MEDIOS DE PAGO
Pagos Directos Cheques Personales Giro Bancario Orden de Pago / Transferencia Cobranza Documentaria Crédito Documentario
TRANSFERENCIA DE FONDOS
20:Sender’s Referente 011944517806002 23B: Bank Operation Code CRED 32A: Val Dte/Curr/Interbnk Settld Amt Date :17 August 2006 Currency :USD (US
DOLLAR) Amount : #3000# 50K: Ordering Customer-Name &
Address GUERRA JUAN LUIS CORONEL INCLAN 971
MIRAFLORES 53D: Sender’s Corr – Name & Address /8900460504 BANCO DE CREDITO DEL PERU LIMA, PERU
56A: Intermediary Institution – BIC BRASBRRJ BANCO DO BRASIL S.A. SAO PAULO BR 57A: Account With Institution – BIC BRASBRRJSBO BANCO DO BRASIL S.A. SAO BERNARDO DO CAMPO BR 59: Beneficiary Customer
. /77968
TROPICAL INDUSTRIAIS LTDA 70: Remittance Information PAGO PICOLETEIRA (TP 070/06)
HELADOS RICOS SAC
COBRANZA DOCUMENTARIA
Girador / Cedente / Exportador Banco Cedente (Banco del exportador) Banco Cobrador (Banco corresponsal) Girado / Comprador / Importador Operatividad Riesgos
CRÉDITO DOCUMENTARIO
Importador / solicitante / ordenante Banco Emisor Banco Avisador / Confirmador Exportador / beneficiario
Operatividad del Crédito Documentario
Solicitud de la Carta de Crédito Examen del riesgo crediticio Emisión del Crédito Documentario Aviso del Crédito Documentario Confirmación del Crédito Documentario Exportación Presentación de documentos Pago
CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL CRÉDITO DOCUMENTARIO
Autonomía: Art. 3 Los créditos son operaciones independientes de las ventas o de cualquier otro contrato en que puedan estar basados
Literalidad: Las instrucciones para la emisión y el crédito en sí, deben ser completas y precisas. No puede existir ambigüedad. Si es así, si los términos son claros y no dejan duda sobre la intención de los contratantes, se toman en sentido literal sus cláusulas
Formalidad: Art. 5 Los bancos no pueden y no deben entrar en el asunto de la autenticidad de los documentos o sobre la calidad de la mercancía despachada si no es evidenciada en
los documentos requeridos y presentados
CRÉDITOS ESPECIALES
Crédito revolvente / Revolving Credit Crédito de cláusula roja / Red Clause Crédito de cláusula verde/Green Clause Crédito Transferible Crédito Back to Back Crédito Stand By
Organic production Organic production: "a system of managing agricultural holdings that
uses a variety of more environmentally friendly crop farming practices and involves major restrictions on the use of fertilisers and pesticides”
Strict rules for production. Examples for agriculture: Use of organic seeds Soil fertility and biological activity through natural means Use of substances on “positive lists”
Examples processing: Non-agricultural ingredients are limited (Annex VI) GMOs not allowed Irradiation not allowed
Labelling as “organic”
Preconditions: at least 95% of the product's ingredients have
been organically produced; the product complies with the rules of the
official inspection scheme; the product has come directly from the
producer or preparer in a sealed package; the product bears the name of the producer,
and the name or code of the inspection body.
Organic labels
Many organic labels Different requirements Different markets Different certifiers
See document Overview of organic labels for food on the EU market
Organic cotton
Growing without synthetic chemicals In some cases also organic production
process Taken up by big brands
Fundamental Criteria
A fair and sustainable price, guaranteeing a fair wage covering the costs of sustainable production and living.
This price needs to be at as high as the Fair Trade minimum price and premium where they have been defined by the international Fair Trade associations
Fairtrade organisation
Fairtrade Producer Standards– social, environmental and economic
development (labour conditions) Fairtrade Product Standards
– coffee, tea, rice, bananas, mangoes, cocoa, cotton, sugar, honey, fruit juices, nuts, fresh fruit, quinoa, herbs and spices, wine and footballs
FLO Facts and Figures
FLO is working as per end of 2007 with: 632 Fairtrade Certified Producer
Organisations, representing over 1,4 million farmers and workers, in 58 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
In 2006, consumers worldwide bought 1,6 billion Euros worth of Fairtrade Certified Products, 42 % more than the year before.
FLO Producer Networks
Africa Fairtrade Network (AFN)– Website
Coordinadora Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Comercio Justo (CLAC)– Website
Network of Asian Producers (NAP)
Other Fair Trade - IFAT
Self-Assessment against the Fair Trade organisations standards IFAT Code of Practice 10 standards for Fair Trade support organisations Peer review between trading partners
– share their Self-Assessment reports External verification
– random % of Self Assessment reports reviewed No product standards No specific producer standards http://www.ifat.org/
IFAT
1. Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers
2. Transparency and accountability
3. Capacity building
4. Promoting Fair Trade
5. Payment of a fair price
6. Gender Equity
7. Working conditions
8. Child Labour
9. The Environment
10.Trade Relations
Other Fair Trade
Coming out of the Environmental and Sustainability Movement– FairWild– ISSC MAP– BioTrade
No specific Product Standards No specific Producer Standards
Other Fair Trade Rainforest Alliance
– Have specific product standards
Made-by fashion label– umbrella label – organic cotton– sewing factories have a social code of conduct
(SA8000)– the entire production chain– mainstream markets
CSR requirements: Social issues
Social accountability Social accountability is the assessment and
ongoing monitoring of working conditions in manufacturing environments.
European buyers are held responsible for the social conditions in the companies abroad they are sourcing from
Where do you find social requirements?
EU buyers’ requirements: Ethical codes of conduct Social label requirements Social management systems
Different approaches: Official (3rd party) audits of signed codes Requests for
certification Informal audits by Quality control staff Code of conduct but no control Nothing……
Contents: ILO Conventions Private sector uses several of the 185 ILO
Conventions Fundamental Conventions are a minimum in
international trade Suppliers should at least be aware and be
working on improvement to the minimum level European buyers often prepared to support
improvement. Suppliers: have an implementation plan
The basis:Fundamental ILO Conventions
Freedom of Association 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Orga
nise Convention, 1948. 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 19
49
Abolition of Forced Labour 29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930 105 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957
Equality 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 111Discrimination (employment and Occupation) Convention,
1958
Elimination of Child Labour 138Minimum Age Convention, 1973 182Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999
Also important:
Occupational health and safetyILO convention 155 and recommendation 164
Hours of work and overtime
Wages
ILOILO SA8000 ETI MPS
Collective bargaining (fundamental) X X x x Free association (fundamental) X X x x Discrimination (fundamental) X X x x Equal remuneration (fundamental) X X x x Forced labour (fundamental) X X x x Child labour (fundamental) X X x x Minimum wage/living wage X X x x Maternity protection X Harassment or abuse X X Health and safety X X x x Working hours X X x x Vocational Rehabilitation & employment X X x Home Work X X x Regular employment x x Harsh or inhumane treatment x Management systems X Compensation X Pesticides and chemicals x Protection of the environment x
Sainsbury’s Social Principles
“As we broaden our supplier base, especially in developing countries, we are conscious of the need to take some share of the responsibility for social development and for the welfare of employees who produce the goods we sell.”
“In building partnerships with our suppliers, we seek to work with companies who share our values andwho are prepared to commit themselves to this Code.”
Sainsbury’s Social Principles
Fair terms of trading In the conduct of its business, Sainsbury’s will deal
openly and fairly with suppliers, adhere to contract
terms and avoid the exercise of undue pressure.
Protection of childrenIn accordance with relevant ILO conventions, children
may only be employed in circumstances which fully
safeguard them from potential exploitation, which
protect them from moral or physical hazard and long
term damage to health and which do not disrupt their
education.
Sainsbury’s Social Principles
Health and safetyPolicies and procedures for health and safety will be
established which are appropriate to the industry. In the
absence of legal requirements these will reflect a clear
awareness of obvious hazards and a general regard for the
well-being of employees. Such policies and procedures will
apply also to any living accommodation provided in
association with employment.
Sainsbury’s Social Principles
Equal opportunitiesWhilst being sensitive to cultural differences we expect
the development of equal opportunities in employment
without discrimination on grounds of race, religion,
and gender or other arbitrary means.
Freedom of associationEmployees shall be free to join lawful associations;
forced labour or coercion at work is unacceptable.
Sainsbury’s Social Principles
Freedom of employmentEmployees should not be forced into involuntary
labour.
Hours of work and wagesPay will not be lower than that required by local law
or, in the absence of law, that paid generally within
the industry. Wages should always be enough to meet
basic needs and to provide some discretionary income,
as well as having regard to what is needed to maintain
family life above subsistence level.
Meeting buyers’ requirements
Showing compliance
Auditing and Management systems BSCI SA8000 OHSAS 18001 GLOBALGAP
Codes and Labeling Sector codes, corporate codes Ethical Trading Initiative Labels
Business Social Compliance Iniatiative
An auditing system, not a certificate Background: adequate laws are in place - but
not properly implemented and enforced Lack of awareness So far retailers conduct social compliance
audits in their purchasing markets mainly on the basis of different audit systems and criteria
• Lack of credibility • Lack of transparency• Lack of efficiency• High costs • No synergies
• Too many different systems
• More or less similar standards
• Different tools• Different processes
Objectives
• Improve social standards in all supplier countries for all consumer goods
• Provide a predictable monitoring system
• Realise economic advantages for suppliers and members
• International forum for the exchange of knowledge and views
• Cooperation with any other equivalent system
BSCI The BSCI is intended as a sector-solution for retail
but is also open to importers and manufacturers of consumer goods.
All kinds of consumer goods, initial focus on textiles, clothing, shoes and toys.
BSCI membership is open to all European and non-European companies and associations.
Buyers call for BSCI audits, not suppliers
BSCI Performance level: mainly social requirements and a
few basic environmental requirements
The social requirements are based on relevant ILO Conventions and United Nations human rights: internationally recognised and applied.
Based on the SA8000 management system, two phases of implementation.
– phase 1: comply with basic regulations– phase 2: additional requirements with final level of
SA8000 certification.
BSCIPhase 1: Compliance to basic regulations
National legal requirements, with respect to: – Commercial operators – Working times – Compensation – Social security contributions – Minimum age employees – Ban on forced labour – Disciplinary measures – Freedom of association and collective bargaining – Ban on discrimination – Working conditions – Health and safety
BSCIPhase 2: Compliance to additional requirements on
the SA8000 level
– Policy – Planning and implementation – Management review – Control of subcontractors / suppliers / sub-suppliers – Control of home workers – Compensation – Child labour – Evasion – Outside communication
Standard audit for all products:
Site inspection, inspection of documents and interviews with management and employees
Social audit report: audit result, indication of corrective actions
Based on social performance: corrective action plan
Before final audit: self-audit, based on an assessment list
Audit by SA8000 accredited certifiers on the base of SA8000 certification
Market impact
A rather new initiative → Market impact of BSCI is expected to be substantial
Advantage of BSCI– can be applied to all consumer goods– different certification schemes not necessary– existing schemes may be recognised by BSCI– broad support from the private sector
Disadvantage– Only upon request of a EU trading partner
SA 8000
International management system for improving working conditions
Modelled as ISO standards First auditable social standard and creates a
process that is independent Certification by means of independent
verification Applicable to all industries Performance-based provisions, which set
standards for each of the 9 topics (CoC)
SA 8000 Standards based on ILO and other human rights conventions
9 core areas: – 1. child labour – 2. forced labour – 3. health and safety – 4. compensation – 5. working hours – 6. discrimination – 7. discipline – 8. free association and collective bargaining – 9. management systems
SA 8000
Benefits of adopting SA8000:
improved staff morale more reliable business partnerships enhanced competitiveness less staff turnover better worker-manager communication
SA 8000Market impact The impact of SA8000 is growing in numbers,
amount of countries and amount of sectors
Starting with toy manufacturers, manufacturers of garments, manufacturers of plastics and manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, the system is becoming a multi-sectoral instrument2002: 83 facilities, 31 industries, 30 countries2004: 492 facilities, 51 industries, 40 countries
2007: 1112 facilities, 71 industries, 51 countries
Ethical Trading Initiative UK multi stakeholder initiative to improve working
conditions at companies operating within the chain
ETI was specifically set up for traders supplying the British market, i.e. Sainsbury’s and Tesco
The ETI promotes the implementation of a code of conduct at the level of suppliers, sub contractors and home workers wherever possible
Not focused on specific products or companies
When joining the ETI, members commit to implement the Base Code in their supply chains and to reporting annually on their progress in doing so
Ethical Trading InitiativeThe ETI Base Code: nine provisions:
1. Employment is freely chosen2. Freedom of association and the right to collective
bargaining is respected3. Working conditions are safe and hygienic4. Child labour shall not be used5. Living wages are paid6. Working hours are not excessive7. No discrimination is practised8. Regular employment is provided9. No harsh or inhumane treatment
General principles concerning implementation
Novel Foods Regulation
Regulation (EC) 258/97 lays down the definitions
of novel foods in the EU as well as the procedures
required for foods considered novel
Novel foods: foods with a safe history of food use,
unknown to the EU, prior to the legislation of 15
May 1997
Aim: to protect EU consumers’ health
Novel Foods Scope Products with a new or intentionally modified
primary molecular structure Products consisting of micro-organisms, fungi or
algae Products consisting of, or isolated from plants or
isolated from animals Products whose nutritional value, metabolism or
level of undesirable substances has been significantly changed by the production process
Traditional foods, i.e. food products with a history of safe use from outside the EU
The Regulation does not apply to food additives, flavourings or extraction solvents and not to genetically modified organisms (GMOs): separate legislation
Novel Foods or not? Find out if the food was already consumed in any
of the EU Member States before 1997. If yes: no novel food
Find out if the food is currently consumed. If yes: procedure of notification may apply
If not yet consumed: novel food
Examples: yacon, lucuma, camu camu, baobab
Novel Foods application procedure
Application in the Member State where the product is to be placed on the market for the first time.
Initial assessment by Member State’s competent authority.
Initial assessment forwarded to Member States for comments or objections.
If no objections: no additional assessments required
If objections: additional assessment required.
Novel Foods content application A well-documented history of safe use outside the
EU, indicating absence of toxicity. A safety test on animals or humans may also be necessary.
A description of the production chain addressing the absence of contaminants. Hygiene aspects in the production are also addressed here.
Additional toxicological research may be necessary Potential shifts in nutrition patterns. Will the new
exotic product replace the use of an existing product and what consequences will this have for nutrition patterns?
Novel Foods revision Revision has been adopted Food safety testing procedures simplified Needed: justification as a traditional food and data
of history of safe use Authorisation not for a single applicant but the
whole market Application through EFSA Draft Regulation:
ec.europa.eu/food/food/biotechnology/novelfood/initiatives_en.htm