force

“When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the

material move apart and undergo tension.”

https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEE

K%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf

Compression

“When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material

compact together.”

Load

applies force on a structure. (Ching, 2008, P2.08)

Load path

the way load transfers downward to the ground.

Reaction force

“for every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude

and the opposite direction along the same line of action as the original

force.” (Ching, 2008, P2.12)

Masonry

building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use

of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008, P12.06)

Point load

“acts on a very small area or particular point of asupporting structural elements, as

when a beam bears on a post or a column bears on its footing.”(Ching, 2008, P2.12)

Beam

“Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across

space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008, P2.14)

Week 2

Structural system

“is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral

loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its

members.” (Ching, 2008, P2.03)

Construction system

interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system

and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008, P2.02)

Construction system

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interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system

and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008)

Embodied energy

total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stage of a material’s life.

Life cycle

Stages: raw material acquisition → primary processing and refining → manufacturing

→ delivery → construction use and maintenance → final disposal

Recyclability

potential for a product/material to be re-used or transferred into a new product. (Ching,

2008)

Carbon footprint

“a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication,

transportation and use of a particular product.” (Ching, 2008)

Structural joints

allow force to be transferred from one structural element to the next. (Ching, 2008,

P2.30)

Roller joint

“allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from

their faces.” (Ching, 2008, P2.30)

Roller joint

“allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from their

faces.” (Ching, 2008)

Pin joint

“allows rotation but resist translation in any direction.” (Ching, 2008)

Fix joint

“restrains rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and

moment resistance.” (Ching, 2008)

Frame

“the assembly when the joints connecting the columns and beam are capable of

resisting both forces and moments.” (Ching, 2008)

Column

“rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial

compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.” (Ching, 2008)

Bracing

The elements used to stabilize the structure.

Stability

Potential to resist the change of shape and angular relationship in a structure.

Week 3

Structural element

“based on the loads to be carried, the material used and the form and shape chosen

for the elements.” (Ching, 2008)

Strut

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“a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces

compression.”(column) (Ching, 2008)

Tie

“a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces

tension.” (tie) (Ching, 2008)

Beam

“Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across

space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008)

Slab/plate

“a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually

supported by beams.” (Ching, 2008)

Panel

“any of the spaces within the web of a truss between any tweo panel points on a

chord and a corresponding point or pair of joints on an opposite chord.” (Ching,

2008)

Foundation

“the lowest division of a building constructed partly or wholly below the surface of

the ground to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads

safely into the earth.”(Ching, 2008)

Settlement

“the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates

under loading.” (Ching, 2008)

Shallow footing

“is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to

the ground surface.” (Ching, 2008)

Deep foundation

“is employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable or of inadequate

bearing capacity. (Ching, 2008)

Retaining walls and foundation walls

“provide support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space

partly or wholly below grade.” (Ching, 2008)

Masonry

building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use

of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008)

Centre of mass

the point about which an object is balanced, can also be thought of as the point

where the entire weight of the object is concentrated.

Equilibrium

“a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing

forces.” (Ching, 2008)

Free body diagrams

“a graphic representation of the complete system of applied and reactive forces

acting on a body oran isolated part of a structure.” (Ching, 2008)

Moment of forces:

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“the tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in

magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm and acting in

a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.” (Ching, 2008)

Substructure:

“the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building.” (Ching, 2008)

Week 4

Span

“the distance measured between two structural supports.” (Ching, 2008)

Spacing

“the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.” (Ching, 2008)

Girder

a main support in a structure.

Steel decking

“ corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability.” (Ching, 008)

Concrete plank

“ flooring boards that are wider than 85. End- and side-matched boards are

blind-nailed. The boards may also be face-nailed or screwed and then

plugged.” (Ching, 2008)

Week 5

Stud

joins different elements together like nail.

Axial load

the loads transferred in perpendicular directions.

Nogging

brick wall.

Buckling

similar with deflection

Lintel

“supports the load above a door or

windowopening and allow the compressive stresses to flowaround opening

to adjacent sections of the wall.”(Ching, 2008)

Seasoned timber

timber experienced seasoning (drying) process moving moisture.

Week 6

Rafter

one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof.

Eave

extended rafter.

Purlin

any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof.

Cantilever

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“a projecting beam or other rigid structural member supported at only on fixed

end.” (Ching, 2008)

Soffit

the underside of a part of a building

Portal frame

frame used to form door.

Top chord

“the upper members of a truss extending from end to end and connected by web

members.” (Ching, 2008)

Week 7

Down pipe

connects the gutter by leader to allow the drainage flow downward.

Flashing

“thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to

prevent the passage of water into a structure from and angle or joint.” (Ching, 2008)

Gutter

“along the eave to prevent ground erosion.” (Ching, 2008)

Insulation

“control the flow or transfer of heat through the exterior assemblies of a building and

thereby prevent excessive heat loss in cold seasons and heat gain in hot

weather.” (Ching, 2008)

Sealant

“provide an effective seal against the passage of water and air.” (Ching, 2008)

Week8

Window sash

“the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are

set.” (Ching, 2008)

Deflection

“The perpendicular distance a spanning memberdeviated from a true course under

transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in

the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the

material.” (Ching, 2008)

Moment of inertia

“sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of distance from a

coplanar axis of rotation. It is a geometric property that indicates how the

cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the

intrinsic physical properties of a material.” (Ching, 2008)

Shear force

The interaction force by two opposite and equal forces closed to each other (but not 0)

acting on an object.

Week 9

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Sandwich panel

a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a

non-aluminum core, frequently used for external cladding of buildings (building

facades), for insulation and for signage.

Composite beam

the beam combined by two or more types of materials.

Bending

“the result of a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross

section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value

at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.” (Ching, 2008)

Skirting

attaches on the bottom of a wall to prevent damage and moisture.

Cornice

“a molded projection that crowns a wall divides it horizontally for compositional

purpose.” (Ching, 2008)

Week 10

Shear wall

“a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in angular

relationships.” (Ching, 2008)

Defect

the weak point in a structure.

Soft storey

Soft bottom structure in a building to avoid seismic force.

Fascia

outdoor flashing.

Braced frame

“a timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members.” (Ching, 2008)

Corrosion

oxidation of metals and reduce the physical properties.

IEQ

Internal environmental quality.

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Reference list:

Ching, F.D.k.(2008). Building construction illustrated(4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc.