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CAT4100 PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Project: Soil Analysis of Maize
in ‘Ladang Kongsi 2’
MOHD AMIN ROSLEE S18247
ROZAIDEE ZAINUL S18248
SHEREALYN ELEONA S18256
DIANA GABRIELLA S18334
Lecturer: Dr. Ong Kian Huat
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INTRODUCTION
• Is an annual crop plant belong
to grass family
• Known as monoecious plant
• Is a tall plant with fibrous root
system
• Is a valuable food crop that isconsumed as staple food
around the world.
(Smith and Hamel, 1999)
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• Requires high temperature for growth
(Balasubramaniyan and Palanippan, 2004)
• Need soil with pH range from 5. to !.
• Is slightly sensitive to salinity
• Is not drought tolerance and low soil water is a problem
for mai"e
• Need 5mm to #$mm rainfall as an optimum range
(Stephanie and Christine, 2008)
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• Is an important cereal being cultivated after rice and wheat.
• %ontain !& carbohydrate' #& protein' (.5& fiber' $& mineral'
vitamin ) and iron.
(Oladejo and Adetunji, 2!2"
• *sed as animal feeds and as succulent fodder .
(#alasu$ra%aniyan and Palania&&an, 2'"
• *sed as raw materials in industries such as alcohol'
pharmaceuticals' te+tile' organic chemicals' cosmetics' paper and
edible oil.
(ony, 2)"
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O#*+-.+
,he ob-ective of these pro-ect are
• ,o investigates the nutrient deficiency in the
mai"e crop by using soil analysis.
•,o propose a suggestion to improve theproductivity of mai"e crop using precision
agriculture method.
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M+/O0OLO1
Site descriptin
• located at /adang Kongsi 0ua.
• ,he coordinates is 1(2#$3$4.(6N' ##(27355.77689
• ,he research site is a :ai"e crop plot.
• Research site located at first mai"e plot
which mar;ed with yellow tag.
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Table 1: Position of research site on Google earth software
(Source: Google Earth)
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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• ,he selection of the plot has been decided and each
group choose one of the plot provided.
• ,he plot has been divided into a several section basedon a parameter.
#. ?hort @ellow
$. ,all Areen
(. ,all @ellow
7. ?hort Areen
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• ,he mai"e' were then harvested from the plot.
• 8ach of harvested mai"e were classified based on theirparameter. ,he mai"e then were weighed and the data was
recorded
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SOIL ANALYSIS
• ,he soil sample was ta;en in every parameter within
the plot.
• =bout three replication were ta;en in each
parameter by using an auger.
• ,he soil then were dried up' combined to become
composite sample.• ,he soil then were proceed to soil analysis for
detection of
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• ,otal Nitrogen by using K-eldahl method
(Bremner, 19!0)"
• ,otal available phosphorus using double acid
method 0ilute H%/ B H$?C7 :ehlich No.# or
0ouble acid method (#elsn, $ehlich, %
&inters, 19')
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3+S4L
Zo! A Zo! B Zo! C Zo! D
"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
tal # in sil (*+,ha)
,otal N in soil 1;gDha9
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Zo! A Zo! B Zo! C Zo! D
6.#
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
tal P in sil (*+,ha)
,otal < in soil 1;gDha9
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Zo! A Zo! B Zo! C Zo! D"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cmparisn - ttal # and ttal P (*+ha)
,otal N ,otal <
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.ne /rea(m2 )
/ailable# (*+ha)
talde-icient
in #
(*+ha)
tal ureaadded(*+ha)
tal ureaadded
accrdin+
t area -ne (*+)
Eone = (5.7$ 7.F! !5.44($ #!F.47 .FF$#
Eone ) #(.4 5.#44F !7.!7 #!7.(5 (.$5!
Eone % 44.4 #.4$(F !!.F7 #4#.7 #.4#$!
Eone 0 #(.#F F.F7$ !(.(5$! #!#.$ .$(!5
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.ne /rea(m2 )
/ailableP (*+ha)
talde-icient
in P(*+ha)
tal SPadded(*+ha)
tal SPadded
accrdin+t area -
ne(*+)
Eone = (5.7$ .7$ $.5! 54.4F .$#$7
Eone ) #(.4 .7F $.5$7 54.!( #.77
Eone % 44.4 .$$F! $.($ F.(! .F($
Eone 0 #(.#F .#75F $.!577 F.55 .4
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.ne tal cbs &ei+ht -
cbs (*+)
Eone = $F !
Eone ) ! (#.$5
Eone % #( $.5
Eone 0 # .(5
OAL A50 6+-1/ O7 O#SO#A-5+0 AS -+L0
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0-S4SS-O5• ,here have differences in "oning and the yield production of
mai"e crop.
• ,he hi+hest ei+ht - yield is ne B which is 1"2' *+.
• ,he lest "one for the weight of yield production is ne 3
which is 0"' *+.
• ,he ne B shows the highest yield because the crops are tall
and +reen.
• ,he ne 3 consist of shrt and +reen mai"e crop that shows
the mai"e growth was stunted and low in productivity.
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Zo! A Zo! B Zo! C Zo! D"
2"
4"
6"
8"
1""
12"
14"
otal 5 content
To$%& N 'o$!$
G(%)*+ +*o,- $o$%& o/ N-$(o! - +o-& %''o(0- $o o!
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0-S4SS-O5
• ,he hi+hest ttal nitr+en in the soil is .ne 3
which is 118"0 m+*+.
• Eone 0 consist of short and green mai"e crop.
• ,he lest ttal nitr+en in the soil is .ne C
which is 4"' m+*+.
• Eone % consist of tall and yellowish mai"e crop.
• ,he difference in physical appearance of mai"e crop
1crop status9 is affected by total nitrogen in soil.
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Zo! A Zo! B Zo! C Zo! D
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.#
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
otal P content
To$%& P 'o$!$
G(%)*+ +*o,- $o$%& o/ P*o+)*o(+ - +o-& %''o(0- $o o!.
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0-S4SS-O5
• .ne B has the hi+hest total available < which is
1"' m+*+.
• ,he weight of yield is high because the supply of
phosphorus is efficient.
• =dequate growth because sufficient phosphorus
supply.
• ,he lest total < is .ne 3 which is 12"! m+*+.
• /ow supply of < fertili"er and the yield become low.
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3+OMM+50A-O5
8one A%ount of fertiliser re9uired (5"
A 186.#4*% (!%
I 35.422 ".6621 (!%
B 184.35*% (!%
I 173.#2 3.2"58 (!%
C 1#1.47*% (!%
I ##.#2 1.#128 (!%
D 181.2"*% (!%
I 13.162 ".2385 (!%
N fertilizer (Urea = 46% N)
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• ,he nitrogen is very important in crop growth.
• ,he availability of nitrogen strongly affects both
the potential leaf area e+pansion rate and light use
efficiency (Sinclair and Hrie, 19895 6hart and
/ndrade, 199').
• ?o' we suggest urea -ertilier applicatin in
mai"e farm.
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.ne /munt - -ertilier re7uired (P)
= 54.4F;gDha ,?<
(5.7$m$ G .$#$7;g ,?< need to add.
) 54.!(;gDha ,?<
#(.4m$ G #.77;g ,?< need to add.
% F.(!;gDha ,?<
44.4m$ G.F($;g ,?< need to add.
0 F.55;gDha ,?<
#(.#Fm$ G.4;g ,?< need to add.
Triple sperphosphate = 46% P
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• ?uboptimal phosphorus availability is a primary
limitation to plant growth (anceet al
", 200).• ,ropical soils =sia has phosphorus availability
limited by low total phosphorus content as well as
high phosphorus +ation (Sanche and 6ehara,
1980).
• e recommended the fertiliser application basedon parameter given above.
R - &-
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R!(!++-o &-!$o$%& N %%-+$ -!&09
3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" #" 1"" 11" 12" 13""
5
1"
15
2"
25
3"
35
/:9 ; ".23: < 35."6R= ".3
otal 5, %g;g
ield ,;g
R - &-
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R!(!++-o &-!$o$%& P %%-+$ -!&09
12.7 12.8 12.# 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4"
5
1"
15
2"
25
3"
35
/:9 24.##: ; 3"#.74
R= ".21
otal P,%g;g
ield,;g
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O5L4S-O5
• In conclusion' by using soil analysis in
nutrient deficiency investigation technique
can be put to consideration in corn
productivity for future purposes.
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APPENDICES
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:;::#C:S
• )alasubramaniyan' !(.
• ,ony' . $F. Arowing ood = guide to food production. ?pringer' ,he
Netherlands. ##!.
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• )remner' L. 1#4F9. 0etermination of nitrogen in soil by the K-eldahl method.
,he Lournal of =gricultural ?cience. Retrieved from
httpDD-ournals.cambridge.orgDabstractM?$#!54F$#5$
• Nelson' .' :ehlich' =.' inters' 8. 1#45(9. ,he development' evaluation'
and use of soil tests for phosphorus availability. =gronomy. Retrieved from
httpsDDscholar.google.comDscholarO
qGmehlichB#BmethodBforBphosphorusbtnAGhlGenasMsdtG&$%5P#
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