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FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE
visualizations as transformation processes within the d i k continuum
Luca MasudFrancesca ValsecchiPaolo CiuccarelliDonato RicciGiorgio Caviglia
densitydesign.org
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fromOvERLOAD
toRichNEss
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DiFFERENT cuLTuRAL bAcKGROuNDs
cONTRAsTiNG visiONs
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chaotic state
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des gn
e onomyp ys s
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n ormat onart
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asualn ormat on
v sual zat onso al
s en es n ormat onaest et
s ent fv sual zat on
knowledgev sual zat on
n ormat onv sual zat on
management
ar te ture
amb entv sual zat on
stat st s
med ne
em stryn ograp s
datav sual zat on
art
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need of a simpler and shared system to create acOLLAbORATivE ENviRONMENT WiThiN DiscipLiNEs
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hOW?
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adopting an integrated perspective on data, information and knowledge
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WISDOM
KNOWLEDGE
INFORMATION
DATA
data information knowledge (wisdom) hierarchy
Ackoff (1989)
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DATA
Recordings or perception of evidence.Product of observation.It has no meaning by itself.
Ackoff (1989), Bellinger et al. (2004), Zins (2007)
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iNFORMATiON
Data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection.Does not have to be useful (for the user).
Ackoff (1989), Bellinger et al. (2004), Zins (2007)
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KNOWLEDGE
Interiorization of useful information.
Ackoff (1989), Bellinger et al. (2004), Zins (2007)
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ThREE TYpEs OF KNOWLEDGE
declarative (know-what)
procedural (know-how)
conditional (know-why)
Peirce (2003)
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di k from hierarchy to continuum
DATA iNFORMATiON KNOWLEDGE
Choo (1996), Bellinger et al. (2004)
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Visualizations asTRANsFORMATiON pROcEssEs
within the d i k continuum
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gathering
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gathering visualizing
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gathering visualizing creating
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consumer user fruition (not controllable)
producers design process (controllable)
gathering visualizing creating
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ObsERvATiONs
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ObsERvATiONs
Visualizing means ordering and creating relation within data.The artifact is always information.
Every visualization objective is generating knowledge.
Three main visualization functions.
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FromDiscipLiNEs
toTYpOLOGiEs
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ANALYTicAL visuALizATiONs
to analyse data
cOMMuNicATivE visuALizATiONs
to communicate informationFORMATivE visuALizATiONs
to transfer knowledge
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/ &FORMATIVE
VIS
&
gathering visualizing creating
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every typology has different
LANGuAGEs
usE cONTExTs
TARGETs
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ANALYTicAL visuALizATiONs
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large use of standard techniquesoptimization of precise data reading (high data reversibility)
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large use of standard techniquesoptimization of precise data reading (high data reversibility)
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TARGET
analysts, economists, managers, physicists, chemists, medicals
information consumers & presenters, informal data analysts,
sophisticated data analysts(Few 2007)
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cOMMuNicATivE visuALizATiONs
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storytelling, metaphors, illustrations
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sense-makingsensibilization
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TARGET
general user, non-expert, low level of visualization literacy
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FORMATivE visuALizATiONs
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storytelling, metaphors, illustrations
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process and context communication
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TARGET
managers, organizations employees
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iN bRiEF
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ANALYTicAL
analysts,
economists,statisticians,medicals,physics,
etc.
standard techniques
high data reversebility
target languages
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metaphors, illustrations,
storytelling
general target
target languages
cOMMuNicATivE
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Different functions means different languages and techniques.
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Different solutions suitable for different contexts and targets.
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cONcLusiONs
1 Systemic approachwith the introduction of the d i k continuum.2 Visualizations as transformation processeswithin the d i k continuum.
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cONcLusiONs
1 Systemic approachwith the introduction of the d i k continuum.2 Visualizations as transformation processeswithin the d i k continuum.3 Reasoning by aims, contexts, targets.
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cONcLusiONs
1 Systemic approachwith the introduction of the d i k continuum.2 Visualizations as transformation processeswithin the d i k continuum.3 Reasoning by aims, contexts, targets.4 Visualization tripartition: analytical , communicative, formative.
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FuTuRE WORK
Deeper study on targets and contexts.Taxonomical development of visualization techniques and languages.
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