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MEDU-REVISION
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MEDU-212- TOPICS
1. Introduction to the course (MEDU-212) “Concepts & principles of learning”
2. Introduction to College Curriculum & Regulation
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3. Graduation & School Studies
4. Self-Directed Learning5. Integrated teaching & learning
6. Time management
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7. Professionalism in medical education
8. Rationale of Problem-Based Learning
9. Process of PBL 10. PBL Application
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11. Important strategies & instructional methods in medical education
12. Characteristics of “Tomorrow’s Doctors”
13. Students Assessment
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WHAT IS SDL?
Is the process for which the individual learner takes the initiative and the responsibility (with or without help) to: assess educational needs, set goals and objectives, plan and identify appropriate educational
activities, implement those activities, and evaluate the outcomes.
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TWELVE TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SDL
1. Identify your learning needs2. Translate learning needs into
learning objectives3. Identify educational
resources4. Organize learning activities5. Set a doable & practical plan6. Set a learning contract
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TWELVE TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SDL
7- Make use of electronic resources
8- Maintain high motivation9- Be skillful time-manager10- Be skillful critical reader11- Self-assessment &12- Evaluate educational process.
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ADVANTAGES OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING Convenience for students in term of
place & time (‘just-in-time’ learning), Relevance to the needs of the
practicing doctor, Individualization to the needs of each
learner (‘just-for-you’ learning), Self assessment by the learner of his
own competence, Interest of the program & motivation of
learner, Systemic coverage of the topic for the
program.
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STRATEGIES & INSTRUCTIONAL
METHODS IN MEDICAL
EDUCATION
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EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES
SPICES Model. Each strategy can be represented as a spectrum or
continuum:Student-centered………..teacher-centeredProblem-based……………information-gatheringIntegrated…………………discipline-basedCommunity-based…………..hospital-basedElective…………………………….uniformSystematic………………..apprenticeship-based
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WHAT IS A CURRICULUM? The curriculum is the content or
objectives for which school hold students accountable.
The curriculum is the set of instructional strategies teachers plan to use.
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WHAT IS A CURRICULUM? A curriculum is about what should
happen in a teaching program – about the intension of the teachers and about the way they make this happen.
The curriculum in fact isWhat the student learnsHow the student learns (strategy/s & Learning/teaching tools)
How the student assessed The learning environmentLearning outcomes
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TYPES OF CURRICULATHE CONCURRENT CURRICULA
The official curriculum: (The written curriculum),
The Operational Curriculum,Hidden Curriculum
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BASIC CURRICULAR STRUCTURES
The discrete curriculum,The linear curriculum,The pyramidal structure, ANDThe spiral curriculum.
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TOMORROW’S DOCTORS
Outcomes and standards for undergraduate medical education
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DEANSHIP OF ALL MEDICAL COLLEGES
Saudi-Med Documents
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SAUDI-MED
I. Patient care Based on Evidence II. Communication and Collaboration
SkillsIII. Community OrientationIV. Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention V. Information Technology and
Information Handling Skills VI. Role of the Doctor as a Teacher and
Health AdvocateVII. Attitudes, Ethics and ProfessionalismVIII. Research
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WHAT IS PBL?
“ A learning method based on the principle of using problems as a starting point for the acquisition and integration of new knowledge.”
H.S. Barrows 1982
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WHAT IS PBL?
Is an instructional method characterized by the use of patient problems as a context for students to learn problem-solving skills and acquire knowledge about the basic and clinical sciences.”
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RATIONALE FOR PBL
Learning via the use of situations is an efficient way to learn
Scenarios facilitate the integration of knowledge from many fields
The practice of PBL encourages the thinking processes and helps set a pattern for life long learning.
Intellectually stimulating.
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ADVANTAGES OF PBL
A problem at the beginning provides a concrete application
Links and experience help recall of information
PBL helps to learn and understand new material easier
In PBL each student takes in small pieces of information and synthesises it for the larger picture – like a jigsaw!
PBL enhances active learning; It is multidisciplinary;
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ADVANTAGES OF PBL Learning is problem driven; Learning occurs in small tutorial groups; Student-Centered learning; Integrative thinking Self directed learning Motivation for learning; Learning environment is realistic; and Assessment matches educational objectives
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DISADVANTAGES OF PBL Some will be uncomfortable with PBL
because they prefer the anonymity of lectures and a subject-base
It may appear as though not much learning is taking place
Good problem-solving is not automatic – it takes practice
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DISADVANTAGES OF PBL
It is costly; Large and well trained staff is needed; More time is needed; Large physical structure is required; and It needs more resources.
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PBL PROCESS - SEVEN JUMPS
1) Clarify terms
2) Define the problem
3) Analyze the problem
4) Summarize
5) Formulate learning objectives
6) Self study based on step 5
7) Report back in the group
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PBL TUTORIAL SESSION Responsibility for different tasks
during the session ♠- Tutor
♠- Chairman
♠- Scribe
♠- other group members
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TIME MANAGEMENT
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COMMON TIME WASTERS Interruption
Meetings
Tasks to delegate
Procrastination
Acting with incomplete information
Dealing with classmates
Crisis management
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COMMON TIME WASTERS
Unclear communication
Inadequate technical knowledge
Unclear objectives and priorities
Lack of planning
Stress and fatigue
Inability to say "No"
Personal disorganization
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PROCRASTINATION
Postponing planning or implementation of a task which produces unnecessary delay
Or “Constituting those attitudes and behaviors
that serve to maintain others interest above physician self-interest”.
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PROCRASTINATION SIGNS (THIEF OF TIME) Paralysis by planning where
implementation is delayed unnecessarily
Perfectionism which often serves to delay tackling other
problems and not cost-effective to achieve
Boredom
Hostility to tasks
The Deadline High
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HOW TO TACKLE PROCRASTINATION?
Set deadlines by which goals
should be achieved
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PROFESSIONALISM IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
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WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM?
• It is not easy to define a profession, but it is likely to have all or Some of the following characteristics:– It is a vocation that implies service to
others.– It has a distinctive knowledge base
which is kept up to date.– It determines its own standards.– It has a special relationship with those
whom it serves e.g. patients.– It has particular ethical principles
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WHAT IS PROFESSIONALISM?
Is a term which embodies numerous qualities of physicians as public servants.
“Constituting those attitudes and behaviors that serve to maintain others interest above physician Self-interest”
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“EXCELLENCE”
It entails a conscientious effort to exceed normal expectations and make a commitment to life-long learning.
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SIX KEY ELEMENTS OF PROFESSIONALISM:
1- Altruism
2- Accountability
3- Excellence
4- Duty
5- Honor and integrity
6- Respect for other
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ALTRUISM
Is the essence of professionalism. The best interest of the patients, not self-interest, is the rule.
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UNPROFESSIONAL BEHAVIORS FOR STUDENTS IN CLASSROOM SETTING
1- Arriving for class late and/or leaving early
2- Being unprepared for group sessions
3- Not completing assigned tasks4- Disrupting class sessions5- Failing to attend scheduled class
sessions6- Cheating on an exam7- Cheating attendance
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INTEGRATION IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
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PRINCIPLES OF ADULT LEARNING The need to know — adult learners need to know
why they need to learn something before undertaking to learn it
Learner self-concept — need to be responsible for their own decisions
Role of learners' experience — have a variety of experiences of life - the richest resource for learning
Readiness to learn — are ready to learn those things they need to know in order to cope effectively with life situations
Orientation to learning — are motivated to learn to the extent that they perceive that it will help them perform tasks they confront in their life situations.
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INTEGRATION: A DEFINITION
“ The teaching of different subject areas in a thematic manner, so that the different disciplines are not emphasized”
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INTEGRATION: A DEFINITION
“ The organization of teaching of teaching matter to interrelate or unify subjects frequently taught in separate academic courses or departments”
Harden
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ADVANTAGES OF INTEGRATION
1. Matching curriculum aims2. Achieving higher level of
objectives.3. Avoiding information overload.4. Making learning interesting &
effectives
5. Motivating students.
6. Benefiting staff.
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Assessment
Tools
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ASSESSMENT
Formativev/s
Summative
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Formative Summative
1. It is a continuous assessment
1. It is a end of course or program assessment
2. Feedback is an essential part
2. May not be a feedback session
3. Usually grades are not given to students
3. Grading is essential
4. There is no pass-fail decision
4. There should be a pass-fail decision
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ASSESSMENT
Knows
Shows how
Knows how
Does Skills &Behaviour
Cognition/Knowledge
Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance.
Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.
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ASSESSMENT
Knows
Shows how
Knows how
Does
Action
Performance
Competence
Knowledge
Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic Medicine (Supplement) 1990; 65: S63-S7.
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CRITERIA FOR DIFFERENT ASSESSMENT METHODS
1. Validity:2. Reliability3. Educational
impact4. Cost effectiveness5. Acceptability/
Practicability
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CRITERIA / REQUIREMENTS
1. Validity: measure what it is supposed to measure?
2. Reliability: produce consistent results.
3. Practicability: practical in term of times & resources.